Abbreviations Used in Notes
References to V. G. Chertkov's 'Jubilee Edition' of Tolstoy's complete collected works are indicated by 'JE', followed by volume number and page reference (e.g. JE 68, 49). The six volumes of L. N. Tolstoi: materialy k biografii are distinguished by author and volume (e.g. 'Gusev 1', 'Opul'skaya 2'). The two volumes of the Letopis'zhizni i tvorchestva are indicated as 'Letopis' 1' and 'Letopis' 2'.
Introduction
1. R. M. Meiendorf, 'Stranichka vospominanii o L've Nikolaeviche Tolstom', in Letopisi Gosudarstvennogo literaturnogo muzeya, vol. 12: L. N. Tolstoi: K 120-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya (1828-1848), ed. N. N. Gusev, Moscow, 1948, 369.
2. Henry Norman, All the Russias, London, 1902, 47; cited in Alexander Fodor, Tolstoy and the Russians: Reflections on a Relationship, Ann Arbor, 1984, 15.
3. Stefan Zweig, Adepts in Self-Portraiture: Casanova, Stendhal, Tolstoy, New York, 1928 (a translation of his Drei Dichter ihres Lebens: Casanova, Stendhal, Tolstoi, Leipzig, 1928), 218-219, cited in Fodor, Tolstoy and the Russians, 15.
4. N. Berdyaev, The Origin of Russian Communism, tr. R. M. French (first published 1937), Ann Arbor, 1960, 8.
5. E. D. Meleshko, Khristianskaya etika L. N. Tolstogo, Moscow, 2006, 272.
6. Sjeng Scheijen, Diaghilev: A Life, London, 2009, 47-48.
7. T. A. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Dnevnik, ed. T. Volkova, Moscow, 1984, 526-527.
8. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis'ma K L. N. Tolstomu, Moscow, 1936, 496.
9. Sophia Kishkovsky, 'Chechnya's Favorite Russian', International Herald Tribune, 29 December 2009, 10.
10. T. V. Komarova, ed., Druz'ya i gosti Yasnoi Polyane: materialy nauchnoi konferentsee posvyashchennoi 160-letiyu S. A. Tolstoi, Tula, 2006; N. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, Moscow, 2010.
11. Alexander Boot, God and Man According to Tolstoy, New York, 2009, 11-12.
12. Irina Paperno, 'Tolstoy's Diaries: The Inacessible Self', Self and Story in Russian History, ed. Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler, Ithaca, 2000, 242-65.
13. See N. I. Burnasheva, ed., 'Tolstoi—eto tselyi mir': stat'i i issledovaniya, Moscow, 2004, which is dedicated to the memory of Lidiya Gromova-Opul'skaya.
14. V. Bulgakov, O Tolstom,Tula, 1964, 237–8.
1 Ancestors: The Tolstoys and the Volkonskys
1. L. N. Tolstoi, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, ed. V. G. Chertkov, 90 vols, Moscow, 1928–1958, vol. 84, 281.
2. Il'ya L. Tolstoi, Moi vospominaniya, Moscow, 1969, 57–58.
3. James Mavor, My Windows on the Street of the World, 2 vols, London, 1923, vol. 1, 68.
4. Isabel Hapgood, Russian Rambles, London, 1895, 149.
5. Nina Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo v Yasnoi polyane, Moscow, 2007, 9–10.
6. Count Leon L. Tolstoi, The Truth about my Father, London, 1924, 1. See also L. L. Tolstoi, V Yasnoi polyane. Pravda ob otse i ego zhizni, Prague, 1923.
7. L. N. Tolstoi, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v sta tomakh, ed. L. D. Gromova-Opul'skaya et al.; Khudozhestvennyeproizvedeniya v vosemnadtsati tomakh, vol. 3, Moscow, 2000, 400.
8. P. V. Dolgorukov, Russkaya rodoslovnaya kniga, 4 vols, St Petersburg, 1855–1857.
9. See N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 616.
10. See L. M. Kulaeva, 'Gost' yasnoi polyany R. Levenfel'd', in Druz'ya igosti Yasnoi Polyany: materialy nauchnoi konferentsiiposvyashchennoi 160-letiyu S. A. Tolstoi, ed. T. V. Komarova, Tula, 2006, 166.
11. Evgenii Solov'ev, L. N. Tolstoi: ego zhizn i literaturnaya deyatel'nost', St Petersburg, 1894, 9.
12. M. N. Nazimova, 'Iz semeinoi khroniki Tolstykh', Istoricheskii vestnik, 10 (1902), 104.
13. Gusev 1, 615.
14. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 15.
15. Gusev 1, 614.
16. For further details on Pyotr Tolstoy's biography see N. I. Pavlenko, Ptentsy gnezda Petrova, Moscow, 1984, and Max J. Okenfuss, ed. and tr., The Travel Diary of Peter Tolstoi: a Muscovite in Early Modern Europe, DeKalb, Ill., 1987.
17. Gusev 1, 12.
18. Roy Robson, 'Transforming Solovki: Pilgrim Narratives, Modernization and Late Imperial Monastic Life', Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia, ed. Mark Steinberg and Heather Coleman, Bloomington, 2008, 49.
19. A. Izmailov, 'U L'va Tolstogo', Birzhevye vedomosti,3-5 July, 1907; cited in V. Lakshin, ed., Interv'yu i besedy's L'vom Tolstym, Moscow, 1986.
20. S. A. Papkov, 'Zalozhniki sovesti (Tolstovtsy na Solovkakh)', Vozvrashchenie pamyati. Istoriko-arkhivnyi al'manakh, vol. 3, ed. I. V. Pavlova, Novosibirsk, 1997, 176-180.
21. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 25.
22. JE 34, 394.
23. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye,31.
24. T. V. Komarova, 'Gerb roda grafov Tolstykh', Yasnopolyanskii sbornik, Tula, 1992, 188–190.
25. JE 34, 359.
26. Gusev 1, 21.
27. JE 34, 359.
28. Gusev 1, 39.
29. Gusev 1, 27–28.
30. Gusev 1, 29.
31. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo, 30.
32. JE 34, 352.
33. N. A. Nikitina and V. P. Nikitin, 'Yasnaya Polyana vremen detstva i yunosti Tolstogo', Yasnopolyanskii sbornik, Tula, 1982, 135–150.
34. See Richard Stites, Serfdom, Society and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power, New Haven, 2005.
35. Gusev 1, 631.
36. JE 3,351.
37. Gusev 1, 634–635.
38. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo, 33.
39. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 57–58.
40. Gusev 1, 634, 638–640.
2 Aristocratic Childhood
1. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Ob otrazhenii zhizni v 'Anne Kareninoi': Iz vospominanii', Literaturnoe nasledstvo, 37/38 (1939), vol 2, 574.
2. Il'ya Tolstoi, Moi vospominaniya, Moscow, 1933, 32.
3. Nina Nikitina, Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym, Tula, 2002, 58; N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 71.
4. Gusev 1, 60.
5. Gusev 1, 60–61.
6. Gusev 1, 48–51; 34, 350.
7. JE 3,353.
8. '5 marta - den' svyatogo L'va Katanskogo'; www.kulina.ru/articles/29740/
9. A. N. Varlamov, 'Lev Tolstoi, Stolypin and ieromonakh Iliodor', Yasnopolyanskii sbornik, Tula, 2008, 419–426.
10. Nikitina, Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym, 345–346.
11. Il'ya Tolstoi, Moi Vospominaniya,32.
12. Gusev 1, 64.
13. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 90.
14. Nikitina, Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym, 43–44.
15. JE 3,355–57.
16. JE 34, 356.
17. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 2.
18. JE 3,357.
19. Gusev 1, 79.
20. JE 34, 357.
21. JE 34, 358.
22. JE 34, 371.
23. JE 34, 360.
24. JE 34, 389–390.
25. JE 34, 359–361.
26. Nikitina, Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym, 45.
27. JE 34, 361–364.
28. JE 34, 364–366.
29. JE 34, 382.
30. JE 34, 370–371.
31. JE 3, 372–373.
32. JE 34, 374–378.
33. JE 34, 378.
34. JE 34, 357.
35. JE 34, 375–377.
36. Gusev 1, 82.
37. JE 34, 391.
38. JE 34, 393.
39. JE 8, 25; cited in Gusev 1, 18.
40. JE 61, 123.
41. Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's Gr. A. A. Tolstoi, 1857–1903, St Petersburg, 1911, 44, 217.
42. Anna Karenina, part 1, chapter 10.
43. Eugene Schuyler, 'Count Leo Tolstoy Twenty Years Ago', Scribner's Magazine, May, 537–552 June 18, 733, 47, 540.
44. See'S. L. Tolstoi, Fedor Tolstoi Amerikanets, Moscow, 1926.
45. See Peter Henry Buck, Explorers of the Pacific: European and American Discoveries in Polynesia, Honolulu, 1953.
46. S. L. Tolstoi, Fedor Tolstoi-Amerikanets.
47. JE 3,393.
48. JE 34, 385–387.
3 Orphanhood
1. I. N. A. Kalinina, Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo c sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 23.
2. JE 34, 347.
3. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 98.
4. JE 34, 401.
5. JE 3,393.
6. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 91.
7. Gusev 1, 102.
8. Gusev 1, 104.
9. Gusev 1, 106-108.
10. Gusev 1, 110; JE 34, 402.
11. Gusev 1, 112–113.
12. Gusev 1, 115.
13. Gusev 1, 116–117.
14. JE 34, 396; Gusev 1, 120.
15. Gusev 1, 124.
16. Gusev 1, 125.
17. Gusev 1, 127.
18. Gusev 1, 128–129.
19. JE 34, 403.
20. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 20–21.
21. Gusev 1, 130.
22. Alexander I's manifesto. See V. G. Sirotkin, Napoleon i Rossiya, Moscow, 2000.
23. Sirotkin, Napoleon i Rossiya, 229.
24. Gusev 1, 132.
25. Sirotkin, Napoleon i Rossiya, 251.
26. N. N. Gusev, Letopis'zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis' 1], 18.
27. JE 34, 356.
28. Gusev 1, 146–147.
29. Gusev 1, 135–136.
30. Gusev 1, 143–144.
31. Gusev 1, 145.
32. Letter of 25 October 1891, cited in Letopis' 1, 21.
33. Gusev 1, 77.
34. Count Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817–1875) was descended from Tolstoy's great uncle Pyotr Andreyevich (1746–1820).
35. See, for example, Neil Cornwell, ed., The Reference Guide to Russian Literature, London, 1998, 818.
36. See 'Il'ya Muromets v russkom epose', Il'ya Muromets, ed. A. M. Astakhova, Moscow, 1958, 393–419.
37. Quotation from the poet and scholar Guido Mazzoni in P. Sergeenko, O Tolstom, Moscow, 1911, 135.
38. See caricatures reproduced in Gr. Lev Tolstoi: velikii pisatel' zemli russkoi v portretakh, grayurakh, zhivopisi, skul'pture, karikaturakh i t d., ed. P. N. Krasnov and L. M. Vol'f, Moscow, 1903.
39. See Alexander Fodor, Tolstoy and the Russians, Ann Arbor, 1984, 20.
40. Gusev 1, 154.
4 Youth
1. Pavel Biryukov, Biografiya L'va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo, Moscow, 1923, vol. 1, 124.
2. JE 34, 347.
3. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 157.
4. N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis' 1], 20.
5. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 30.
6. Gusev 1, 158.
7. JE 34, 380.
8. JE 34, 381.
9. JE 34, 380.
10. Leo Tolstoy, A Confession and Other Religious Writings, tr. Jane Kentish, London, 1987, 19.
11. JE 34, 382–383.
12. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye: Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 178.
13. Gusev 1, 168–169.
14. Gusev 1, 169.
15. Gusev 1, 179.
16. JE 34, 387.
17. JE 34, 387–388.
18. JE 3,379.
19. David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration, New Haven, 2010, 106.
20. Gusev 1, 160.
21. Gusev 1, 181.
22. JE 34, 397.
23. JE 59, 10.
24. Gusev 1, 162.
25. Letopis' 1, 28.
26. Gusev 1, 237.
27. Robert Wokler, Rousseau: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, 2001, 1.
28. Gusev 1, 197.
29. Letopis' 1, 25; Gusev 1, 198.
30. Letopis' 1, 26; Gusev 1, 199.
31. Aleksei Zverev, Vladimir Tunimanov, Lev Tolstoi, Moscow, 2007, 41; Gusev 1, 159.
32. Gusev 1, 161.
33. Gusev 1, 193.
34. JE 59, 10.
35. Letopis' 1, 27; Gusev 1, 202.
36. Nicholas Berdyaev, The Origin of Russian Communism, tr. R. M. French, London, 1937, 1.
37. JE 46, 245–255.
38. JE 46, 262.
39. JE 46, 265.
40. JE 46, 263–272.
41. Marthe Blinoff, Life and Thought in Old Russia, University Park, 1961, 86.
42. JE 46, 3–4.
43. JE 41, 4–28.
44. JE 46, 12, 21.
45. JE 34, 323; JE 46, 19.
46. Gusev 1, 232–233.
5 Landowner, Gambler, Offi cer, Writer
1. JE 46, 45.
2. JE 46, 31–33.
3. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 33.
4. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografi i's 1828 po 1855 god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 236–237.
5. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 166.
6. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 188.
7. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye, 177.
8. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 44.
9. Astolphe, Marquis de Custine, La Russie en 1839, 4 vols, Brussels, 1843.
10. Marquis de Custine, Letters from Russia, tr. and intro. Robin Buss, London, 1991, 63.
11. Gusev 1, 238.
12. Ivan Turgenev, 'Instead of an Introduction', Turgenev's Literary Reminiscences and Autobiographical Fragments, tr. David Magarshack, with an essay by Edmund Wilson, London, 1984, 92–93.
13. Gusev i, 237.
14. For further details see Donna Tussing Orwin, Tolstoy's Art and Thought, 1847–1880, Princeton, 1993.
15. See Y. M. Lotman, 'Kartochnaya igra', Besedy o russkoi kul'ture, St Petersburg, 1997, 136—163; Ian M. Helfant, The High Stakes of Identity: Gambling in the Life and Literature of Nineteenth-Century Russia, Evanston, 2002.
16. See Ian M. Helfant, 'Pushkin's Ironic Performance as a Gambler', Slavic Review, 58 (1999), 378–92; 373.
17. JE 59, 25.
18. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 39–41.
19. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 44.
20. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 37, 47.
21. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 50–51.
22. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 51–52.
23. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 54.
24. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 55–56.
25. Geir Kjetsaa, Dostoyevsky: A Writer's Life, tr. Siri Hustvedt and David McDuff, London 1987, 91.
26. Gusev 1, 262.
27. JE 59, 98.
28. See G. S. Demeter, ed., Istoriya tsygan: novyi vzglyad, Voronezh, 2000.
29. Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar: The Social, Political, and Religious State and Prospects ofRussia, Made During a Journey Through That Empire, 3 vols, London, 1843, vol. 3, 97–98, 248–249.
30. 'Svyatochnaya noch", L. N. Tolstoi, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v 100 tomakh, vol. 2, Moscow, 2000, 209–232.
31. JE 46, 36, 37.
32. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 410.
33. Gusev 1, 268.
34. Gusev 1, 271.
35. JE 59, 42.
36. JE 59, 45.
37. JE 59, 81.
38. JE 59, 92.
39. JE 59, 87–88.
40. JE 59, 39.
41. JE 59, 49. See Barbara W. Maggs, 'The Franklin-Tolstoy Influence Controversy', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 129 (1985), pp. 268–277. Tolstoy's 'Franklin Journal' has not survived.
42. See Tom Cain, 'Tolstoy's Use of David Copperfield', Tolstoi in Britain, ed. W. Gareth Jones, Oxford, 1995, 67–78.
43. Richard Gustafson, Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger: A Study in Fiction and Theology, Princeton, 1986, 27.
44. B. Eikhenbaum, Lev Tolstoi v semidesyatiegody, Leningrad, 1974, 254.
45. JE 59, 91; Gusev 1, 283.
46. JE 46, 60.
47. See Charles King, The Ghost of Freedom, Oxford, 2008 for a full overview of Russia's conquest of the Caucasus.
48. See L. B. Zasedateleva, Terskie kazaki (seredina XVI—nachalo XX v.). Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki, Moscow, 1974.
49. See V. Astalov, S. Gapurov, 'Tersko-grebenski kazaki i chechentsy v XVI-XIX vekakh', L. N. Tolstoi i Sheikh Kunta-Khadzhi Kishnev: problemy mira i gumanizma, Tula, 2006, 17–38.
50. Gusev 1, 310–311.
51. N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828—1890 [Letopis' 1], Moscow, 1958, 46.
52. For a lively travel guide aimed at British tourists a few decades later, see Oliver Wardrop, The Kingdom of Georgia: Travel in a Land of Women, Wine and Song, London, 1888.
53. See King, The Ghost of Freedom, 84–90.
54. See King, The Ghost of Freedom, 74–75.
55. Gusev 1, 328.
56. Gusev 1, 333–339.
57. Gusev 1, 392.
58. Gusev 1, 394–396.
59. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 124.
60. Letopis' 1, 65.
61. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 145.
62. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 148; Gusev 1, 501.
63. Gusev 1, 444–449.
64. Gusev 1, 480.
65. Gusev 1, 491.
66. Letopis' 1 79.
67. Gusev 1, 505.
68. Gusev 1, 501.
69. Letopis' 1, 81.
70. JE 47, 29.
71. Letopis' 1, 83.
72. Gusev 1, 508.
73. For an overview of the war see Trevor Royle, Crimea: the Great Crimean War 1854—1856, London, 1999.
74. JE 47 31.
75. Letopis' 1, 85.
76. Letopis' 1, 84.
77. Gusev 1, 518.
78. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 183.
79. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 179.
80. JE 4, 284–285; Gusev 1, 529–531.
81. JE 47, 37–38.
82. Gustafson, Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger, xi-xii.
83. Gusev 1, 537.
84. Leo Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches, tr. and intro. David McDuff, 1986, 51. See McDuff's excellent introduction for an overview of the siege of Sebastopol, and of Tolstoy's reportage.
85. Gusev 1, 548.
86. JE 47, 46.
87. Tolstoy, Sebastopol Sketches, 108.
88. Gusev 1, 590.
89. Gusev 1, 586.
6 Literary Duellist and Repentant Nobleman
1. N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis' 1], 69.
2. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god [Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 430.
3. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 186–187.
4. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 187.
5. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1855 po 1869 god [Gusev 2], Moscow, 1957, 4.
6. R. Bartlett and Anna Benn, Literary Russia: A Guide, London, 2007, 207.
7. Gusev 2, 10.
8. Gusev 2, 5.
9. Gusev 2, 15.
10. JE 34, 385.
11. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 171.
12. JE 47, 65.
13. Gusev 2, 17.
14. Gusev 2, 33.
15. Gusev 2, 30.
16. Gusev 2, 25.
17. Gusev 2, 36.
18. William Coxe, Travels into Poland, Russian, Sweden and Denmark, London, 1784, cited in St Petersburg: A Traveller's Companion, ed. Laurence Kelly, London, 1981, 70–71.
19. Aleksandr Radishchev, A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, tr. Leo Wiener, ed. Roderick Page Thaler, Cambridge, Mass., 1958, 188.
20. Gusev 2, 18.
21. Letopis' 1, 113.
22. Letopis' 1, 117.
23. Gusev 2, 54.
24. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 186, 199.
25. S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990, 188.
26. Gusev 2, 80–83.
27. JE 47 90–9I.
28. Letopis' 1, 124, 126, 130.
29. Gusev 2, 93.
30. JE 60 149.
31. JE 151.
32. Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism, tr. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka, Oxford, 1980, 200.
33. N. G. Chernyshevsky, 'Tolstoy's Military Tales', tr. Michael R. Katz, in Tolstoy's Short Fiction, ed. and tr. Michael Katz, New York, 1991, 368.
34. JE 47, 118.
35. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 206.
36. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 206.
37. Gusev 2, 196.
38. JE 60, 189.
39. In the autumn of 2004 the monastery had to shut the kennels as it could no longer afford to run them.
40. JE 47 136.
41. Letopis' I, 158.
42. JE 47 140.
43. Gusev 2, 213.
44. Gusev 2, 226.
45. Letopis' 1, 163.
46. JE 47 149.
47. JE 60, 222.
48. Gusev 2, 237.
49. Gusev 2, 250.
50. Letopis' 1, 180.
51. Gusev 2, 286.
52. Gusev 2, 276.
53. Richard Stites, Serfdom, Society and the Arts in Imperial Russia, New Haven, 2005, 317.
54. Gusev 2, 265.
55. Gusev 2, 269.
56. JE 57, 112.
57. Gusev 2, 300.
58. Valeriya Abrosimova, 'Syn velikogo Tolstogo. Voina i Amerika', Toronto Slavic Quarterly, 24 (2008): www.utoronto.ca/tsq/24/ambrosimova24.shtml
59. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo (first published 1928), Moscow, 2005, 43.
60. Gusev 2, 320.
61. L. Sabaneev, Russkaya okhota (first published 1892), Moscow, 2003, 482.
62. Gusev 2, 317.
63. See Hugh McLean, 'Buried as a Writer and as a Man', In Quest of Tolstoy, Brighton, Mass., 2008, 3–20.
64. Gusev 2, 331.
65. Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read: Literacy and Popular Literature 1861—1917, Princeton, 1985, 4.
66. Gusev 2, 351.
67. Gusev 2, 367.
68. Gusev 2, 374.
69. Gusev 2, 392.
70. I am grateful to Jennie de Protani, Archivist at the Athenaeum, for supplying me with this information.
71. Letopis' 1, 225.
72. Victor Lucas, Tolstoy in London, London, 1979.
73. Gusev 2, 403.
74. Gusev 2, 409.
75. Letopis' 1, 231.
76. Letopis' 1, 233.
77. Eugene Schuyler, Selected Essays, New York, 1901, 274–275.
78. Gusev 2, 431.
79. Gusev 2, 445.
80. Letopis' 1, 237.
81. Gusev 2, 445–447.
82. Gusev 2, 459, 484.
83. L. Tolstoi, 'Yasno-Polyanskaya shkola za Noyabr' i Dekabr' mesyatsy', Yasnaya Polyana, 1 (1862), cited in Aylmer Maude, The Life of Tolstoy (first published in 1930), Ware, 2008, 239–241.
84. Gusev 2, 510.
85. Gusev 2, 481.
86. Eugene Schuyler, 'Preface' to Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Sons, tr. Eugene Schuyler, New York, 1867, vii.
87. Gusev 2, 478.
88. JE 60, 438.
89. JE 60, 436.
7 Husband, Beekeeper, and Epic Poet
1. JE 48, 48.
2. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 8 (1978), 360.
3. Eugene Schuyler, Selected Essays, New York, 1901, 216.
4. JE 48, 40.
5. S. L. Tolstoy, Ocherki bylogoj, 3rd rev. edn, Tula, 1965, 15.
6. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1855 po 1869 god [Gusev 2], Moscow, 1957, 641.
7. The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 10.
8. T. A. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn dooma i v Yasnoi Poliane, ed. T. N. Volkova, Tula, 1973, 58.
9. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh toomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 476.
10. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 480.
11. JE 60, 441–442.
12. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 242.
13. Gusev 2, 578.
14. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 491.
15. JE 48, 41.
16. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 490.
17. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 143.
18. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 138.
19. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 492.
20. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 139.
21. JE 48, 46.
22. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 40, 54.
23. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 495.
24. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 197.
25. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 44.
26. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 196.
27. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir,35.
28. N. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo v Yasnoipolyane, Moscow, 2007, 94.
29. Povarennaya kniga'S. A. Tolstoi,Tula, 1991.
30. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir,35.
31. JE 60 448.
32. JE 48, 46.
33. JE 48, 47.
34. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 44.
35. Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, 86.
36. The story is about an alcoholic, renegade peasant bearing this nickname who is so mortified after failing, through no fault of his own, to carry out a task he has been entrusted with by his mistress, who has given him a chance to redeem himself, that he ends up committing suicide.
37. Georgy Lesskis, Lev Tolstoi (1852–1869), Moscow, 2000, 310.
38. Lesskis, Lev Tolstoi, 344 (Gnedich's 1829 translation).
39. Gusev 2, 584.
40. JE 61, 23–24.
41. Gusev 2, 594.
42. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir,36.
43. JE 60, 455.
44. N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis' 1], 287.
45. JE 60, 451.
46. S. Stakhovich, 'Kak pisalsya "Kholstomer"', L. N. Tolstoi, vol. 1, Moscow, 1938, 332–336.
47. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 36.
48. Gusev 2, 603.
49. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 201.
50. JE 61, 15.
51. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo, 92, 95.
52. Letopis' 1, 285.
53. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 54.
54. I. I. Mints and'S. A. Tolstaya-Esenina, eds., Yasnaya Polyana: stat'i, dokumenty, Moscow, 1942, 105.
55. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 39.
56. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo, 98—99.
57. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Oktyabr', 9 (1998), 148.
58. I am grateful to Thomas Newlin for letting me read his unpublished article '"Swarm Life" and the Biology of War and Peace', and for his help with Russian beekeeping terminology.
59. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 162.
60. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn', 217—218.
61. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 41.
62. JE 48, 59.
63. JE 48, 58.
64. For a detailed account see Kathryn B. Feuer, Tolstoy and the Genesis of'War and Peace', ed. Robin Feuer Miller and Donna Tussing Orwin, Ithaca, 1996.
65. JE 23—24.
66. JE 48, 63; Gusev 2, 641.
67. N. Gusev, 'Gde iskat' kanonicheskii tekst "Voiny i mira"', in Tolstoi i o Tolstom: Novye materialy, ed. N. Gusev, vol. 1, Moscow, 1926, 132—135.
68. I. N. Sukikh, Voina iz-za 'Voiny i mira': Roman L. N. Tolstogo 'Voina i mir' v russkoi kritike i literaturovedenii, St Petersburg, 2002, 34.
69. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo (1928), Moscow, 2005, 106.
70. M. A. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', in Tolstoi i o Tolstom: Novye materialy, ed. N. Gusev, vol. 3, Moscow, 1927, 142.
71. Letopis' 1, 295; Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Oktyabr', 157.
72. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 131.
73. Gusev 2, 633.
74. Letopis' 1, 303.
75. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 151.
76. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Oktyabr', 139.
77. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Oktyabr', 149.
78. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 135–138.
79. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 149.
80. Alexander Fodor, Tolstoy and the Russians: Reflections on a Relationship, Ann Arbor, 19,105.
81. JE 61, 139; Letopis' 1 320.
82. L. N. Tolstoi, Voina i mir, Moscow, 2000.
83. E. Zaidenshnur, 'Poiski nachala romana "Voina i mir: Pyatnadtsat" nabroskov (1863–1864)', Literaturnoe nasledstvo, 69 (1961), vol. 1, 291—324, and Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, ed. V. G. Chertkov, 90 vols, Moscow, 1928–1958, vols. 13–16.
84. See Elena Klepikova, 'Novaya staraya "Voina i mir"', Russkii bazar, 27 March 2003.
85. War and Peace: Original Version, tr. Andrew Bromfield, London, 2007.
86. A. V. Gulin, Lev Tolstoi iputi russkoi istorii, Moscow, 2004, 219.
87. Lesskis, Lev Tolstoi,391.
88. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 154.
89. JE 61, 174; Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 156.
90. Or 26 August, by the old Russian calendar.
91. War and Peace, part 2, vol. 3.
92. For an authoritative account of what actually happened in 1812 see Dominic Lieven, Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814, London, 2009.
93. JE 61, 180; Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 158.
94. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 160.
95. Tsyavlovsky, 'Kak pisalsya i pechatalsya roman "Voina i mir"', 164.
96. Letopis' 1, 346.
97. Tolstoy's preface was published in Russkii arkhiv in March 1868, and reprinted in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, ed. Chertkov, vol. 16.
98. Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, 35.
99. Gusev 2, 665.
100. Letopis' 1, 320.
101. Letopis' 1, 315.
102. Letopis' 1, 320.
103. For Schuyler's biography see Peter Bridges, 'Eugene Schuyler, The Only Diplomatist', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 16 (2005), 13—22.
104. E. Schuyler, 'Count Leo Tolstoy Twenty Years Ago', Scribner's Magazine, May and June 1889, reprinted in Schuyler, Selected Essays.
105. Schuyler's translation of The Cossacks was published in London in 1878 by Sampson, Low.
106. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Oktyabr', 156.
107. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Oktyabr', 155.
108. Letopis' 1, 337.
109. See I. N. Sukhikh, ed., Voina iz-za 'Voiny i mira': Roman L. N. Tolstogo 'Voina i mir' v russkoi kritike i literaturovedenii, St Petersburg, 2002.
110. Letopis' 1, 346.
111. A. F. Rogalev, '"Une russe" - pervyi perevodchik romana L. N. Tolstogo "Voina i mir" na frantsuzskii yazyk', Vestnik VGU, 2003, 4–9. Pashkevich's translation was later used to produce English, Hungarian, Dutch, Polish and Turkish editions.
112. Sukhikh, Voina iz-za 'Voiny i mira',353—354.
8 Student, Teacher, Father
1. JE 48, 129.
2. N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis' 1], 362.
3. JE 61, 225, 228, 231; Letopis' 1, 368.
4. Letopis' 1, 373.
5. JE 61, 237. Urusov retired from the army at the rank of general at the end of the Crimean War in order to concentrate on his chess-playing career (he was ranked fifth in the world in 1866). His main interests therefore remained cerebral, so he may not have empathised with this feeling of happiness, even if Tolstoy had been able to describe it. After he gave up competitive chess in the late 1870s, Urusov gave his considerable collection of books about chess to Tolstoy's son Ilya. He burned most of Tolstoy's letters to him after he renounced the Church. He was godfather to Lev, Maria and Pyotr Tolstoy.
6. Letopis' 1, 374, 382—383.
7. JE 61, 220.
8. Letopis' 1, 370.
9. A. A. Donskov, L. N. Tolstoi i'S. A. Tolstaya: Perepiska's N. N. Strakhovym, Ottawa, 2000, 2.
10. Letopis' 1, 369.
11. JE 61, 242.
12. JE 61, 240.
13. JE 61, 228.
14. JE 61, 252.
15. JE 61, 253.
16. T. A. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn doma i v Yasnoi Poliane, ed. T. N. Volkova, Tula, 1973, 404.
17. This account draws on Walter Kerr, The Shabunin Affair: An Episode in the Life of Leo Tolstoy, Ithaca, 1982.
18. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 80.
19. Kerr, The Shabunin Affair, 182; JE 37, 75.
20. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo (1928), Moscow, 2005, 118; JE 61, 167.
21. JE 61, 221.
22. Letopis' 1, 363.
23. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 84; 1884 diary entry, cited by Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 128.
24. 'O brake i prizvanii zhenshchiny', in JE 7, 134.
25. An incomplete translation of only the first three volumes was published in 1870.
26. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 497.
27. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 358—359. Sergey complained in April 1877 that his brother was not keeping to his side of the bargain and sending on issues of the Russian Messenger which contained instalments of Anna Karenina and was therefore disgruntled to be paying twenty roubles for Messenger of Europe.
28. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 497.
29. JE 21, 409–410.
30. JE 233.
31. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 83.
32. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1870po 1881 god [Gusev 3], Moscow, 1963, 54.
33. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 12 (1980), 159.
34. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 153. Sonya cites Auber's La Muette de Portici, Donizetti's Lucia and Bellini's La somnambula, and Tolstoy's favourite opera as Don Giovanni.
35. Gusev 3, 54.
36. Letopis' 1, 365.
37. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 140.
38. JE 48, 167.
39. Eugene Schuyler, Selected Essays, New York, 1901, 274–275.
40. The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 46.
41. JE 21, 410.
42. Letopis' 1, 377—378.
43. Letopis' 1, 379.
44. Letopis'1, 380.
45. JE 61, 381.
46. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, Moscow, 1936, 96.
47. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 498.
48. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 499.
49. A. Grodetskaya, Otvetypredaniya: zhitiya svyatikh v dukhovnompoiske L'va Tolstogo, St Petersburg, 2000, 5.
50. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 499.
51. Grodetskaya, Otvety predaniya, 4.
52. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 499.
53. See Grodetskaya, Otvety predaniya.
54. Kirsha Danilov's collection, first published in Drevnye russkie stikhotvoreniya, ed. A. F. Yakubovich, St Petersburg, 1804, was used in Tolstoy's ABC.
55. Pesni, sobrannye P. N. Rybnikovym, 4 vols, St Petersburg, 1861—1867.
56. JE 61, 269; Gusev 3, 46.
57. Pavel Golokhvastov, Alesha Popovich, predstavlenie v 5 deistviykah, sochinennoepo starym russkim bylinam, Moscow, 1869; Zakony stikha russkogo i nashego literaturnogo, St Petersburg, 1883.
58. Russkie narodnye skazki, 8 vols, St Petersburg, 1855—1863.
59. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 164.
60. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 496.
61. Letopis' 1, 389; Gusev 3, 46.
62. Letopis' 1, 386; Gusev 3, 46 (48, 92—93, 130—162).
63. JE 7,395.
64. Aesop's Fables, tr. Laura Gibbs, Oxford, 2002. The Greek original reads: ![[Image]](tolstoy-a-russian-life.files/image043.jpg)
65. JE 21, 628.
66. JE 22, 77.
67. JE 22, 89—90.
68. JE 61, 277—278.
69. Letter of 28 November 1871, cited in Gusev 3, 40.
70. JE 61, 269.
71. In his letter to Strakhov, December 1871, Tolstoy writes that he is convinced 'I have raised myself a monument': JE 61, 349.
72. E. G. Babaev, 'Bol'shaya azbuka ili oshchushchenie shchast'ya', Knizhnye sokrovishcha knigi. Iz fondov Gosudarstvennoi biblioteki im. V. I. Lenina, Moscow, 1989, 94–109.
73. JE 61, 283.
74. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Vospominaniya, Moscow, 1976, 100–102.
75. Gusev 3, 41.
76. Gusev 3, 42.
77. See Elliott Mossman, 'Tolstoi and Peasant Learning in the Era of the Great Reforms', School and Society in Tsarist and Soviet Russia, ed. Ben Eklof, Basingstoke, 1993, 36–69.
78. Letopis' 1, 390.
79. Gusev 3, 48.
80. JE 22, 576.
81. Gusev 3, 57.
82. JE 22, 578.
83. JE 62, 42.
84. Letopis' 1, 413.
85. Letopis' 1, 425.
86. JE 17, 100.
87. Daniel Murphy, Tolstoy and Education, Blackrock, 1992, 69.
88. JE 21, 583.
89. Gusev 3, 205.
90. Gusev 3, 207.
91. Gusev 3, 208.
92. Gusev 3, 209.
93. JE 333-334.
94. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 158.
95. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, Moscow, 1949; T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Vospominaniya, Moscow, 1976; I. L. Tolstoi, Moi vospominaniya, Moscow, 1914.
96. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, Moscow, 1936, 70.
97. Tolstaya, Pis'ma, 69.
98. Letopis' 1, 384.
99. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 144–146; Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 165.
100. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 161.
101. This was the servant given to Dmitry; he transferred to Tolstoy and went to the Caucasus with him in 1851.
102. JE 83,179.
103. Andreas Kappeler, The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History, tr. Alfred Clayton, London, 2001, 39–41.
104. JE 83, 190–192.
105. Tolstoy's American visitor Eugene Schuyler had made the journey from Samara to Orenburg via Buzuluk in the spring of 1868, having stopped off in Kazan to meet his ageing uncle Vladimir, and published a colourful account entitled 'On the Steppe' inHours at Home: A Popular Monthly Journal of Instruction and Recreation, vol. 4 (1869), issue 4, 319–330.
106. JE 83, 210.
107. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 165.
108. JE 62, 47.
109. JE 62 37.
110. JE 62, 38–39.
9 Novelist
1. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Ob otrazhenii zhizni v "Anne Kareninoi": Iz vospominanii', Literaturnoe nasledstvo, 37/38, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1939), 567.
2. N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1870po 1881 god [Gusev 3], Moscow, 1963, 124.
3. See Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought, Oxford, 1985, 200.
4. S. Solov'ev, Petrovskie chteniya, St Petersburg, 1872.
5. Gusev 3, 17.
6. JE 61, 342–343, for example.
7. Musorgsky, letter to Stasov, June 1872, M. P Musorgskii:pis'ma, Moscow, 1984, 100.
8. Gusev 3, 131.
9. JE 349.
10. Gusev 3, 118.
11. E. Schuyler, Peter the Great: Emperor of Russia, 2 vols, New York, 1884.
12. See Peter Bridges, 'Eugene Schuyler: The Only Diplomatist', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 16 (2005), 13–22.
13. N. N. Gusev, Letopis'zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis 1], 404.
14. See Barbara Alpern Engel, 'Women, the Family and Public Life', The Cambridge History ofRussia, vol. 2: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917, ed. Dominic Lieven, Cambridge, 2006, 306–325.
15. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 508.
16. Gusev 3, 134–135.
17. Alexandre Dumas, L'Homme-femme, Paris, 1872.
18. Roderick Phillips, Putting Asunder: A History of Divorce in Western Society, Cambridge, 1988, 422.
19. JE 62, 11.
20. See Priscilla Meyer, How the Russians Read the French: Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Madison, 2008, 152–248.
21. JE 59, 64.
22. JE 34,368.
23. JE 62, 16.
24. Letopis 1, 403.
25. V. A. Zhdanov, 'K istorii sozdaniya "Anna Karenina": dva rannikh nabroska romana', Literaturnoe nasledstvo, 69 (1961), vol. 1, 404.
26. Zhdanov, 'K istorii sozdaniya "Anna Karenina"', 423.
27. V. A. Zhdanov and E. E. Zaidenshnur, 'Tekstologicheskie poyasneniya', in L. N. Tolstoi, Anna Karenina, Literaturnye Pamyatniki, ed. Zhdanov and Zaidenshnur, Moscow, 1970, 687.
28. Gusev 3, 280.
29. Zhdanov and Zaidenshnur, 'Tekstologicheskie poyasneniya', 810.
30. JE 62,25.
31. JE 62,15.
32. JE 62,27.
33. Letopis' 1, 408.
34. JE 17,704.
35. JE 315-3l6.
36. JE 17, 702–708.
37. JE 62, 29.
38. Oleg Neverov, Great Private Collections of Imperial Russia, London, 2004, 165–166; Irina Nenarkomova, Pavel Tret'yakov i ego galereya, Moscow, 1998.
39. David Jackson, The Wanderers and Critical Realism in Nineteenth-Century Russian Painting, Manchester, 2006, 26.
40. Gusev 3, 150–151.
41. See Irina Paperno, Suicide as a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia, Ithaca, 1997.
42. JE 62, 50.
43. Paperno, Suicide as a Cultural Institution.
44. Letopis' I, 413.
45. JE 62, 56.
46. JE 62, 69.
47. JE 62, 55.
48. JE 62, 72.
49. JE 62, 56.
50. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov v zhizni Tolstogo (1928), Moscow, 2005, 161–162.
51. JE 62, 40.
52. Gusev 3, 154-I55.
53. Gusev 3, 296.
54. Letopis' I, 418.
55. JE 62,95.
56. JE 62,78.
57. JE 62,8I.
58. JE 62, 89.
59. JE 62, 92.
60. JE 34, 367–368.
61. JE 62, 95.
62. JE 62, 103.
63. JE 62, 100.
64. JE 62, 107.
65. JE 62, 117. See also Boris Eikhenbaum, Lev Tolstoi: semidesyatyegoody, Leningrad, 1974.
66. JE 62, 112.
67. Letopis' 1, 435.
68. JE 62, 130.
69. JE 62, 185.
70. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 164–165.
71. Chapters 1–14 in the journal; chapters 1–23 in the final version.
72. Letopis' 1, 434.
73. Part One, chapter 22.
74. Zhdanov and Zaidenshnur, 'Tekstologicheskie poyasneniya', 840.
75. In the final version the chapter was split, with the two lines of dots coming at the end of chapter 10 of Part Two.
76. JE 62,139.
77. JE 62,49.
78. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 166–167.
79. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, Moscow, 1936, 135.
80. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, Moscow, 1949, 43.
81. Ten laps according to Gusev, who claims the winner boasted a time of one hour thirty-nine minutes, which seems somehow unlikely. See Gusev 3, 212.
82. I. L. Tolstoi, Moi vospominaniya, Moscow, 1914, 86–88.
83. JE 62, 199.
84. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 88–89.
85. Letopis' 1, 448.
86. JE 62, 216.
87. JE 62, 216.
88. JE 62, 226–228.
89. JE 62, 218.
90. JE 62, 248.
91. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 349.
92. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 168–169.
93. JE 62 256–257.
94. Part Five, chapter 20 (chapter 19 in the journal).
95. JE 62, 248.
96. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 352–353.
97. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 272.
98. She is the only one of Tolstoy's siblings not to be made the subject of a separate chapter in the expanded Russian version of the 1980 book about the Tolstoy family by Sergey Mikhailovich, the writer's grandson (S. M. Tolstoi, Tolstoi et les Tolstoi: Essais de l'histoire de la famille, Paris, 1980; Tolstoi i Tolstye: Ocherki iz istorii roda, Moscow, 1990), although he published her biography in Russian elsewhere (S. M. Tolstoi, 'Edinstvennaya sestra', Prometei, 12 (1980), 269—287).
99. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 272.
100. Tolstoi, 'Edinstvennaya sestra', 274—275.
101. G. L. Freeze, 'Bringing Order to the Russian Family: Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia, 1760—1860', Journal of Modern History, 62, 4 (1990), 709—746.
102. Michelle Lamarche Marrese, 'Gender and the Legal Order in Imperial Russia', The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. 2: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917, ed. Dominic Lieven, Cambridge, 2006, 326—343.
103. William G. Wagner, Marriage, Property and Law in Late Imperial Russia, Oxford, 1994, 70.
104. Elena Belyakova, Tserkovnyi sud iproblemy tserkovnoi zhizni, Moscow, 2004.
105. Belyakova, Tserkovnyi sud, 215.
106. Barbara Alpern Engel, 'In the Name of the Tsar: Competing Legalities and Marital Conflict in Late Imperial Russia', Journal of Modern History, 77, 1 (2005), 70—95.
107. V. Shklovskii, Lev Tolstoi, Moscow, 1967, 388; A. Bers, 'Otryvki vospominanii o L. N. Tolstom', in Tolstoi i o Tolstom: Novye materialy, ed. V. G. Chertkov and N. N. Gusev, vol. 2, Moscow, 1926, 131.
108. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Ob otrazhenie zhizni v "Anne Kareninoi": iz vospominanii', Literaturnoe nasledstvo, 37/38, Moscow, 1939, vol. 2, 568; N. M. Chernov, 'Novosil'skie druz'ya Turgeneva', www.turgenev.org.ru/e-book/chernov/novosil-drug.htm
109. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 353.
110. T. A. Kuzminskaya, Moya zhizn doma i v Yasnoi Poliane, ed. T. N. Volkova, Tula, 1973, 354.
111. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 292.
112. JE 62, 332.
113. Tolstaya, Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, 11.
114. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 180—181.
115. JE 62, 302.
116. A. D. Obolensky, 'Dve vstrechi's L. N. Tolstym', Tolstoi. Pamyatniki tvorchestva i zhizni, vol. 3, Moscow, 1923, 34.
117. Edwina Cruise ('Tracking the English Novel in Anna Karenina: Who Wrote the English Novel that Anna reads?', Anniversary Essays on Tolstoy, ed. Donna Tussing Orwin, Cambridge, 2010, 159—182), also puts forward novels by Mrs Henry Wood as a candidate.
118. Obolensky, 'Dve vstrechi', 27.
119. Gusev 3, 255.
120. JE 62, 326.
121. Anna Aksakova (Tyutcheva), Pri dvore dvukh imperatorov, Moscow, 2008, diary entry 28 October 1876.
122. JE 62, 288.
123. See David MacKenzie, The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism, 1875–1878, Ithaca, 1967.
124. Obolensky, 'Dve vstrechi', 29–37.
125. Russkii vestnik, 5 (1877), 472.
126. JE 53,331.
127. Letopis' 1, 475.
128. Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881, Princeton, 2002, 332.
10 Pilgrim, Nihilist, Muzhik
1. JE 62, 347
2. JE 83, 445 (letter of 28 October 1884).
3. N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis' 1], 661.
4. JE 62 311.
5. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 503.
6. Letopis' 1, 472.
7. JE 62 419.
8. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Iz zapisok Grafini Sofii Andreevny Tolstoi pod zaglaviem "Moya Zhizn'" ', Tolstovskii ezhegodnik, St Petersburg, 1913, 3.
9. Chris Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917', Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 5: Eastern Christianity, ed. Michael Angold, Cambridge, 2006, 338.
10. See Robert L. Nichols, 'The Orthodox Elders (Staretsy) of Imperial Russia', Modern Greek Studies Yearbook, 1 (1985), 1–30.
11. See Sergii Chetverikov, Optina Pustyn', Paris, 1926; Leonard J. Stanton, The Optina Pustyn Monastery in the Russian Literary Imagination: Iconic Vision in Works by Dostoevsky, Gogol, Tolstoy, and others, New York, 1995.
12. P. Matveev, 'L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni', Istoricheskii vestnik., 2(1907), 151–157.
13. www.optina.ru/starets/amvrosiy_life_full/
14. JE 62, 335; N. N. Gusev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1870 po 1881 god [Gusev 3], Moscow, 1963, 442.
15. Matveev, 'L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni', 153–154.
16. Gusev 3, 441.
17. Gusev 3, 442.
18. JE 334.
19. Gusev 3, 436.
20. JE 62 353.
21. Matveev, 'L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni', 155.
22. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 505.
23. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, Moscow, 1949, 59.
24. Letopis' 1, 481.
25. V. I. Alekseev, 'Vospominaniya', L. N. Tolstoi: K 120-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya (1828–1948), 2 vols, ed. N. N. Gusev, Moscow, 1948, vol. 2, 232—330.
26. JE 62, 422, 509.
27. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, 57.
28. Mark Aldanov, 'A Russian Commune in Kansas', Russian Review, 1 (1944), 30–44.
29. N. Nikitina, Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo v Yasnoipolyane, Moscow, 2007, 286.
30. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 191, 239, 384.
31. M. Zabylin, Russkii narod: obychai, predaniya, obryady i sueveriya, Moscow, 2003, 74; O. G. Baranova et al., Russkiiprazdnik. Prazdniki i obryady narodnogo zemledel'cheskogo kalendarya: illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya, St Petersburg, 2002, 570—578; Andrei Sinyavsky, Ivan the Fool: Russian Folk Belief, A Cultural History, tr. Joanne Turnbull and Nikolai Formozov, Moscow, 2007, 245—247.
32. Alekseev, 'Vospominaniya', 250.
33. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Vospominaniya, Moscow, 1976, 437.
34. Edward Spencer Beesly, The Life and Death of William Frey, London, 1888, 3.
35. Gusev 3, 504.
36. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, Moscow, 1936, 146.
37. Alekseev, 'Vospominaniya', 250—263. See also, 85, 80.
38. Tolstaya, Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 150.
39. Gusev 3, 476.
40. Gusev 3, 476—467.
41. Letopis' 1, 491.
42. Gusev 3, 476.
43. JE 83 ,249.
44. S. M. Tolstoi, 'Edinstvennaya sestra', Prometei, 12 (1980), 273.
45. Letopis' 1, 493, 497.
46. Letopis' 1, 492, 495.
47. It was estimated that there were between 20 and 35 million Old Believers and sectarians in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, and that as much as a third of the population was sectarian by 1917: see A. Etkind, Khlyst: sekty, literatura i revolyutsiya, Moscow, 1998, 34.
48. Robin Milner-Gulland, The Russians, Oxford, 1997, 123.
49. N. Berdyaev, 'Dukhovnoe khristianstvo i sektantstvo v Rossii', Russkaya mysl', 11 (1916).
50. Khlysty also means 'flagellants', but they did not as a rule practise flagellation.
51. Malcolm V. Jones, 'A Note on Mr. J. G. Blissmer and the Society for the Encouragement of Spiritual and Ethical Reading', Slavonic and East European Review, 130; (January 1975X 93.
52. See E. Heier, Religious Schism in the Russian Aristocracy 1860–1900: Radstockism and Pashkovism, The Hague, 1970.
53. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 266–268, 284.
54. S. A. Behrs, Recollections of Count Leo Tolstoy, tr. Charles Edward Turner, London, 1893, 95.
55. Donald Mackenzie Wallace, Russia, London, 1877, 294.
56. Mackenzie Wallace, Russia, 331.
57. Gusev 3, 509.
58. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Vospominaniya, 245.
59. Gusev 3, 512–514.
60. Gusev 3, 533, 536.
61. Letopis' 1, 488.
62. Jules Montels, 'L'Etat d'ame de Tolstoï en 1878–1880', Les TempsNouveaux, 10 December 1910, 5–6.
63. Gusev 3, 538.
64. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 100.
65. JE 62, 477.
66. Gusev 3, 564.
67. Gusev 3, 566.
68. JE 62, 487.
69. Gusev 3, 567.
70. Gusev 3, 570.
71. See Christine Worobec, 'The Unintended Consequences of a Surge in Orthodox Pilgrimages in Late Imperial Russia', Russian History,36 (2009), 62–76.
72. Gusev 3, 584.
73. Gusev 3, 585.
74. 2 Peter, 2: 22: 'Of [False Teachers] the proverbs are true: "A dog returns to its vomit".' Proverbs 26: 11 reads: 'As a dog returns to its vomit, so a fool returns to its folly.'
75. Gusev 3, 603.
76. Gusev 3, 609.
77. Gusev 3, 610.
78. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 12 (1980), 168.
79. Gusev 3, 506.
80. Gusev 3, 644.
81. Gusev 3, 625.
82. JE 83, 270.
83. Count N. [sic] Tolstoi, Childhood and Youth, tr. M. von Meysenbug, London, 1862.
84. See Will Ryan, 'W. R. S. Ralston and the Russian Folktale', Folklore, 120 (2009), 2, 123—132.
85. JE 62, 448.
86. W. R. S. Ralston, 'Count Leo Tolstoy's Novels', The Nineteenth Century, 4 (1879), 651.
87. Konstantin Mochulsky, Dostoevsky: His Life and Work, tr. Michael A. Minihan, Princeton, 1967, 639.
88. Gusev 3, 639.
89. Letopis' 1, 531.
90. Letopis' 1, 526—527.
91. Gusev 3, 641.
92. Gusev 3, 653.
93. Gusev 3, 637.
94. Gusev 3, 640.
95. Gusev 3, 612.
96. See Pal Kolstø, 'Leo Tolstoy, a Church Critic Influenced by Orthodox Thought', in Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine, ed. Geoffrey Hosking, London, 1991, 148—66.
97. Gusev 3, 619—625.
98. JE 28,541.
99. Gusev 3, 613.
100. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 507—508.
101. Gusev 3, 667.
102. Novum Testamentum Graece. Textum adfidem codicum, versionum, et patrum recensuit et lectionis varietatem adjecit D. Jo. Jac. Griesbach, Jena, 1818; Edouard Reuss, La Bible. Traduction nouvelle avec introduction et commentaires, 17 vols, Paris, 1764—1881.
103. Ernest J. Simmons, Tolstoy, London, 1973, 107.
104. See David Matual, Tolstoy's Translation of the Gospels: A Critical Study, Lewiston, 1992.
105. I. I. Ivakin, 'Vospominaniya o Tolstom', Literaturnoe nasledtsvo, 69 (1961), vol. 2, 40.
106. Ivakin, 'Vospominaniya o Tolstom', 40.
107. JE 24,25.
108. Gusev 3, 670.
109. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo (1928), Moscow, 2005, 214.
110. Gusev 3, 18.
111. Ray Monk, Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, Oxford, 1990, 116.
112. Gusev 3, 28.
113. Letopis' 1, 537.
114. L. N. Tolstoi v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov, 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 293—315; S. Tolstaya. 'Iz zapisok Grafini Sofii Andreevny Tolstoi pod zaglaviem 'Moya zhizn'. 'Chetyre poseshcheniya gr. L'va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo monastyrya "Optina Pustyn"', Tolstovskii ezhegodnik, Moscow, 1913, 4—6.
115. JE 83,300,304–305.
116. Gusev 3, 67.
117. Gusev 3, 73.
118. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo, 217.
11 Sectarian, Anarchist, Holy Fool
1. JE 63,194.
2. JE 25,173–181.
3. Matthew, 25: 31, 35–36.
4. 'Dopolnitel'nye voprosy k lichnym kartam statisticheskoi perepisi predlagaemye Antoshei Chekhonte', Budil'nik, 5 (1882), 65; A. P. Chekhov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem v tridtsati tomakh, ed. N. F. Bel'chikov et al., Moscow, 1974–83, Sochineniya, vol. 1, 116.
5. N. N. Gusev, Materialy k biografii L. N. Tolstogo's 1881 po 1886god, Moscow, 1970 [Gusev 4], 124.
6. Gusev 4, 149.
7. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910, Moscow, 1936, 179.
8. Gusev 4, 125.
9. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 377.
10. Gusev 4, 126.
11. Leonid Kavelin, Istoricheskoe opisanie Korennoi Rozhdestvo-Bogoroditskoi Pustyni, Moscow, 1876.
12. David Jackson, The Wanderers and Critical Realism in Nineteenth-Century Russian Painting, Manchester, 2006, 44.
13. The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 50.
14. 'Shlissel'burgskaya krepost", 12 (1880), 'Znachenie sektantstva v russkoi narodnoi zhizni', 1 (1881), 'Raskol i ego issledovateli', 2 (1881), 'Alchuchshie i zhazhdushchie pravdy', 10, 12 (1881), 1 (1882).
15. Gusev 4, 155.
16. Gusev 4, 171.
17. Gusev 4, 159–160.
18. N. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, Moscow, 2010, 126.
19. Gusev 4, 150.
20. Gusev 4, 165.
21. JE 83, 378.
22. JE 83, 384.
23. JE 83, 382.
24. Gusev 4, 172.
25. Gusev 4, 173.
26. N. N. Gusev, Letopis'zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890, Moscow, 1958 [Letopis' 1], 559—560.
27. See Letopis' 1, 566, for example.
28. Gusev 4, 207—208.
29. Gusev 4, 209.
30. Gusev 4, 217.
31. Gusev 4, 156.
32. Gusev 4, 217. Prince Leonid Urusov is not to be confused with Tolstoy's other friend Prince Sergey Urusov.
33. Gusev 4, 218.
34. Gusev 4, 217.
35. JE 63, 124.
36. Georgy Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizniL. N. Tolstogo,Moscow, 2009, 17.
37. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo, 25—27.
38. Alexander Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia: The Partnership of Leo Tolstoy and Vladimir Chertkov, Lanham, Md, 1989, 44.
39. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo, 26. Orekhanov claims that Chertkov met the 'pastor John Kenworthy', who was 'sympathetic to Tolstoy's views' during this period, but this is unlikely as Kenworthy (see ch. 12) was only sixteen in 1879.
40. Gusev 4, 224.
41. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo, 25—26.
42. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 47.
43. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni Tolstogo,31.
44. Letter to'S. A. Tolstaya, 29 January 1884; Letopis' 1, 8, 570.
45. Peter Brang, Ein Unbekanntes Russland: Kulturgeshichte vegetarischer Lebensweisen von den Anfängen biz zur Gegenwart, Cologne, 2002, 151—152.
46. Gusev 4, 249.
47. Gusev 4, 254.
48. Gusev 4, 256.
49. L. N. Tolstoy, Vchem moya vera, in JE 23, 304—465.
50. N. Berdyaev, 'Vetkhii i Novyi Zavet v religioznom soznanii L. Tolstogo', O religii L'va Tolstogo, Moscow, 1912, reprinted in Russkie mysliteli o L've Tolstom, ed. V. I. Tolstoi, Tula, 2002, 366.
51. JE 63, 242. See also Henry Gifford, Tolstoy, Oxford, 1982, 46.
52. M. Arnold, 'Count Leo Tolstoi', Fortnightly Review, 48 (1887), 783—99, reprinted in Tolstoi and Britain, ed. W. Gareth Jones, Oxford, 1995, 105—124.
53. Gusev 4, 228.
54. JE 23, 368.
55. Gusev 4, 262—263.
56. Gusev 4, 270. Sonya omitted the latter, and most critical, part of this letter when quoting it later in her autobiography.
57. Gusev 4,323.
58. Gusev 4,325.
59. Gusev 4,331.
60. Gusev 4,333–334.
61. Letopis' 1, 583.
62. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov'v zhizniL. N. Tolstogo (1928), Moscow, 2005, 243.
63. Gusev 4,334.
64. Gusev 4,337–338.
65. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 8 (1978), 62.
66. Tolstaya, Pis'ma, 158, 199.
67. Gusev 4, 351.
68. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Dnevnik, ed. T. Volkova, Moscow, 1984, 10.
69. JE ,433, 437 44,446.
70. Fodor, A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia, 50.
71. Fodor, A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia, 52—53.
72. Fodor, A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia, 63.
73. Fodor, A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia, 57.
74. Letopis' 1, 601.
75. 'How Much Land Does a Man Need?', for example, was published in Russian Wealth in April 1886.
76. Gusev 4, 419.
77. Tolstaya, Pis'ma, 297.
78. Letopis' 1, 619.
79. Letopis' 1, 646, 670, 723.
80. Tolstoy, What Then Must We Do?, tr. Aylmer Maude, Oxford, 1935.
81. See T. L. Motyleva, Khudozhestvennyeproizvedeniya L. N. Tolstogo vperevodakh na inostrannyeyazyki: otdel'nye zarubezhnye izdaniya: bibliografiia, Moscow, 1961.
82. Letopis' 1, 595.
83. Gusev 4, 385.
84. Letopis' 1, 597.
85. JE 63, 338.
86. JE 63, 334.
87. See Andrew Donskov, L. N. Tolstoi i T. M. Bondarev:perepiska, Munich, 1996.
88. JE 25, 386. In 1958, the village of Iyudino, where Bondarev was exiled, was renamed Bondarevo, and a statue of him was erected in 2005. In 2008, the regional capital of Abakan hosted a conference entitled 'Lev Tolstoy and the Siberian peasant philosopher and lover of truth Timofey Bondarev'.
89. A. S. Skorokhodova, '"Russkii" religioznyi pozitivist V. Frei', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 9 (1997), 93—98.
90. S. A. Tolstaya, Povarennaya kniga'S. A. Tolstoi, Tula, 1991, 45.
91. Tolstaya, Povarennaya kniga, 51.
92. Letopis' 1, 699.
93. Letopis' 1, 615.
94. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizn Tolstogo, 258.
95. Zhdanov, Lyubov' v zhizn Tolstogo, 260.
96. Tolstaya, Pis'ma, 376.
97. JE 83, 576.
98. JE 85, 392—396; N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L'va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo, 1891–1910 [Letopis'2], Moscow, 1960, 91.
99. L. D. Opul'skaya, Materialy k biografii L. N. Tolstogo, 1886–1892, Moscow, 1979 [Opul'skaya 1], 91.
100. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 115.
101. Opul'skaya 1, 110; Letopis' 2, 713.
102. Opul'skaya 1, 27—28.
103. Opul'skaya 1, 62—63.
104. Letopis' 2, 659—661.
105. Opul'skaya 1, 117.
106. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Muzykal'nye proizvedeniya, lyubimye L. N. Tolstym (po vospominaniyam'S. L. Tolstogo)', Tolstovskii ezhegodnik, St Petersburg, 1913, 161—162.
107. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 121; Opul'skaya 1, 120—121.
108. Opul'skaya 1, 131—132.
109. Opul'skaya 1, 123.
110. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 57—58.
111. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 176.
112. A. N. Wilson (Tolstoy, London, 1988, 375) seems to confuse the religious principles of the Shakers with the ideas put forward by Stockham, who did not advocate complete celibacy, or that men and women should live platonically.
113. JE 63, 202.
114. JE 86, 188.
115. JE 63, 312.
116. See William Nickell, 'The Twain Shall Be of One Mind: Tolstoy in "Leag" with Eliza Burnz and Henry Parkhurst', Tolstoy Studies Journal, 6 (1993), 130.
117. 'Stockham on the Ethics of Marriage', American Naturalist,30, 355 (1896), 569—570.
118. Opul'skaya 1, 175.
119. Opul'skaya 1, 173.
120. Opul'skaya 1, 182.
121. R. Bartlett, ed., Chekhov: A Life in Letters, tr. R. Bartlett and A. Phillips, London, 2004, 197–198.
122. Chekhov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii ipisem, Pis'ma, vol. 4, 270.
123. See Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 42.
124. See Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 168—179 for Sonya's detailed account of her visit.
125. Opul'skaya 1, 229.
126. Letopis' 2, 51.
127. Opul'skaya 1, 231.
128. Letopis' 2, 42.
129. Opul'skaya 1, 229.
130. William Stead, The Truth About Russia, London, 1888, 453.
131. www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/bio.php
132. Ewa M. Thompson, Understanding Russia; The Holy Fool in Russian Culture, Lanham, Md, 1987, 136—139.
133. See E. D. Meleshko, Khristianskaya etika L. N. Tolstogo, Moscow, 2006, 226—229.
134. Opul'skaya 1, 172.
135. Opul'skaya 1, 204.
136. Thompson, Understanding Russia, 127.
137. JE 85, 270.
138. JE 25, 717.
139. Opul'skaya 1, 238.
140. See Ronald D. LeBlanc, 'Tolstoy's Way of No Flesh: Abstinence, Vegetarianism, and Christian Physiology', Food in Russian History and Culture, ed. Musya Glants and Joyce Toomre, Bloomington, 1997, 87.
141. Tolstoy, 'The First Step', Essays and Letters, tr. Aylmer Maude, New York, 1909, pp. 82—91.
142. See, for example, Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation (New York, 2001) and Jonathan Safran Foer, Eating Animals (New York, 2009).
143. Letter to Georgy Chekhov, December 1890, in Bartlett, Chekhov: A Life in Letters, 257.
144. Letter to Evgraf Egorov, 11 December 1891, in Bartlett, Chekhov: A Life in Letters, 289.
145. Letopis' 2, 34.
146. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 80; Opul'skaya 1, 256.
147. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 192.
148. Letopis' 2, 52.
149. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 84—5.
150. Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, 62.
151. Tolstaya,'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 86.
152. Letopis' 2, 61, 63.
153. Opul'skaya 1, 251.
154. R. Vittaker, 'Posleslovie', in I. Borisova, ed., Neizvestnyi Tolstoi v arkhivakh Rossii i SShA, Moscow, 1994, 240.
155. Letopis' 2, 61.
156. See Ewa M. Thompson, 'Holy Foolishness, Mental Illness and Mental Normalcy in Russia', in Understanding Russia, 25—50.
157. Jonas Stadling, 'With Tolstoy in the Russian Famine', The Century, 2 (June 1893), 249.
158. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 98.
159. Opul'skaya 1, 252—254.
160. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 98.
161. Letopis' 2, 70.
162. Opul'skaya 1, 257.
163. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Novy mir, 99—100.
164. Jonas Stadling and Will Reason, In the Land of Tolstoi: Experiences of Famine and Misrule in Russia, London, 1897.
165. Opul'skaya 1, 267.
166. Robert Edwards, 'Tolstoy and Alice B. Stockham: The Influence of "Tokology" on The Kreutzer Sonata, Tolstoy Studies Journal, 6 (1993), 90.
167. Opul'skaya 1, 164.
168. K. Kallaur, 'L. N. Tolstoi i Edin Ballu: dukhovnoe rodstvo', in Borisova, ed., Neizvestnyi Tolstoi v arkhivakh Rossii i SShA, 276.
169. Stadling and Reason, In the Land of Tolstoi, 71.
170. Opul'skaya 1, 212—213.
171. Letopis' 2, 83.
172. JE 68, 235—236.
173. L. D. Opul'skaya, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi: materialy k biografii's 1892 po 1899 god [Opul'skaya 2], 45.
174. Opul'skaya 2, 44—47.
175. Letopis' 2, 149.
12 Elder, Apostate, and Tsar
1. V. Bulgakov, L. N. Tolstoi v poslednii god ego zhizni, Moscow, 1989, 71—72.
2. Roza Lyuksemburg, 'Lev Tolstoi', O Tolstom, ed. V. Friche, Moscow, 1928, 125. First published in Die Gleichheit, 3 December 1910.
3. T. V. Komarova, ed., Druz'ya i gosti Yasnoi Polyane: materialy nauchnoi konferentsee posvyashchennoi 160-letiyu S. A. Tolstoi, Tula, 2006, 104.
4. W. T. Stead, The Truth About Russia, London, 1888, 393.
5. The book was published in 1889. See Literaturnoe nasledstvo, 75 (1965), vol. 1, 123.
6. Eugene-Melchior de Vogüe, LeRoman russe, Paris, 1886.
7. 'T. W. H.', 'The Russian School of Writers', Harper's Bazaar, 20, 38 (1887), 642.
8. R. Löwenfeld, Leo N. Tolstoj. Sein Leben, seine Werke, seine Weltanschauung, Berlin, 1892; Evgeny Solov'ev, L. N. Tolstoi, ego zhizn i literaturnaya deyatel'nost'. Biograficheskii ocherk, St Petersburg, 1894.
9. George Kennan, 'A Visit to Count Tolstoy', The Century,34 (1887), 252—265; reprinted in Americans in Conversation with Tolstoy: Selected Accounts, 1887–1923, ed. Peter Sekirin, Jefferson, NC, 2006. This often valuable book is seriously undermined by its title. Apart from the obvious problem with the dates (Tolstoy died in 1910), many of the conversations are with people are who clearly not American, including Aylmer Maude, whose first name is misspelled 'Aymler' throughout.
10. Darra Goldstein, 'Is Hay Only for Horses? Highlights of Russian Vegetarianism at the Turn of the Century', Food in Russian History and Culture, ed. Musya Glants and Joyce Toomre, Bloomington, 1997, 103—123.
11. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 122.
12. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 224.
13. E. E. Gorbunova-Posadova, Drug Tolstogo Mariya Aleksandrovna Shmidt, Moscow,19,13.
14. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 245.
15. Gorbunova-Posadova, Drug Tolstogo Mariya Aleksandrovna Shmidt, 73.
16. L. D. Opul'skaya, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi: materialy k biografii's 1892po 1899 god [Opul'skaya 2], 11.
17. Graham Camfield, 'From Tolstoyan to Terrorist: The Revolutionary Career of Prince D. A. Khilkov, 1900—1905', Revolutionary Russia, 12, 1 (1999), 2—3.
18. Aylmer Maude, The Life of Tolstoy (rev. edn, Oxford, 1930), Ware, 2008, 626.
19. N. N. Gusev, Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L'va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo, 1891—1910 [Letopis' 2], Moscow, 1960, 683.
20. Letopisi Gosudarstvennogo literaturnogo muzeya, vol. 12: L. N. Tolstoi, vol. 1, Moscow, 1938, 114.
21. V. A. Mazur, 'Khozhdenie po mukam knyazya Dmitriya Aleksandrovicha Khilkova', Izvestiya Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 15 (2000); http://proceedings.usu. ru/?base=mag/00i5(03_08—2000)&xsln=showArticle.xslt&id=a07&doc=../content.jsp
22. Letopis' 2, 111.
23. Letopis' 2, 155.
24. E. Popov, Zhizn i smert'Evdokima Nikiticha Drozhzhina, 1866–1894, Berlin, 1895.
25. Opul'skaya 2, 66—67.
26. Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching: A Book About the Way and the Power of the Way, a new English version by Ursula K. Le Guin, with the collaboration of J. P. Seaton, Boston, 1998, 68.
27. See, for example, N. Berdyaev, 'Vetkhii i novii zavet v religioznom soznanii L. Tolstogo', O religii L'va Tolstogo, Moscow, 1912, 172—195.
28. M. V. Muratov, L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov,Moscow, 1934, 231.
29. For further details, see Andrew Donskov, ed., Sergej Tolstoy and the Doukhobors: A Journey to Canada, Ottawa, 1998, 3—8.
30. See Andrew Donskov, ed., Leo Tolstoy-Peter Verigin: Correspondence, tr. John Woodsworth, Ottawa, 1995.
31. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 245.
32. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 227, 229.
33. Leah Bendavid-Val, Song Without Words: The Photographs and Diaries of Countess Sophia Tolstoy, Washington DC, 2007, 78.
34. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 1, 236.
35. Opul'skaya 2, 135.
36. Vladimir Zhdanov, Lyubov'v zhizniL. N. Tolstogo (1928), Moscow, 2005, 200.
37. Opul'skaya 2, 139.
38. Komarova, Druz'ya i gosti, 173.
39. Letopis' 2, 173.
40. Letopis' 2, 177.
41. T. Polyakova, 'Velosiped No. 97011', Prometei, 12 (1980), 415–418.
42. Opul'skaya 2, 189.
43. N. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, Moscow, 2010, 201.
44. See Ul'rikh Lina, Opasnyi yazyk, Moscow, 1998.
45. L. L. Sabaneev, 'Moi vospominaniya o S. I. Taneeve', Sergei Ivanovich Taneev: lichnost', tvorchestvo i dokumenty ego zhizni: k 10-ti letiyu so dnya ego smerti, 1915—1925, Moscow, 1925, 101.
46. L. L. Sabaneev, S. I. Taneev: Mysli o tvorchestve i vospominaniya o zhizni, Paris, 1930, 121–122.
47. See Tolstoy's diary entry, November 1851 (JE 46, 237): 'I have never been in love with a woman - I felt one strong feeling similar to love when I was 13 or 14; but I don't want to believe that this was love; because the object was a fat maid (although she did have a pretty little face), and from 13–15 years is the most disorganised time for a boy (adolescence); you don't know what to throw yourself at, and lust, at that time acts with extraordinary force. I have often fallen in love with men ... I fell in love with men before I had any idea about the possibility of pederasty, but when I did, the idea of the possibility of coitus never entered my head...'
48. See Alexander Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia: the Partnership of Leo Tolstoy and Vladimir Chertkov, Lanham, Md, 1989, 146–147.
49. Opul'skaya 2, 92.
50. JE 67, 62.
51. M. J. de K. Holman, 'The Purleigh Colony: Tolstoyan Togetherness in the Late 1890s', in Tolstoi and Britain, ed. W. Gareth Jones, Oxford, 1995, 155.
52. A. G. Rose, 'Some Influences on English Penal Reform, 1895–1921', in Tolstoi and Britain, 262.
53. See Peter Brock, tr. and ed., Life in an Austro-Hungarian Military Prison: the Slovak Tolstoyan Dr. Albert Škarvan's Story, Syracuse, 2002.
54. www.kirjasto.sci.fi/arvidj.htm
55. JE 68, 23.
56. Muratov, L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov, 232.
57. Opul'skaya 2, 155–156.
58. Georgy Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, Moscow, 2009, 43.
59. Opul'skaya 2, 199–200.
60. Apostolov, Tolstoi i russkoe samoderzhavie, Moscow, 1928, 125–126.
61. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, 31.
62. Opul'skaya 2, 234; Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 88–89.
63. See Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 67–68.
64. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Dnevnik, ed. T. Volkova, Moscow, 1984, 163.
65. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Dnevnik, 132.
66. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 67.
67. Sukhotina-Tolstaya, Dnevnik, 300.
68. Muratov, L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov, 248.
69. S. M. Tolstoi, Deti Tolstogo, Tula, 1993, 77.
70. Tolstoi, Deti Tolstogo, 175.
71. N. A. Kalinina et al., Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami, Moscow, 1990, 419, 431.
72. Opul'skaya 2, 252.
73. Tolstoy, What is Art?, tr. A. Maude, ed. W. Gareth Jones, Bristol, 1994, 184.
74. Opul'skaya 2, 158.
75. See Gary Adelman, Anna Karenina: The Bitterness of Ecstasy, Boston, 1990, 124–125.
76. A. B. Gol'denveizer, 'Tolstoi i muzyka: iz vospominanii', Literaturnoe nasledstvo,37/38, (I939) vo1. 2 591-594.
77. Gol'denveizer, 'Tolstoi i muzyka: iz vospominanii', 591–594.
78. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Muzykal'nye proizvedeniya, lyubimye L. N. Tolstym (po vospominaniyam'S. L. Tolstogo)', Tolstovskii ezhegodnik, St Petersburg, 1913, 161–162.
79. Alexandra Orlova, Tchaikovsky: A Self Portrait, tr. R. M. Davison, Oxford, 1990, 62.
80. Orlova, Tchaikovsky: A Self Portrait, 253.
81. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn", Prometei, 12 (1980), 191.
82. See R. Bartlett, Wagner and Russia, Cambridge, 1995, 48.
83. 'The Theology of Redemptive Love' is the sub-title of a chapter in Richard F. Gustafson's Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger, which should be consulted for an in-depth discussion of this topic. For a brief overview of the importance of redemption in Wagner's works, see Robert Donington, 'The Search for Redemption in Wagner', Musical Times, vol. 130, no. 1751 (Jan. 1989), 20–22.
84. Thomas Mann, 'The Sorrows and Grandeur of Richard Wagner', April 1933, in Pro and Contra Wagner, tr. Allan Blunden, introd. Erich Heller, London, 1985, 94.
85. Maude, The Life of Tolstoy, 757; Muratov, L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov, 257–266.
86. See Tolstoy, What is Art?, v, x.
87. Letopis' 2, 268, 270.
88. Opul'skaya 2, 248–250.
89. N. Puzin, Dom-muzei L. N. Tolstogo v Yasnoi Polyane, Tula, 2001, 67.
90. Opul'skaya 2, 318.
91. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 98.
92. Letopis' 2, 263.
93. L. Tolstoi, Voskresene: roman v trekh chastyakh:polnaya neiskazhennaya tsensur'yu versiya, 5th edn, Purleigh, 1900.
94. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, 48.
95. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 136.
96. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 91.
97. Holman, 'The Purleigh Colony', 173.
98. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki Bylogo,3rd rev. edn, Tula, 1965, 197—218.
99. Letopis' 2, 306.
100. Opul'skaya 2, 326.
101. R. Bartlett, ed., Anton Chekhov: A Life in Letters, tr. R. Bartlett and A. Phillips, London, 2004, 366.
102. Bartlett, Anton Chekhov: A Life in Letters, 434.
103. Bartlett, Anton Chekhov: A Life in Letters, 434.
104. Tolstoy, Resurrection, tr. Louise Maude, Oxford World's Classics edn, New York, 2000, 147.
105. See Gregory L. Freeze, The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Crisis, Reform, Counter-Reform, Princeton, 1983.
106. Anton Chekhov, The Exclamation Mark, tr. Rosamund Bartlett, London, 2008, 56.
107. I. S. Belliustin, Description of the Clergy in Rural Russia: The Memoir of a Nineteenth-Century Parish Priest; tr. with an interpretive essay by Gregory L. Freeze, Ithaca, 1985.
108. See Chris J. Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917', Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 5: Eastern Christianity, ed. Michael Angold, Cambridge, 2006, 348—70.
109. See Leonid Heretz, Russia on the Eve of Modernity: Popular Religion and Traditional Culture Under the Last Tsars, Cambridge, 2008, 39.
110. See Simon Dixon, 'Superstition in Imperial Russia', Past and Present, 3 (2008), 207—228.
111. Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917', 360.
112. V. Fedorov, Russkayapravoslavnaya tserkov' igosudarstvo: sinodal'nyiperiod, 1700–1917, Moscow, 2003, 228.
113. S. Mel'gunov, Tserkov' igosudarstvo v Rossii: k voprosu o svobode sovesti, Moscow, 1907, 136.
114. I. M. Gromoglasov, Tretii vserossiiskii missionerskii's'ezd, Sergiev Posad, 1898, 4.
115. See John Shelton Curtiss, Church and State in Russia: The Last Years of the Empire, 1900–1917, New York, 1940, 76, regarding the 235 pages of sermons given by Archbishop Nikanor of Kherson.
116. Hermann von Samson-Himmelstierna, Russia under Alexander III, tr. J. Morrison, ed. Felix Volkhovsky, London, 1893.
117. Pal Kolst0, 'The Demonized Double: The Image of Lev Tolstoi in Russian Orthodox Polemics', Slavic Review, 65, 2 (2006), 310.
118. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia, 41.
119. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia, 87.
120. J. G. Kohl, Russia, London, 1842, 256—257.
121. See Georgy Orekhanov, 'Poslednyaya ispoved' L'va Tolstogo', Sovetskaya rossiya; www. samara.orthodoxy.ru/Smi/Npg/053_10.html
122. JE 73, 44—45.
123. V. I. Sreznevskii, Tolstoi: Pamyatniki tvorchestva i zhizni, vol. 3, Moscow, 1923, 124, 131.
124. Apostolov, L. Tolstoi i russkoe samoderzhavie, 147.
125. Letopis'2, 376.
126. Sreznevskii, Tolstoi: Pamyatniki tvorchestva i zhizni, vol. 3, 114.
127. See Heretz, Russia on the Eve of Modernity, 143.
128. Diakon Filipp Il'iashenko, 'L. N. Tolstoi i svyatoi pravednyi Ioann Kronshtadtskii: nekotorye aspekty vospryatiya konflikta sovremmenikami', Yasnopolyanskii sbornik, ed. V. I. Tolstoy et al, Tula, 2008, 343.
129. Nadieszda Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People, University Park, 2000, 250.
130. Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint, 259.
131. Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint, 25, 35.
132. N. Kizenko, 'Ioann of Kronstadt and the Reception of Sanctity', Russian Review, 57 (July 1998), 338.
133. J. Eugene Clay, 'Orthodox Missionaries and "Orthodox Heretics" in Russia, 1886–1917', in Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia, ed. Robert P. Geraci and Michael Khodarkovsky, Ithaca, 2001, 55.
134. Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint, 258.
135. See Pal Kolst0, 'The Elder at Iasnaia Poliana: Lev Tolstoi and the Orthodox Starets Tradition', Kritika, 9, 3 (2008), 533–554.
136. Religious-Philosophical Society, third meeting, 'Lev Tolstoi i russkaya tserkov", in Zapiskipeterburgskikh Religiozno-filosofskikh sobranii (1901—1903), ed. S. M. Polovinkin, Moscow, 2005, 45–70.
137. Letopis'2, 382.
138. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 438.
139. JE, 84.
140. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 442–443.
141. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, 53.
142. JE 73, 184–187.
143. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, 55.
144. Letopis'2, 407–410.
145. www.nonresistance.org/tolstoy.html
146. http://pravlib.narod.ru/ioann_kronchtadt_otvet_lvu_tolstomu.html
147. Robert L. Nichols, 'The Friends of God: Nicholas II and Alexandra at the Canonization of Serafim of Sarov, July 1903', in Religious and Secular Forces in Late Tsarist Russia, ed. Charles E. Timberlake, Seattle, 1992, 206–230.
148. JE 55, 111.
149. Letopis' 2, 477.
150. Tolstoy, 'Bethink Yourselves!', tr. V. Tchertkoff and I. F. M. London, 1906, p. 27.
151. Tolstoi,'Bethink Yourselves!', 8.
152. Muratov,L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov,326.
153. JE 74, 264.
154. Kalinina et al., Perepiska, 501.
155. See R. Bartlett, 'Japonisme and Japanophobia: The Russo-Japanese War in Russian Cultural Consciousness', Russian Review, 1 (2008), 1—38.
156. Letopis'2, 503.
157. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 111.
158. Muratov,L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov,336.
159. Letopis' 2, 496—497.
160. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 141.
161. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 119.
162. The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi, preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 67.
163. See Leah Bendavid-Val, Songs Without Words: The Photographs and Diaries of Countess Sophia Tolstoy, Washington DC, 2007.
164. All information about the visit is taken from Laurence Kominz, 'Pilgrimage to Tolstoy: Tokutomi Roka's Junrei Kiko', Monumenta Japonica, 41, 1 (1986), 51—101.
165. Letopis'2, 559.
166. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 224—226.
167. Letopis'2, 596.
168. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizniL. N. Tolstogo,53; Puzin, Dom-muzei,76; Muratov, L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov, 365.
169. T. N. Volkova, Tolstoi i ego blizkie, Moscow, 1986, 262.
170. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 165.
171. See JoyThacker, Whiteway Colony: The Social History of a Tolstoyan Community, Stroud, 1993.
172. W. Gareth Jones, ed., Tolstoi and Britain, 14.
173. Orekhanov, V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo, 64.
174. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 95—96.
175. Letopis'2, 635.
176. N. V. Ovsyannikov, 'Epizod iz zhizni L. N. Tolstogo', Russkoe obozrenie, 11 (1896).
177. Walter Kerr, The Shabunin Affair: An Episode in the Life of Leo Tolstoy, Ithaca, 1982, 182.
178. Father Ioann was canonised in 1990.
179. Letopis' 2, 644; Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol 2, 109.
180. I. V. Petrovitskaya, "Tolstovskii's'ezd russkikh zhurnalistov. 1908 god', Iz istorii russkoi literatury i zhurnalistiki: Ezhgodnik, ed. I. V. Petrovitskaya and I. E. Prokhorov, Moscow, 2009, 243—245.
181. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 2, 110.
182. Letopis'2, 700.
183. Opul'skaya 2, 261.
184. Letopis'2, 701.
185. Letopis' 2, 705.
186. V. Bulgakov, O Tolstom,Tula, 1964, 283.
187. The above account of Tolstoy's departure from Yasnaya Polyana, death and burial draws on V. I. Nevskii, ed., Smert' Tolstogo:po novym materialam, Moscow, 1929, B. Meilakh, Ukhod i smert'L'va Tolstogo, Moscow, 1960, Uil'yam Nikell, 'Smert' Tolstogo',Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 44 (2000), 43–61, Pal Kolsto, 'Mass for a Heretic? The Controversy over Lev Tolstoi's Burial', Slavic Review, 60, 1 (2001), 75–95, and William Nickell, 'Transfigurations of Tolstoy's Final Journey: The Church and the Media in 1910', Tolstoy Studies Journal, 17 (2006), 32–51.
Epilogue: Patriarch of the Bolsheviks
1. Mark Popovsky, Russkie muzhiki rasskazyvayut:posledovateli L. N. Tolstogo v Sovetskom Soyuze, London, 1983.
2. S. A. Tolstaya, Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh, ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 2, 330.
3. Aleksei Zverev and Vladimir Tunimanov, Lev Tolstoi,Moscow, 2007, 758.
4. N. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, Moscow, 2010, 239.
5. Herman Bernstein, 'The Scandal Surrounding the Tolstoy Legacy', New York Times, 26 February 1911.
6. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 245.
7. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 240.
8. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 2, 355.
9. Zverev and Tunimanov, Tolstoi, 756.
10. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 241.
11. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 241.
12. V. F. Bulgakov, O Tolstom,Tula 1964, 233.
13. Bulgakov, O Tolstom, 234–240.
14. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 2, 383. See also Pal Kolsto, 'A Mass for a Heretic? The Controversy over Lev Tolstoi's Burial', Slavic Review, 60, 1 (2001), 75–95.
15. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 245.
16. Nikitina, Sof'ya Tolstaya, 243.
17. Bulgakov, O Tolstom, 314.
18. Alexander Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia: The Partnership of Leo Tolstoy and Vladimir Chertkov, Lanham, Md, 1989, 175.
19. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 157.
20. Lev Osterman, Srazhenie za Tolstogo, Moscow, 2002.
21. V. Tchertkoff [Chertkov], Save Russia, London, 1920.
22. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 162.
23. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 2, 593.
24. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 163.
25. Memoirs of Peasant Tolstoyans in Soviet Russia, tr., ed. and intro. William Edgerton, Bloomington, 1993, 11.
26. Tchertkoff, Save Russia, 2.
27. A. Khechinov, Krutye dorogi Aleksandry Tolstoi, Moscow, 1995, 206.
28. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 2, 591.
29. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 167.
30. Popovsky, Russkie muzhiki rasskazyvayut, 56.
31. N. Berdyaev, 'Dukhi russkoi revolyutsii', Iz glubiny, Paris, 1918; D. Merezhkovskii, 'L. Tolstoi i bol'shevizm', Tsarstvo antikhrista, Paris, 1923.
32. Y. Lur'e, PosleL'va Tolstogo, St Petersburg, 1993, 70.
33. 'Literary Progenitors of Bolshevist Russia', Current Opinion, 66, 1 (January 1919), 49.
34. Robert Croskey, The Legacy of Tolstoy: Alexandra Tolstoy and the Soviet Regime in the 1920s, Seattle, 2008, 11.
35. Tolstaya, Dnevniki, vol. 2, 594.
36. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 175.
37. L. A. Osterman, Srazhenie za Tolstogo, Moscow, 2002, 8.
38. V. Shentalinsky, Donos na Sokrata, Novy mir, 11 (1996); reprinted in Donos na Sokrata, Moscow, 2001, 34–5.
39. www.tolstoymuseum.ru/history/
40. A. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, Washington DC, 1965, 30–31.
41. S. L. Tolstoi, Ocherki bylogo, 3rd rev. edn, Tula, 1965, 270.
42. Shentalinsky, Donos na sokrata,38.
43. Croskey, The Legacy of Tolstoy, 26.
44. Lur'e, Posle L'va Tolstogo, 36, 479–480, 487–488, 667.
45. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, Lur'e, Posle L'va Tolstogo, 90.
46. Shentalinsky, Donos na sokrata, 51.
47. Yury Khechinov, Krutye dorogi Aleksandry Tolstoi, Moscow, 1995, 252.
48. Croskey, The Legacy of Tolstoy, 13.
49. Khechinov, Krutye dorogi Aleksandry Tolstoi, 253.
50. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 121.
51. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 168.
52. Tchertkoff, Save Russia, 5.
53. Popovsky, Russkie muzhiki rasskazyvayut, 64.
54. Popovsky, Russkie muzhiki rasskazyvayut, 60–61.
55. Lur'e, Posle L'va Tolstogo, 72.
56. Osterman, Srazhenie za Tolstogo, 10.
57. Lur'e, Posle L'va Tolstogo, 95.
58. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 171.
59. Osterman, Srazhenie za Tolstogo, 10.
60. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 181.
61. Osterman, Srazhenie za Tolstogo, 12.
62. Fodor, A Questfor a Non-Violent Russia, 178.
63. L. Tolstoi, Pravda o moem otse, Prague, 1923.
64. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 131.
65. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 135—I36; Croskey, The Legacy of Tolstoy, 37.
66. Shentalinsky, Donos na Sokrata, 54—5.
67. Lur'e, PosleL'va Tolstogo, 90.
68. Charles Sarolea, 'Was Tolstoy the Spiritual Father of Bolshevism?', English Review, January 1925, 156.
69. See, for example, V. A. Maklakov, Tolstoi i Bol'shevizm, Paris, 1921.
70. A. Lunacharskii, 'Tolstoi i Marks', Sobranie sochinenii v vos'mi tomakh, vol. I, Moscow, 1963, 290.
71. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 207.
72. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 206.
73. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, I6O.
74. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 164, 183.
75. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 208.
76. Croskey, The Legacy of Tolstoy, 64.
77. Osterman, Srazhenie za Tolstogo, 14.
78. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia.
79. William Nickell, 'Tolstoi in 1928: In the Mirror of the Revolution', in Epic Revisionism: Russian History and Literature as Stalinist Propaganda, ed. Kevin M. F. Platt and David Brandenberger, Madison, 2006, 17—I8.
80. A. V. Lunacharskii, 'Tolstoi i nasha sovremennost", - Literaturnoe nasledstvo, 69 (i96i), vol. 2, 407.
81. D. A. Bondarev, Tolstoi i sovremennost', Moscow, 1928, 6—7.
82. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday: An Autobiography, English translation of Die Welt vom Gestern (I943), London, 1987, 252.
83. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 214.
84. Zweig, The World of Yesterday (I943 edn), 253.
85. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 217.
86. Alexander Fodor, Tolstoy and the Russians: Reflections on a Relationship, Ann Arbor, 1984, 71. Fodor observes how close the style of the editorial is to that of Stalin.
87. See V. M. Friche, ed., L. N. Tolstoi v svete marksistskoi kritiki, Moscow, 1929. See also V. M. Friche, ed., O Tolstom: literaturno-kriticheskii sbornik, Moscow, 1928.
88. Table of contents, Bondarev, Tolstoi i sovremennost'.
89. Tolstaya, Probleski v t'me, 235.
90. Osterman, Srazhenie za Tolstogo, 32—3.
91. Fodor, A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia, 183.
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119. http://unity.org/aboutunity/visionMissionValues/index.html
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