Notes

Part I: William the Conqueror (1066–1087)

1: The Anglo-Saxons

1. For a detailed account of foreign invasions from 410 AD to 1066: Ackroyd, Peter, A History of England, Volume 1, Foundation, (MacMillan, 2011).

2. West, Ed, 1066 and Before All That: The Battle of Hastings, Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, (Skyhorse, 2017), 8.

3. Ackroyd, A History of England, 69.

4. Ackroyd, A History of England, 67.

5. Morris, Marc, The Norman Conquest: The Battle of Hastings and the Fall of Anglo-Saxon England, (Pegasus Books, 2013), 12.

6. Craig, G., ‘Alfred the Great: A Diagnosis’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Vol. 84, May 1991, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107689108400518.

7. Ackroyd, A History of England, 83.

8. West, 1066 and Before All That, 40.

9. West, 1066 and Before All That, 25.

10. West, 1066 and Before All That, 16.

11. Barlow, Frank, Edward the Confessor, (University of California Press, 1970), 42.

12. Marvin, Julia, The Oldest Anglo-Norman Prose Brut Chronicle, An Edition and Translation, (Boydell Press, 2006).

13. West, 1066 and Before All That, 43.

14. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 35.

2: William the Bastard

1. West, 1066 and Before All That, 48.

2. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 38.

3. West, 1066 and Before All That, 52.

4. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 38.

5. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 41.

6. West, 1066 and Before All That, 56.

7. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 72.

8. Borman, Tracy Joanne, Queen of the Conqueror: The Life of Matilda, Wife of William, (Bantam, 2012), 24.

9. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 51.

10. Ackroyd, A History of England, 86.

11. Ackroyd, A History of England, 85.

12. West, 1066 and Before All That, 41.

13. Borman, Queen of the Conqueror, 29.

14. West, 1066 and Before All That, 73.

15. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 113.

16. Howarth, David Armine, 1066: The Year of the Conquest, (Dorset Press, 1993), 48.

17. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 140.

3: The Norman Invasion

1. Douglas, David C, William the Conqueror, (University of California Press, 1964), 187.

2. Howarth, 1066, 120-121.

3. West, 1066 and Before All That, 89.

4. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 149.

5. Howarth, 1066, 154.

6. Howarth, 1066, 152-153.

7. Howarth, 1066, 157.

8. Howarth, 1066, 159.

9. Howarth, 1066, 169.

10. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 201.

11. Morrillo, Stephen, The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations, (Boydell Press, 1996), 147.

12. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 182.

13. Howarth, 1066, 186-187.

4: The Subjugation of England and Normandy

1. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 218-219.

2. Rex, Peter, The English Resistance: The Underground War Against the Normans, (Amberley Publishing, 2014), 815 (Kindle).

3. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 232-234.

5: Family Betrayal

1. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 237.

2. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 239.

3. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 298-302.

4. Borman, Queen of the Conqueror, 214.

6: The Domesday Book

1. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 280.

2. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 309.

3. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 327.

4. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 358-360.

7: Was William the Conqueror a usurper?

1. Peers, Chris, King Stephen and The Anarchy: Civil War and Military Tactics in Twelfth-Century Britain, (Pen & Sword Books, 2018), 457 (Kindle).

2. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 8.

3. Morris, The Norman Conquest, 51.

4. ‘usurp’, Dictionary.com 2020: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/usurp?s=t.

5. West, 1066 and Before All That, 41.

Part II: King Stephen (1135–1154)

8: The Empress Matilda

1. Gillingham, John, William II, (Penguin Monarchs, 2019), 19.

2. Douglas, William the Conqueror, 371.

3. Gillingham, William II, 21.

4. Hollister, C. Warren, Henry I, (Yale University Press, 2001), 46.

5. Orderic Vitalis, Historia ecclesiastic (Ecclesiastical History), edited and translated by Margorie Chibnall, 6 vols, (Oxford University Press, 1969–1980), 4:94.

6. Gillingham, William II, 21.

7. Gillingham, William II, 48.

8. Gillingham, William II, 49-50.

9. Hollister, Henry I, 103-104.

10. Hollister, Henry I, 106.

11. Hollister, Henry I, 198-201.

12. Hollister, Henry I, 41.

13. Chibnall, Marjorie, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English, (Wiley-Blackwell, 1993), 1.

14. Hollister, Henry I, 238.

15. Hollister, Henry I, 274.

16. Hollister, Henry I, 276-277.

17. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 51-52.

18. Hollister, Henry I, 309.

19. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 12.

20. Hollister, Henry I, 312.

21. Hollister, Henry I, 317-318.

22. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 55.

23. Castor, Helen, She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth, (Harper Perennial, 2012), 69.

24. Hollister, Henry I, 467-468.

25. Hollister, Henry I, 474.

9: Stolen Crown

1. Castor, She-Wolves, 75.

2. King, Edmund, King Stephen, (Yale University Press, 2011), 9109 (Kindle).

3. Hollister, Henry I, 477.

4. King, King Stephen, 9199 (Kindle).

5. King, King Stephen, 1588 (Kindle).

6. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 64.

7. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 66.

8. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 1409 (Kindle).

9. King, King Stephen, 1758 (Kindle).

10. Castor, She-Wolves, 80.

11. King, King Stephen, 1845 (Kindle).

12. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 356-409 (Kindle).

13. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 72-73.

14. King, King Stephen, 2064 (Kindle).

15. King, King Stephen, 2095 (Kindle).

16. Hanley, Catherine, Matilda: Empress, Queen, Warrior, (Yale University Press, 2019), 1851 (Kindle).

17. Hanley, Matilda, 1874 (Kindle).

10: Almost Queen of England

1. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 79-80.

2. Hanley, Matilda, 1920 (Kindle).

3. Castor, She-Wolves, 89-91.

4. Hanley, Matilda, 2161 (Kindle).

5. Hanley, Matilda, 2184 (Kindle).

6. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 1883 (Kindle).

7. Hanley, Matilda, 2387 (Kindle).

8. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 2018 (Kindle).

9. Hanley, Matilda, 2548-2571 (Kindle).

10. Hanley, Matilda, 2704 (Kindle).

11. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 98.

12. Hanley, Matilda, 155.

13. Hanley, Matilda, 2902 (Kindle).

11: The Anarchy Continues

1. Castor, She-Wolves, 104-105.

2. Hanley, Matilda, 2970 (Kindle).

3. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 2115 (Kindle).

4. King, King Stephen, 5014-5047 (Kindle).

5. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 2170 (Kindle).

6. King, King Stephen, 5661 (Kindle).

7. Hanley, Matilda, 3355 (Kindle).

8. Hanley, Matilda, 3380 (Kindle).

9. Hanley, Matilda, 3404 (Kindle).

10. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 2225 (Kindle).

11. Warren, Wilfred Lewis, Henry II, (University of California Press, 1973), 34.

12: Changing of the Guard

1. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 153.

2. Hanley, Matilda, 3679 (Kindle).

3. King, King Stephen, 7821 (Kindle).

4. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, 155-156.

5. Warren, Henry II, 41.

6. King, King Stephen, 9180 (Kindle).

13: Henry’s Final Invasion

1. Warren, Henry II, 48-49.

2. Warren, Henry II, 50.

3. King, King Stephen, 8473 (Kindle).

4. King, King Stephen, 8772 (Kindle).

5. Peers, King Stephen and The Anarchy, 2878 (Kindle).

6. Hanley, Matilda, 3989 (Kindle).

14: Was King Stephen a usurper?

1. Warren, Henry II, 258.

2. ‘usurper’, Dictionary.com. 2020: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/usurp.

3. Hollister, Henry I, 105.

4. Castor, She-Wolves, 66-67.

Part III: King Henry IV (1399–1415)

15: Edward III and the Succession Problem

1. Given-Wilson, Chris, Henry IV, (Yale University Press, 2016), 11.

2. Ormrod, W. Mark, Edward III, (Yale University Press, 2012), 10.

3. Jones, Dan, The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England, (Viking, 2013), 303.

4. Jones, The Plantagenets, 350.

5. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 15-18.

6. Jones, The Plantagenets, 365-366.

7. Ormrod, Edward III, 22.

8. Jones, The Plantagenets, 380.

9. Saul, Nigel, Richard II, (Yale University Press, 1997), 8.

10. Jones, The Plantagenets, 437.

11. Abernathy, Susan, ‘Philippa of Hainault, Queen of England’, The Freelance History Writer, November 2012, https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/2012/11/07/philippa-of-hainault-queen-of-england/.

12. MacEwen, Terry, ‘Edward the Black Prince’, Historic UK, https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Edward-The-Black-Prince/.

13. Jones, Michael, The Black Prince: England’s Greatest Medieval Warrior, (Pegasus Books, 2018), 5478-5503 (Kindle).

14. Jones, The Black Prince, 5560-5583 (Kindle).

15. Goodman, Anthony, The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452-97, (Dorset Press, 1990), 354.

16. Jones, The Plantagenets, 442-443.

17. Mortimer, Ian, Medieval Intrigue: Decoding Royal Conspiracies, (Continuum, 2010), 259.

18. Mortimer, Medieval Intrigue, 260.

19. Saul, Richard II, 396-397.

16: Rival Cousins

1. Mortimer, Ian, The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England’s Self-Made King, (Jonathan Cape, 2007), 27-28.

2. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 64-76.

3. Kirby, J.L., Henry IV of England, (Constable, 1970), 22.

4. Jones, The Plantagenets, 442.

5. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 93.

6. Jones, Dan, Summer of Blood: England’s First Revolution, (Penguin Books, 2016), 54.

7. Jones, Summer of Blood, 79.

8. Jones, Summer of Blood, 78.

9. Jones, Summer of Blood, 95.

10. Jones, Summer of Blood, 101.

11. Jones, Summer of Blood, 108-110.

12. Jones, Summer of Blood, 131-134.

13. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, 18-19.

14. Jones, Summer of Blood, 171.

17: The Lords Appellant

1. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 34-36.

2. Goodman, Anthony, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe, (Routledge, 2016), 102.

3. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, 57.

4. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 38.

5. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, 67.

6. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, 69.

7. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, 51.

8. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, 72.

9. Jones, The Plantagenets, 66-69.

10. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 61-62.

11. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 64-71.

12. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 72-76.

13. Warner, Kathryn, Richard II: A True King’s Fall, (Amberley Publishing, 2018), 4169 (Kindle).

18: Henry’s Invasion

1. Jones, The Plantagenets, 478-482.

2. Jones, The Plantagenets, 483-484.

3. Saul, Richard II, 399.

4. Jones, The Plantagenets, 484.

5. Jones, The Plantagenets, 485.

6. Jones, The Plantagenets, 487.

7. Jones, The Plantagenets, 489.

8. Jones, The Plantagenets, 490.

9. Jones, The Plantagenets, 490.

10. Saul, Richard II, 408.

11. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 127.

12. Kirby, Henry IV of England, 55.

13. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV, 175-176.

14. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 131-132.

15. Saul, Richard II, 414.

16. Saul, Richard II, 415.

17. Jones, The Plantagenets, 491-492.

18. Given-Wilson, Henry IV, 140.

19. Saul, Richard II, 420-421.

20. Jones, The Plantagenets, 495.

Part IV: King Edward IV (1461–1470 & 1471–1483)

20: The Inept King Henry VI

1. Johnson, Lauren, The Shadow King: The Life and Death of Henry VI, (Pegasus Books, 2019), 142.

2. Johnson, The Shadow King, 555-556.

3. Lewis, Matthew, Richard, Duke of York: King by Right, (Amberley Publishing, 2016), 43.

4. Johnson, The Shadow King, 71.

5. Griffiths, Ralph and Thomas, Roger S., The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, (Wren Publishers, 1998), 454.

6. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 67-69.

7. Johnson, The Shadow King, 187.

8. Amin, Nathen, The House of Beaufort: The Bastard Line that Captured the Crown, (Amberley Publishing, 2017), 4359-4386 (Kindle).

9. Maurer, Helen E., Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England, (Boydell Press, 2003), 27.

10. Grummitt, David, Henry VI, (Routledge, 2015), 129-130.

11. Jones, Dan, The Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagenets and the Rise of the Tudors, (Viking, 2014), 95-96.

12. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 132-134.

13. Johnson, The Shadow King, 252-253.

14. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 520.

15. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 109-110.

16. Johnson, The Shadow King, 256.

17. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 113.

18. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 114.

19. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 115.

21: The Wars of the Roses

1. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 169.

2. Johnson, The Shadow King, 273.

3. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 127.

4. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 207-208.

5. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 129-131.

6. Johnson, The Shadow King, 308-312.

7. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 224.

8. Johnson, The Shadow King, 322.

9. Johnson, The Shadow King, 325.

10. Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, 116.

11. ‘The First Battle of St Albans’, BritishBattles.com, https://www.britishbattles.com/wars-of-the-roses/first-battle-of-st-albans/.

12. Johnson, The Shadow King, 344-345.

13. Johnson, The Shadow King, 349.

14. Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, 156.

15. Kendall, Paul Murray, Warwick the Kingmaker, (Norton, 1957), 41-2.

16. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 50.

17. Ross, Charles Derek, Edward IV, (University of California Press, 1975), 20.

18. Pollard, A.J., Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame, (Bloomsbury Academic, 2007), 40.

19. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 158.

20. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 159.

21. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 159.

22: The Rose of Rouen

1. Ross, Edward IV, 22.

2. Ross, Edward IV, 26.

3. Johnson, The Shadow King, 398.

4. Johnson, The Shadow King, 400.

5. Ross, Edward IV, 27.

6. Ingram, Mike, Richard III and the Battle of Bosworth, (Helion and Company, 2019), 95.

7. Johnson, The Shadow King, 408.

8. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 300.

9. Licence, Amy, Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou: A Marriage of Unequals, (Pen & Sword Books, 2018), 116.

10. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 300.

11. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 302.

12. Licence, Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, 118-119.

13. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 304.

14. Johnson, The Shadow King, 242-243.

15. Johnson, The Shadow King, 417.

16. Licence, Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, 121.

17. Seward, Desmond, Wars of the Roses, (Viking, 1995), 62.

18. Lewis, Richard, Duke of York, 307.

19. Johnson, The Shadow King, 427.

20. Higginbotham, Susan, ‘The Death of Edmund, Earl of Rutland’, History Refreshed by Susan Higginbotham, https://www.susanhigginbotham.com/posts/the-death-of-edmund-earl-of-rutland/.

21. Johnson, The Shadow King, 451-452.

22. Johnson, The Shadow King, 431.

23. Breverton, Terry, Jasper Tudor: Tudor Dynasty, (Amberley Publishing, 2014), 118.

24. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 118.

25. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 82.

26. Johnson, The Shadow King, 430.

27. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 121.

28. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 122.

29. Santiuste, David, Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses, (Pen & Sword Books, 2010), 43.

23: The First Reign of Edward IV

1. Ross, Edward IV, 36.

2. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 81.

3. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 127.

4. Lewis, Matthew, The Wars of the Roses: The Key Players in the Struggle for Supremacy, (Amberley Publishing, 2015), 134.

5. Johnson, The Shadow King, 446.

6. Ross, Edward IV, 37.

7. Ridgway, Claire, ‘Coronation of Edward IV’, Tudor Society, https://www.tudorsociety.com/28-june-1461-coronation-of-edward-iv/.

8. Johnson, The Shadow King, 452.

9. Ross, Edward IV, 48-49.

10. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 133-134.

11. Johnson, The Shadow King, 463-464.

12. Licence, Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, 140.

13. Licence, Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, 140.

14. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 106.

15. Johnson, The Shadow King, 472-474.

24: Warwick’s Rebellion

1. Johnson, The Shadow King, 481.

2. Ross, Edward IV, 54-55.

3. Ross, Edward IV, 59.

4. Ross, Edward IV, 59-60.

5. Haigh, Philip A, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, (Sutton, 1995), 80.

6. Johnson, The Shadow King, 484-485.

7. Grummitt, Henry VI, 213-214.

8. Johnson, The Shadow King, 488.

9. Ross, Edward IV, 91.

10. Ross, Edward IV, 85.

11. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 120.

12. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 122-123.

13. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 206.

14. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 212.

15. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 159-160.

16. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 102.

17. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 102-103.

18. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 104-105.

19. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 255-256.

20. Santiuste, Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses, 96.

21. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 164.

25: The Second Reign of Edward IV

1. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 165.

2. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 276.

3. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 160-170.

4. Johnson, The Shadow King, 521-522.

5. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 179.

6. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 119.

26: Was Edward IV a usurper?

1. Johnson, The Shadow King, 451-452.

2. Ross, Edward IV, 315.

3. Ross, Edward IV, 415.

Part V: Richard III (1483–1485)

27: Loyalty Binds Me

1. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 45.

2. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 50.

3. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 60, 65.

4. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 159-160.

5. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 104-105.

6. Seward, Desmond, Richard III: England’s Black Legend, (Franklin Watts, 1984), 32-54.

7. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 164.

8. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 165.

9. Kendall, Paul Murray, Richard the Third, (Norton, 1996), 96.

10. Ross, Edward IV, 152.

11. Kendall, Richard the Third, 99.

12. Kendall, Richard the Third, 275-276.

13. Ross, Edward IV, 160.

14. Kendall, Richard the Third, 101.

15. Ross, Edward IV, 166-167.

16. Ross, Edward IV, 167.

17. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 122.

18. Kendall, Richard the Third, 322.

19. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 125-126.

20. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 128.

21. Santiuste, Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses, 136.

22. Santiuste, Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses, 136.

28: ‘False, fleeting, perjured Clarence’

1. Johnson, The Shadow King, 537.

2. Ross, Edward IV, 175.

3. Ross, Edward IV, 186-190.

4. Carroll, Leslie, ‘Richard III & Anne Neville: A Love Story?’, History Hoydens, November 2009, http://historyhoydens.blogspot.com/2009/11/richard-iii-anne-neville-love-story.html.

5. Kendall, Richard the Third, 160.

6. Kendall, Richard the Third, 130.

7. Ross, Edward IV, 191-193.

8. Kendall, Richard the Third, 132.

9. Kendall, Richard the Third, 133.

10. Santiuste, Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses, 142-145.

11. Ross, Edward IV, 316-317.

12. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 222.

13. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 216.

14. Ross, Edward IV, 140.

15. Ross, Edward IV, 240.

16. Ross, Edward IV, 240.

17. Kendall, Richard the Third, 144.

18. Kendall, Richard the Third, 146.

19. Kendall, Richard the Third, 146.

20. Ross, Edward IV, 243.

21. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 219-220.

22. Kendall, Richard the Third, 168-172.

23. Kendall, Richard the Third, 175.

29: The Road to the Throne

1. Kendall, Richard the Third, 181.

2. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 223.

3. Kendall, Richard the Third, 191-193.

4. Kendall, Richard the Third, 193.

5. Kendall, Richard the Third, 201.

6. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 268.

7. Kendall, Richard the Third, 204.

8. Fields, Bertram, Royal Blood: King Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes, (Sutton Publishing, 2000), 72-73.

9. Fields, Royal Blood, 74.

10. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 269.

11. Fields, Royal Blood, 74.

12. Ross, Charles Derek, Richard III, (University of California Press, 1982), 72.

13. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 226.

14. Fields, Royal Blood, 79.

15. Fields, Royal Blood, 78.

16. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 274.

17. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 266.

18. Kendall, Richard the Third, 209.

19. Kendall, Richard the Third, 251.

20. Kendall, Richard the Third, 263.

21. Seward, Richard III, 115.

30: Unsteady Crown

1. Kendall, Richard the Third, 300.

2. Seward, Richard III, 120-127.

3. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 281.

4. Fields, Royal Blood, 149-151.

5. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 280.

6. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 246.

7. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 282-283.

8. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 284.

9. Kendall, Richard the Third, 327-329.

10. Kendall, Richard the Third, 330.

11. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 289-290.

12. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 255.

13. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 292.

14. Kendall, Richard the Third, 344.

15. Kendall, Richard the Third, 344.

16. Seward, Richard III, 155-156.

17. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 252-253.

18. Seward, Richard III, 158.

19. Kendall, Royal Blood, 168

20. Seward, Richard III, 159.

21. Kendall, Richard the Third, 359.

22. Kendall, Richard the Third, 361-363.

23. Kendall, Richard the Third, 363.

24. Seward, Richard III, 167.

25. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 253.

26. Seward, Richard III, 168-169.

27. Kendall, Richard the Third, 363.

28. Kendall, Richard the Third, 399-400.

29. Seward, Richard III, 170.

31: Fall of the Last Plantagenet King

1. Seward, Richard III, 175.

2. Seward, Richard III, 181.

3. Ross, Richard III, 210.

4. Amin, The House of Beaufort, 113 (Kindle).

5. Seward, Richard III, 185.

6. Jones, Michael, Bosworth 1485, (Hodder & Stoughton, 2014), 166-167.

7. Seward, Richard III, 187.

8. Ross, Richard III, 215.

9. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 296.

10. Seward, Richard III, 216.

11. Seward, Richard III, 188.

12. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 298.

13. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 161.

14. Jones, Bosworth 1485, 195-197.

15. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 259.

16. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 299.

17. ‘How Richard III Died’, University of Leicester, https://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/osteology-6-howR3died.html#:~:text=On%2022%20August%2C%201485%2C%20at,him%20and%20end%20the%20conflict.&text=One%20massive%2C%20fatal%20blow%20to,the%20rest%20of%20his%20body.

32: Was Richard III a Usurper?

1. Fields, Royal Blood, 115.

2. Seward, Richard III, 123.

3. Fields, Royal Blood, 144-145.

Part VI: Henry VII (1485–1509)

33: The Tudors and Beauforts

1. Cunningham, Sean, Henry VII, (Routledge, 2007), 47.

2. Johnson, The Shadow King, 40.

3. Amin, The House of Beaufort, 3379 (Kindle).

4. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 61-62.

5. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 22-23.

6. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 62.

7. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 35-36.

8. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 63.

9. Roberts, Sara Elin, Jasper: The Tudor Kingmaker, (Fonthill Media, 2015), 378 (Kindle).

10. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 64.

11. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 65.

12. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 66.

13. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 49-50.

14. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 67-68.

15. Cunningham, Henry VII, 10.

16. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 83-84.

17. Cunningham, Henry VII, 11.

18. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 213.

19. Norton, Elizabeth, Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty, (Amberley Publishing, 2011), 18.

20. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 3.

21. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 36.

22. Jones, Michael K, and Underwood, Malcolm G, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 180-187.

23. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 95.

24. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 17.

25. Amin, The House of Beaufort, 608-645, 1669 (Kindle).

26. Amin, The House of Beaufort, 1672 (Kindle).

27. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 27.

28. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 18.

29. Bayani, Debra, Jasper Tudor: Godfather of the Tudor Dynasty, (MadeGlobal Publishing, 2015), 765 (Kindle).

30. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 80.

31. Roberts, Jasper, 880 (Kindle).

32. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 82.

33. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 84.

34. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 42.

35. Roberts, Jasper, 931 (Kindle).

36. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 84.

34: Henry’s Childhood and the Wars of the Roses

1. ‘The First Battle of St Albans’, BritishBattles.com, https://www.britishbattles.com/wars-of-the-roses/first-battle-of-st-albans/.

2. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 118.

3. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 118.

4. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 118.

5. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 183.

6. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 81.

7. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 59.

8. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 60-72.

9. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 73.

10. Roberts, Jasper, 1239 (Kindle).

11. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 76.

12. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 86.

13. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 52.

14. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 52.

15. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 58.

16. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 92-93.

17. Roberts, Jasper, 1478-1500 (Kindle).

18. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 59.

19. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 106.

20. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 107.

35: The Rise of Richard III

1. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 193.

2. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 223

3. Kendall, Richard the Third, 218.

4. Kendall, Richard the Third, 215.

5. Kendall, Richard the Third, 263.

6. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 115.

7. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 125.

8. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 102-105.

9. Kendall, Richard the Third, 327-329.

10. Kendall, Richard the Third, 320.

11. Kendall, Richard the Third, 321.

12. Cunningham, Henry VII, 21-22.

13. Cunningham, Henry VII, 24.

14. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 104-105.

15. Cunningham, Henry VII, 24.

16. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 282-283.

17. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 116.

18. Kendall, Richard the Third, 327-329.

19. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 284.

20. Kendall, Richard the Third, 329.

21. Kendall, Richard the Third, 330.

22. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 255.

23. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 292-293.

24. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 255.

25. Cunningham, Henry VII, 24.

26. Kendall, Richard the Third, 334.

27. Kendall, Richard the Third, 344.

28. Seward, Richard III, 155-156.

29. Seward, Richard III, 159.

30. Kendall, Richard III, 359.

31. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 290.

32. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 136-137.

33. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 253.

34. Chrimes, S.B., Henry VII, (Eyre Methuen, 1972), 1007 (Kindle).

35. Chrimes, Henry VII, 135 (Kindle).

36. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 142.

37. Seward, Richard III, 181.

38. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 143-144.

36: Henry Tudor’s Invasion

1. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 291-292.

2. Penn, Thomas, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England, (Simon & Schuster, 1994), 1.

3. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 160.

4. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 303.

5. ‘Welsh Parliament: The Crowning of Owain Glyndwr in Machynlleth’, BBC News, June 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-40264766.

6. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 217.

7. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 166.

8. Cunningham, Henry VII, 33.

9. Cunningham, Henry VII, 33.

10. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 170.

11. Cunningham, Henry VII, 34.

12. Cunningham, Henry VII, 36.

13. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 303-304.

14. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 178-179.

15. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 137-138.

16. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 296.

17. Ross, Richard III, 215.

18. Ross, Richard III, 222-225.

19. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 307.

20. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 298-299.

21. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 307.

22. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 299.

23. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 140.

24. Seward, Richard III, 192.

37: Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck

1. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 258.

2. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 206.

3. Chrimes, Henry VII, 2050 (Kindle).

4. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 158.

5. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 301-302.

6. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 73-74.

7. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 189.

8. Chrimes, Henry VII, 1573, 1768 (Kindle).

9. Corbet, Anthony, Edward IV: England’s Forgotten Warrior King, (Stratton Press, 2018), 181.

10. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 68.

11. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 303.

12. Hicks, Michael, The Wars of the Roses, (Yale University Press, 2012), 241.

13. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 264.

14. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 304.

15. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 159-162.

16. Storey, R.L., Reign of Henry VII (Problems of History), (Blandford Press, 1968), 74.

17. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 307-308.

18. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 267.

19. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 261.

20. Haigh, The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, 170.

21. Chrimes, Henry VII, 2126 (Kindle).

22. Breverton, Jasper Tudor, 268.

23. Lewis, The Wars of the Roses, 261.

24. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 311.

25. Chrimes, Henry VII, 2206 (Kindle).

26. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 195.

27. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 312.

28. Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 195-196.

29. Temperley, Gladys, Henry VII, (Palala Press, 2015), 1339-1416 (Kindle).

30. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 315.

31. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 316.

32. Temperley, Henry VII, 1403-1422 (Kindle).

33. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 317.

34. Chrimes, Henry VII, 2451 (Kindle).

35. Boffey, Henry VII’s London in the Great Chronicle, (Medieval Institute Publications, 2019), 83.

36. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 317.

37. Chrimes, Henry VII, 2451 (Kindle).

38: Henry’s Tragic Last Years

1. Chrimes, Henry VII, 6909 (Kindle).

2. Chrimes, Henry VII, 2249 (Kindle).

3. Jones, The Wars of the Roses, 319-320.

4. Penn, Winter King, 54-55.

5. Penn, Winter King, 62.

6. Penn, Winter King, 61-62.

7. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 180.

8. Cunningham, Henry VII, 107.

9. Chrimes, Henry VII, 7028 (Kindle).

10. Chrimes, Henry VII, 7052-7073 (Kindle).

11. Temperley, Henry VII, 3048 (Kindle).

12. Norton, Margaret Beaufort, 145-146.

13. Chrimes, Henry VII, 9973 (Kindle).

14. Seward, Wars of the Roses, 332.

15. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, 236.

Bibliography

Abernathy, Susan, ‘Philippa of Hainault, Queen of England’, The Freelance History Writer, November 2012, https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/2012/11/07/philippa-of-hainault-queen-of-england/

Ackroyd, Peter, A History of England, Volume 1: Foundation, (MacMillan, 2011)

Aird, William M., Robert Curthose: Duke of Normandy, (Boydell Press, 2008)

Amin, Nathen, The House of Beaufort: The Bastard Line that Captured the Crown, (Amberley Publishing, 2017)

Bacon, Francis, The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh, (Cornell University Press, 1996)

Barlow, Frank, Edward the Confessor, (University of California Press, 1970)

Barlow, Frank, The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty, (Routledge, 2015)

Bates, David, William the Conqueror, (Yale University Press, 2009)

Bayani, Debra, Jasper Tudor: Godfather of the Tudor Dynasty, (MadeGlobal Publishing, 2015)

Bevan, Bryan, Henry VII: The First Tudor King, (Rubicon Press, 2000)

Blacman, John, Henry the Sixth, (Cambridge University Press, 1919)

Boardman, Andrew, The First Battle of St Albans, (NPI Media Group, 2006)

Boffey, Julia, Henry VII’s London in the Great Chronicle, (Medieval Institute Publications, 2019)

Borman, Tracy Joanne, Queen of the Conqueror: The Life of Matilda, Wife of William, (Bantam, 2012)

Breverton, Terry, Henry VII: The Maligned Tudor King, (Amberley Publishing, 2016)

Breverton, Terry, Jasper Tudor: Tudor Dynasty, (Amberley Publishing, 2014)

Carroll, Leslie, ‘Richard III & Anne Neville: A Love Story?’, History Hoydens, November 2009, http://historyhoydens.blogspot.com/2009/11/richard-iii-anne-neville-love-story.html

Carson, Annette, Richard III: The Maligned King, (Sutton Publishing, 2008)

Castor, Helen, She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth, (Harper Perennial, 2012)

Chibnall, Marjorie, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English, (Wiley-Blackwell, 1993)

Chrimes, S.B., Henry VII, (Eyre Methuen, 1972)

Cole, Teresa, After the Conquest: The Family of William of Normandy Struggle for the Crown, Amberley Publishing, 2018)

Cole, Teresa, The Norman Conquest: William the Conqueror’s Subjugation of England, (Amberley Publishing, 2016)

Cox, Helen R., Battle of Wakefield Revisited, (Helen Cox, Herstory Writing, 2010)

Craig, G., ‘Alfred the Great: A Diagnosis’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Vol. 84, May 1991, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107689108400518

Cunningham, Sean, Henry VII, (Routledge, 2007)

Cunningham, Sean, Prince Arthur: The Tudor King Who Never Was, (Amberley Publishing, 2016)

Dockray, Keith, Edward IV: From Contemporary Chronicles, Letters and Records, (Fonthill Media, 2015)

Douglas, David C., William the Conqueror, (University of California Press, 1964)

Fields, Bertram, Royal Blood: King Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes, (Sutton Publishing, 2000)

Gairdner, James, Henry the Seventh, (Macmillan, 1889)

Gairdner, James, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VIII, (Adamant Media, 2004)

Gillingham, John, William II, (Penguin Monarchs, 2019)

Given-Wilson, Chris, Henry IV, (Yale University Press, 2016)

Goodman, Anthony, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe, (Routledge, 2016)

Goodman, Anthony, The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97, (Dorset Press, 1990)

Goodwin, George, Fatal Colours: Towton 1461: England’s Most Brutal Battle, (W.W. Norton & Company, 2012)

Griffith, Mari, Root of the Tudor Rose, (Accent Press, 2015)

Griffiths, Ralph and Roger S. Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, (Wren Publishers, 1998)

Griffiths, Ralph A., The Reign of King Henry VI, (Sutton Publishing, 1998)

Grummitt, David, Henry VI, (Routledge, 2015)

Haigh, Philip A., The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses, (Sutton, 1995)

Hammond, P.W., The Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, (St Martin’s Press, 1990)

Hanley, Catherine, Matilda: Empress, Queen, Warrior, (Yale University Press, 2019)

Harvey, Nancy Lenz, Elizabeth of York, the Mother of Henry VIII, (MacMillan Publishing, 1973)

Hicks, Michael, The Wars of the Roses, (Yale University Press, 2012)

Hicks, Michael, Warwick the Kingmaker, (Wiley-Blackwell, 1991)

Higginbotham, Susan, ‘The Death of Edmund, Earl of Rutland’, History Refreshed by Susan Higginbotham, https://www.susanhigginbotham.com/posts/the-death-of-edmund-earl-of-rutland/

Higginbotham, Susan, The Woodvilles: The Wars of the Roses and England’s Most Infamous Family, (The History Press, 2014)

Hollister, C. Warren, Henry I, (Yale University Press, 2001)

Howarth, David Armine, 1066: The Year of the Conquest, (Dorset Press, 1993)

Hunt, Jocelyn, and Towle, Carolyn, Henry VII, (Pearson Education, 1998)

Ingram, Mike, Richard III and the Battle of Bosworth, (Helion and Company, 2019)

James, Jeffrey, Edward IV: Glorious Son of York, (Amberley Publishing, 2015)

Johnson, Lauren, The Shadow King: The Life and Death of Henry VI, (Pegasus Books, 2019)

Jones, Dan, The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England, (Viking, 2013)

Jones, Dan, Summer of Blood: England’s First Revolution, (Penguin Books, 2016)

Jones, Dan, The Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagenets and the Rise of the Tudors, (Viking, 2014)

Jones, Michael, The Black Prince: England’s Greatest Medieval Warrior, (Pegasus Books, 2018)

Jones, Michael, Bosworth 1485, (Hodder & Stoughton, 2014)

Jones, Michael K., and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, (Cambridge University Press, 1992)

Kendall, Paul Murray, Richard the Third, (Norton, 1996)

Kendall, Paul Murray, Warwick the Kingmaker, (Norton, 1957)

Kendall, Paul Murray, The Yorkist Age: Daily Life During the Wars of the Roses, (Norton, 1962)

King, Edmund, King Stephen, (Yale University Press, 2011)

Kirby, J.L., Henry IV of England, (Constable, 1970)

Lack, Katherine, The Conqueror’s Son: Duke Robert Curthose: Thwarted King, (Sutton, 2008)

Lewis, Matthew, Richard, Duke of York: King by Right, (Amberley Publishing, 2016)

Lewis, Matthew, The Wars of the Roses: The Key Players in the Struggle for Supremacy, (Amberley Publishing, 2015)

Licence, Amy, Edward IV & Elizabeth Woodville: A True Romance, (Amberley Publishing, 2016)

Licence, Amy, Elizabeth of York: The Forgotten Tudor Queen, (Amberley Publishing, 2013)

Licence, Amy, Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou: A Marriage of Unequals, (Pen & Sword Books, 2018)

MacEwen, Terry, ‘Edward the Black Prince’, Historic UK, https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Edward-The-Black-Prince/

Markham, Sir Clements Robert, Richard III: His Life and Character: Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research, (Sagwan Press, 2015)

Marren, Peter, 1066: The Battles of York, Stamford Bridge and Hastings, (Pen & Sword Books, 2004)

Maurer, Helen E., Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England, (Boydel Press, 2003)

Morrillo, Stephen, The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations, (Boydell Press, 1996)

Morris, Marc, The Norman Conquest: The Battle of Hastings and the Fall of Anglo-Saxon England, (Pegasus Books, 2013)

Mortimer, Ian, 1415: Henry V’s Year of Glory, (Bodley Head, 2009)

Mortimer, Ian, The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England’s Self-Made King, (Jonathan Cape, 2007)

Mortimer, Ian, Medieval Intrigue: Decoding Royal Conspiracies, (Continuum, 2010)

Mowat, R.B., Henry V, (Wentworth Press, 2019)

Norton, Elizabeth, Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty, (Amberley Publishing, 2011)

Okerlund, Arlene Naylor, Elizabeth of Power (Queen and Power), (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)

Oman, Charles, Warwick, The Kingmaker, (Macmillan Publishers, 1891)

Ormrod, W. Mark, Edward III, (Yale University Press, 2012)

Peers, Chris, King Stephen and The Anarchy: Civil War and Military Tactics in Twelfth-Century Britain, (Pen & Sword Books, 2018)

Penn, Thomas, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England, (Simon & Schuster, 1994)

Pollard, A.J., Edward IV, (Penguin, 2019)

Pollard, A.J., Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, (Palgrave MacMillan, 1991)

Pollard, A.J., The Wars of the Roses, (Palgrave Macmillan, 1995)

Pollard, A.J., Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame, (Bloomsbury Academic, 2007)

Rees, David, The Son of Prophecy: Henry Tudor’s Road to Bosworth, (Black Raven Printing, 1985)

Rex, Peter, The English Resistance: The Underground War Against the Normans, (Amberley Publishing, 2014)

Ridgway, Claire, ‘Coronation of Edward IV’, Tudor Society, https://www.tudorsociety.com/28-june-1461-coronation-of-edward-iv/.

Roberts, Sara Elin, Jasper: The Tudor Kingmaker, (Fonthill Media, 2015)

Ross, Charles Derek, Edward IV, (University of California Press, 1975)

Ross, Charles Derek, Richard III, (University of California Press, 1982)

Royle, Trevor, Lancaster Against York: The Wars of the Roses and the Foundation of Modern Britain, (Palgrave MacMillan, 2008)

Santiuste, David, Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses, (Pen & Sword Books, 2010)

Saul, Nigel, Richard II, (Yale University Press, 1997)

Scofield, Cora L, The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland, Volumes 1 & 2, (Longmans, Green and Company, 1923)

Seward, Desmond, The Demon’s Brood, (Pegasus Books, 2014)

Seward, Desmond, Henry V: The Scourge of God, (Viking, 1988)

Seward, Desmond, The Hundred Years War: The English in France 1337-1453, (Atheneum, 1978)

Seward, Desmond, The Last White Rose: The Secret Wars of the Tudors, (Constable, 2011)

Seward, Desmond, Richard III: England’s Black Legend, (Franklin Watts, 1984)

Seward, Desmond, Wars of the Roses, (Viking, 1995)

Storey, R.L., The End of the House of Lancaster, (Sutton Publishing, 1999)

Storey, R.L., Reign of Henry VII (Problems of History), (Blandford Press, 1968)

Temperley, Gladys, Henry VII, (Palala Press, 2015)

Warner, Kathryn, Richard II: A True King’s Fall, (Amberley Publishing, 2018)

Warren, Wilfred Lewis, Henry II, (University of California Press, 1973)

Weird, Alison, Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World, (Ballantine Books, 2013)

Weir, Alison, The Princes in the Tower, (Ballantine Books, 1994)

Weir, Alison, Queens of the Conquest: England’s Medieval Queens, (Ballantine Books, 2017)

West, Ed, 1066 and Before All That: The Battle of Hastings, Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, (Skyhorse, 2017)

Williams, Neville, The Life and Times of Henry VII, (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973)

Wright, Arthur Colin, Decoding the Bayeux Tapestry: The Secrets of History’s Most Famous Embroidery Hidden in Plain Sight, (Frontline Books, 2019)