CHAPTER 25: “A SACRED EFFORT”

immense crowd…second-floor window: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, p. 200.

“undesirable strife…a possibility”: AL, “Response to a Serenade,” November 10, 1864, in CW, VIII, p. 101.

“in an exceedingly…frame of mind”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, p. 200.

“we will all come…United States”: WHS, “The Assurance of Victory,” November 10, 1864, Works of William H. Seward, Vol. V, pp. 513–14.

“I advise you…my foreign relations”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 200–01.

symbolized the animosity…the cabinet: William C. Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 83.

Welles even acknowledged…“amicable”: Entry for November 26, 1864, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 185.

Stanton was sounding…Reconstruction: Entry for November 25, 1864, ibid., p. 179.

asserted that Seward…had outlived: NYT, November 29, 1864.

“His confidence in Seward is great”: Entry for September 27, 1864, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 160.

“spends more or less…the President”: Entry for October 1, 1864, ibid., p. 166.

“of the gravest…and adviser”: Entry for July 22, 1864, ibid., p. 84.

plan to foster…“by contribution”: H. P. Livingston to AL, November 14, 1864, Lincoln Papers; AL to WHS, November 17, 1864, endorsement on Livingston to AL, ibid.; WHS to AL, November 17, 1864, endorsement on Livingston to AL, ibid. (quote).

Seward had long since…“by the President”: Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, p. 528.

“Henceforth…of the human race”: WHS, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1861–1872, p. 250.

“looked older…long one, perhaps”: Benjamin, “Recollections of Secretary Edwin M. Stanton,” Century (1887), pp. 758, 759–60.

letter to Chase…“labor and care”: EMS to SPC, November 19, 1864, quoted in Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 334.

unwritten code…“felt it necessary”: Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 390.

president’s assent…“interfere with him”: Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, pp. 369–70.

pressed by relatives…“circumspection”: AL to EMS, March 18, 1864, in CW, VII, pp. 254–55.

Stanton replied…“promptly obeyed”: EMS to AL, March 19, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

Lincoln looked…“his friends”: Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 172.

clerk recalled…“wail of anguish”: William H. Whiton, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, pp. 418–19.

group of Pennsylvania…“have to be done”: EMS and AL, quoted in Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 387.

“I send this…in this blunder”: AL to USG, September 22, 1864, in CW, VIII, p. 17.

“his firmness…into arrogance”: Alonzo Rothschild, Lincoln, Master of Men: A Study in Character (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), p. 231.

“hard to vote…is a ruffian”: Entry for September 17, 1864, in Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. III, p. 489.

“Go home…be found guilty”: Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 246.

“Folks come up…don’t know ’em!”: AL, quoted in Rothschild, Lincoln, Master of Men, p. 285.

discreet New Englander…“political gossip”: Entry for August 31, 1864, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 131.

Times of London…“first class power”: NR, January 7, 1865.

Bates had contemplated…“to your age”: Barton Bates to EB, May 13, 1864, Bates Papers, MoSHi.

prospect of going home…“god’s blessing”: Entry for May 29, 1864, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 371.

Bates believed…“as long as I live”: EB to AL, November 24, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

first months as Attorney General…military matters: Entry for December 31, 1861, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, pp. 218–19; entry for January 10, 1862, ibid., pp. 223–26.

deliver a legal opinion…“and clothing”: EB to AL, July 14, 1864, OR, Ser. 3, Vol. IV, pp. 490–93 (quote p. 493).

Abolitionists applauded: Entry for May 26, 1864, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 371.

citizenship issue…of the United States: Frank J. Williams, “Attorney General Bates and Attorney President Lincoln,” R. Gerald McMurtry Lecture, Lincoln Museum, Fort Wayne, Ind., September 23, 2000, author’s collection; Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 222–23.

“Though esteemed…constitutional interpretation”: Daily Morning Chronicle, Washington, D.C., December 4, 1864, quoted in The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 430.

reveals frustration…“no subordination”: Entry for October 1, 1861, ibid., p. 196.

General Butler…arrests in Norfolk: Entry for August 4, 1864, ibid., pp. 393–94.

“chief fear…easy good nature”: Entry for February 13, 1864, ibid., p. 334.

troubled at the start…“sure to prevail”: EB, quoted in Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, pp. 68–69.

each of his colleagues…“affable and kind”: Entry for December 2, 1864, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 429.

Bates left…“with regret”: Entry for November 30, 1864, ibid., p. 428.

forever connected…“when I am gone”: Poem, quoted in entry for October 13, 1864, ibid., p. 419.

“My Cabinet…would have to be heeded”: AL, quoted in Titian J. Coffey, “Lincoln and the Cabinet,” in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Rice (1909 edn.), p. 197.

Holt declined the offer…“personal character”: Joseph Holt to AL, December 1, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

“I appoint you…come on at once”: AL to James Speed, in CW, VIII, p. 126.

“Will leave tomorrow for Washington”: James Speed to AL, December 1, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

“I am a…everywhere forever”: James Speed, quoted in Gary Lee Williams, “James and Joshua Speed: Lincoln’s Kentucky Friends” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1971), p. 137.

“We are less now but true”: James Speed to AL, November 25, 1864, quoted in ibid., p. 138.

“a man I know…ought to know him well”: AL, quoted in Coffey, “Lincoln and the Cabinet,” in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Rice (1909 edn.), p. 197.

Had it been…“freely and publicly”: David Herbert Donald, “We Are Lincoln Men”: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), p. 38.

“You will find…by a big office”: AL, quoted in Coffey, “Lincoln and the Cabinet,” in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Rice (1909 edn.), p. 197.

only position…“Stanton ever desired”: Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 162.

“You have been wearing…owes it to you”: Robert Grier to EMS, October 13, 1864, Stanton Papers, DLC.

Ellen Stanton…“subject tomorrow”: Entry for October 16, 1864, in Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. I, p. 687–88.

Matthew Simpson…“I will do it”: AL, quoted in Gideon Stanton, ed., “Edwin M. Stanton.”

Grant worried…stay at his post: Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 337.

Stanton informed…“among candidates”: Edwards Pierrepont to AL, November 24, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

He “felt that…higher ambition”: Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 162.

“The country cannot…fame already”: Henry Ward Beecher to EMS, November 30, 1864, quoted in ibid., p. 163.

“Often, in dark hours…fresh hope”: EMS to Henry Ward Beecher, December 4, 1864, quoted in ibid., pp. 163–64.

Welles told Lincoln…“suppose he would”: Entry for November 26, 1864, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 182.

taken his son’s…personal blow: Entry for September 27, 1864, ibid., p. 161.

“I beg you to indulge…of that Bench”: FPB to AL, October 20, 1864, quoted in Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, Vol. II, pp. 298–99.

“Chase and his friends…Chief-Justiceship”: MTL, quoted in “If All the Rest Oppose,” in Conversations with Lincoln, ed. Segal, p. 360.

“had been tried…stood by him”: FPB to John A. Andrew, quoted in ibid., p. 360.

“a crowning and retiring honor”: Entry for November 22, 1864, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 428.

had “personally solicited”: Entry for October 18, 1864, in Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. I, p. 688.

“If not overborne…to private life”: Entry for November 22, 1864, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, pp. 427–28.

“Of Mr. Chase’s…not hesitate a moment”: AL, quoted in John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, Vol. IX (New York: Century Co., 1890), p. 394.

similar comment…“life to the Bench”: Schuyler Colfax, quoted in Blue, Salmon P. Chase, p. 245.

“Now, I know…men can tell me”: Noah Brooks, “Personal Reminiscences of Lincoln,” Scribner’s Monthly 15 (March 1878), p. 677.

“we have stood…fitness for the office”: AL, quoted in Blue, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 244–45.

Oblivious to Stanton’s…“life & work”: SPC to EMS, October 13, 1864, Chase Papers, Vol. IV, p. 434.

“I have something…will be satisfied”: AL and John B. Alley, quoted in John B. Alley, in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Rice (1886 edn.), pp. 581–82.

Lincoln later told Senator Chandler…“nominated Chase”: Entry for December 15, 1864, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 196.

“Probably no other…of the President”: JGN to TB, December 8, 1864, container 3, Nicolay Papers.

got the official word…“or office”: SPC to AL, December 6, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

“overflowing with…‘So help me God’”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 175–76.

“I hope the President…in the court”: Entry for December 6, 1864, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 193.

Within hours…first black barrister: John S. Rock to CS, December 17, 1864, enclosed in CS to SPC, December 21, 1864, in Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, Vol. II, ed. Palmer, p. 259 n1 (quote); entry for January 21, 1865, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 519.

Sumner stood before…“of this Court”: CS, quoted in Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, p. 232.

Rock stepped forward…“of a great people”: Harper’s Weekly, February 25, 1865.

“has been quite…with good feeling”: MTL to Mercy Levering Conkling, November 19, [1864], in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 187.

she had been terrified…“run in debt”: Keckley, Behind the Scenes, pp. 147, 149–50 (quotes).

exposed her…could not curtail: “Mary Todd Lincoln’s Unethical Conduct as First Lady,” appendix 2, in Hay, At Lincoln’s Side, pp. 185–205.

“Here is the carriage…many questions”: Entry for December 14, 1864, Taft diary.

new dress…“kid gloves”: Entry for July 3, 1873, Browning diary, quoted in appendix 2, in Hay, At Lincoln’s Side, p. 187.

“I can neither…your acting thus”: MTL to Ruth Harris, December 28, [1864], in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 196.

Newspaper reports…“tasteful decoration”: NR, January 10, 1865.

“Mrs. Lincoln was…throughout”: NR, February 17, 1865.

“Overcoats…for safe-keeping”: NR, January 6, 1865.

“a more general…and themselves”: NR, January 10, 1865.

“I was pleased…two school boys”: MTL to Sally Orne, [December 12, 1869], quoted in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 534.

lingering grief…favorite rooms: Entry for March 31, 1864, Benjamin B. French journal, reel 2, French Family Papers, DLC.

“darling Boy!…far from being”: MTL to Hannah Shearer, November 20, 1864, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 189.

Lincoln wrote to General Grant…“encumbered”: AL to USG, January 19, 1865, in CW, VIII, p. 223.

Grant replied…“Military family”: USG to AL, January 21, 1865, Lincoln Papers.

Stationed at Grant’s…“of the nation”: Porter, Campaigning with Grant, pp. 388–89.

“passing time and accumulating years”: Entry for January 1, 1865, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 218.

last surviving…buried in Ohio: Entry for January 1, 1865, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 511.

Chase wrote to…New Year’s reception: SPC to AL, January 2, 1865, Lincoln Papers.

“Without your note…bereavement”: AL to SPC, January 2, 1865, in CW, VIII, p. 195.

“a great contrast…in good spirits”: Entry for January 1, 1865, Taft diary.

“Our joy…Confederacy were numbered”: Hugh McCullough, quoted in Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, p. 342.

“anxious…than to acquiesce”: AL to William T. Sherman, December 26, 1864, in CW, VIII, p. 181.

“We have destroyed…for six months”: FB to FPB, December 16, 1864, quoted in Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, Vol. II, p. 180.

also paid tribute…“great light”: AL to William T. Sherman, December 26, 1864, in CW, VIII, p. 182.

telegram announcing…“candle in his hand”: Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, pp. 316–17 (quotes p. 317).

Fort Fisher…“rebels from abroad”: NR, January 17, 1865 (quote); NR, January 18, 1865.

at the cabinet…“President was happy”: Entry for January 17, 1865, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 227.

Stephens considered…“or Atlanta”: Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States, Vol. II (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1870), p. 619.

nearly every other…munitions and supplies: Ibid., p. 620.

was in Savannah…“delivered to [him]”: EMS to AL, quoted in NR, January 18, 1865.

journeyed to North Carolina…“the real Stanton”: Mrs. Rufus Saxton, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 420.

confer with Sherman…“criminal dislike”: Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, pp. 604–07; Henry W. Halleck to William Sherman, December 30, 1865, OR, Ser. 1, Vol. XLIV, p. 836 (quote).

Sherman countered…“our substance”: William T. Sherman to SPC, January 11, 1865, in The Salmon P. Chase Papers, Vol. 5: Correspondence, 1865–1873, ed. John Niven (Kent, Ohio, and London, England: Kent State University Press, 1998), pp. 6–7.

“Special Field Orders…tillable ground”: Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, p. 609; Special Field Orders, No. 15, Headquarters, Military Division of the Mississippi, January 16, 1865, OR, Ser. I, Vol. XLVII, Part II, pp. 60–62.

Freedmen’s Bureau…the South: Foner, Reconstruction, pp. 68–69.

“A question might…all the evils”: AL, “Response to a Serenade,” February 1, 1865, in CW, VIII, p. 254.

previous spring…party lines: “Thirteenth Amendment,” in Neely, The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, p. 308.

annual message…bipartisan unity: AL, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 6, 1864, in CW, VIII, p. 149.

“I have sent for you…border state vote”: AL, quoted by James S. Rollins, “The King’s Cure-All for All Evils,” in Conversations with Lincoln, ed. Segal, pp. 363–64.

assigned two…“procure those votes”: AL, quoted in John B. Alley, in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Rice (1886 edn.), pp. 585–86.

powers extended…in New York: “Thirteenth Amendment,” in Neely, The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, p. 308.

Elizabeth Blair noted…several members: EBL to SPL, January 31, 1865, in Wartime Washington, ed. Laas, p. 469.

Ashley learned…“the more resolute”: AL, quoted in JGN memorandum, January 18, 1865, in Nicolay, With Lincoln in the White House, pp. 171, 257 n11.

leader of the…“political associates”: Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, p. 537.

Democrats who considered changing: Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months, p. 128.

“We are like whalers…into eternity”: AL, quoted in John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, Vol. X (New York: Century Co., 1890), p. 74.

Rumors circulated…“have failed”: AL and James M. Ashley correspondence, quoted in James M. Ashley to WHH, November 23, 1866, in HI, pp. 413–14.

“never before…within hearing”: Address of Hon. J. M. Ashley, before the Ohio Society of New York, February 19, 1899 (privately published), p. 21.

Chief Justice Chase…foreign ministries: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 185–86; Address of Hon. J. M. Ashley, p. 21.

McAllister…“Southern Confederacy”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, p. 186.

brought forth applause…“without a murmur”: Alexander Coffroth, quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, Vol. IV (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1939), p. 10.

“Hundreds of tally”…votes short: Address of Hon. J. M. Ashley, pp. 23–24.

Colfax stood…“Resolution has passed”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 186–87.

five Democrats…would have lost: Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months, p. 132.

“For a moment…ever heard before”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, p. 187.

“Before the members…had passed”: Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, p. 365.

Ashley brought…“great honor”: EMS, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 190.

“The passage…emancipation proclamation”: Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 365–66.

“The occasion was…They will do it”: AL, “Response to a Serenade,” February 1, 1865, in CW, VIII, p. 254.

legislatures in twenty…had spoken: “Thirteenth Amendment,” in Neely, The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, p. 308.

“And to whom…to Abraham Lincoln!”: William Lloyd Garrison, quoted in Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. X, p. 79n.

remained unconvinced…a pass: AL, pass for FPB, December 28, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

proceeding on…“without reserve”: FPB to Jefferson Davis, December 30, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

arrived in Richmond…“around him”: NR, January 19, 1865.

“Oh you Rascal…to see you”: EBL to SPL, January 16, 1865, in Wartime Washington, ed. Laas, p. 463.

“might be the dreams…in his prayers”: FPB, memorandum of conversation with Jefferson Davis [January 12, 1865], Lincoln Papers.

his proposal…allied against the French: FPB, address made to Jefferson Davis [January 12, 1865], Lincoln Papers.

Davis agreed…“a Foreign Power”: FPB, memorandum of conversation with Jefferson Davis [January 12, 1865], Lincoln Papers.

Davis agreed to send…“two Countries”: Jefferson Davis to FPB, January 12, 1865, Lincoln Papers.

Lincoln consulted…immediately agreed: EMS, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 257.

“You may say…one common country”: AL to FPB, January 18, 1865, in CW, VIII, pp. 220–21.

Davis called a cabinet…Campbell: Davis, Jefferson Davis, p. 590.

flag of truce…the commissioners: Philadelphia Inquirer, February 3, 1865.

“By common consent…a gala day”: NYH, February 4, 1865.

“harbingers of peace…common sentiment”: NR, February 3, 1865.

“It was night…throughout the country”: Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War, pp. 597–98.

Seward headed south…“sincere liberality”: AL to WHS, January 31, 1865, in CW, VIII, p. 250.

“convinced”…meet with them personally: USG to EMS, February 1, 1865, Lincoln Papers.

“Induced by a despatch of Gen. Grant”: AL to WHS, February 2, 1865, in CW, VIII, p. 256.

“Say to the gentlemen…can get there”: AL to USG, February 2, 1865, in ibid.

a single valet…Annapolis: NYH, February 3, 1865.

“supposed to be”…little past ten: NYH, February 5, 1865.

Lincoln joined Seward…River Queen: NYT, February 6, 1865.

saloon of…“streamers and flags”: Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War, p. 599; NYT, February 6, 1865 (quote).

Stephens opened…“Sections of the country?”: Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War, p. 599.

“was altogether…was written or read”: Seward, Seward at Washington…1861–1872, p. 260.

“steward, who came”…agreement on any issue: Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War, pp. 619, 600–01, 612, 613, 609, 617.

radicals had worked…excoriated him: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, p. 202.

“the leading members…will dishonor us”: NYT, February 3, 1865.

Both branches…on the proceedings: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 203–04.

Stanton worried…“serve their purpose”: Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, p. 338.

Lincoln’s report…“given to Seward”: Brooks, Lincoln Observed, pp. 162–63.

“as the reading…President Lincoln”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 207, 208.

“Indeed…than Abraham Lincoln”: Harper’s Weekly, February 25, 1865.

employed the failed…slavery intact: Richmond Dispatch, February 7, 1865, quoted in Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. X, p. 130.

“I can have…element of my nature!”: Jefferson Davis, quoted in NR, February 13, 1865.

drafted a proposal…“executive control”: AL, “To the Senate and House of Representatives,” February 5, 1865, in CW, VIII, pp. 260–61.

unanimous disapproval…“adverse feeling”: Entry for February 6, 1865, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 237.

Usher believed…“assault on the President”: J. P. Usher, quoted in Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, p. 66.

Stanton had long maintained…“compensation for slaves”: Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 258.

Fessenden declared…“come from us”: William Pitt Fessenden, quoted in Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessenden, Vol. II (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1907), p. 8.

sum he proposed…“approved the measure”: J. P. Usher, quoted in Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln, p. 66.

Sherman had headed north…on February 17: Entry for February 17, 1865, in Long, The Civil War Day by Day, pp. 639–40.

Stanton ordered…“parts of the city”: NR, February 22, 1865.

“cheerful…brightest day in four years”: Entry for February 22, 1865, Welles Diary, Vol. II, p. 245.

“more depressed”…in the four years: Entry for February 23, 1865, in The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. II, 1865–1881, ed. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall; Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, Vol. XXII (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1933), p. 8.

low spirits…“brigand, and pirate”: Jonathan Truman Dorris, Pardon and Amnesty Under Lincoln and Johnson: The Restoration of the Confederates to Their Rights and Privileges, 1861–1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953), pp. 76–78 (quote p. 77).

“I had to stand…out of my mind yet”: Henry P. H. Bromwell, quoted in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 41.

he would “not receive…seven o’clock p.m.”: NR, March 2, 1865.

“The hopeful condition”…the capital: NR, March 1, 1865.

so overcrowded…“found for them”: NR, March 3, 1865.

Douglass decided…“of other citizens”: Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, p. 803.

visited Chase’s…“a strange thing”: Ibid., pp. 799–800.

steady rain…foreign ministries: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 210–11; Brooks, Mr. Lincoln’s Washington, pp. 418, 420 (quote).

“One ambassador…feet on the floor”: Brooks, Mr. Lincoln’s Washington, p. 421.

Johnson rose…“extraordinarily red”: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, p. 211.

“in a state of manifest…a petrified man”: Brooks, Mr. Lincoln’s Washington, pp. 422, 423.

“All this is…drunk or crazy”: Entry for March 4, 1865, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 252.

Dennison…“serene as summer”: Brooks, Mr. Lincoln’s Washington, pp. 423–24.

“emotion on…revisiting the Senate”: Entry for March 4, 1865, Welles diary, Vol. II, p. 252.

Lincoln listened…harangue to end: Brooks, Mr. Lincoln’s Washington, p. 423.

his eyes shut: Marquis de Chambrun [Charles Adolphe Pineton], “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” Scribner’s 13 (January 1893), p. 26.

“You need not…a drunkard”: AL, as quoted by Hugh McCullough in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, p. 320.

audience proceeded…“glory and light”: Brooks, Mr. Lincoln’s Washington, pp. 424, 425 (quote).

an auspicious omen…Freedom: Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, pp. 213, 20–21.

“Both read the same…this terrible war”: AL, “Second Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, in CW, VIII, p. 333. For a thorough discussion of Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, see Ronald C. White, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).

“the eloquence of the prophets”: Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” Scribner’s, p. 27.

“Fondly do we hope…with all nations”: AL, “Second Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, in CW, VIII, pp. 332–33.

“as he became…Church member”: Leonard Swett to WHH, January 17, 1866, in HI, pp. 167–68.

crowd cheered…drew to a close: Boston Daily Evening Transcript, March 4, 1865.

“the largest crowd…been here yet”: JGN to TB, March 5, 1865, container 3, Nicolay Papers.

president was…five thousand people: Star, March 6, 1865.

“It was a grand…every 4 minutes”: Entry for March 5, 1865, in French, Witness to the Young Republic, p. 466.

“On reaching the door…you liked it!”: Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, pp. 803–04.

his own assessment…“Almighty and them”: AL to TW, March 15, 1865, CW, VIII, p. 356.

New York World…“statesmanship”: New York World, March 6, 1865, quoted in Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months, p. 149.

Tribune charged…chance for peace: NYTrib, March 6, 1865, quoted in Harris, p. 150.

“That rail-splitting…keynote of this war”: Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, Sr., quoted in Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months, p. 148.

London Spectator… “village lawyer”: London Spectator, March 25, 1865, quoted in Lincoln As They Saw Him, ed. Herbert Mitgang (New York and Toronto: Rinehart & Company, Inc., 1956), pp. 447, 446.

Arnold overheard…Seward himself: Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months, p. 148.

“The President’s…position in history”: Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 404–05.

“He has called…sickening to the heart”: Charleston [S.C.] Mercury, January 10, 1865, reprinted in Liberator, March 3, 1865.

“it was always plain…judicious and appropriate”: Charles A. Dana, quoted in Hay, “Life in the White House in the Time of Lincoln,” Century (1890), p. 36.