ABBREVIATIONS
ARI: Alexandria, Real and Imagined, ed. Anthony Hirst and Michael Silk
DSB: Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 16 vols., ed. Charles Coulston Gillespie
EGS: Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle, G. E. R. Lloyd
EHAS: Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3 vols., ed. Roshdi Rashed and Regis Morelon
GPTP: Greek Philosophy, Thales to Plato, John Burnet
GSAA: Greek Science After Aristotle, G. E. R. Lloyd
GTAC: Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society, Dimitri Gutas
HAA: A History of Arabic Astronomy, George Saliba
HGP: A History of Greek Philosophy, 6 vols., William K. C. Guthrie
HMES: A History of Magic and Experimental Science, 8 vols., Lynn Thorndike LA: The Library of Alexandria, ed. Roy MacLeod
LEP: Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laertius
LMS: The Legacy of Muslim Spain, 2 vols., ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi
MASI: Mathematicians, Astronomers and Other Scholars of Islamic Civilization and Their Works (7th–14th Centuries), B. A. Rozenfeld and Ekmeleddin Ihsanoĝlu
MEMS: Medieval and Early Modern Science, 2 vols., A. C. Crombie
MPNP: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Isaac Newton
NAR: Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton, Richard S. Westfall
ORHS: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Nicholas Copernicus
PL: Plutarch's Lives, trans. Bernadotte Perrin
PWD: The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. John Cottingham, et al.
RGOES: Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, A C. Crombie
SCI: Science and Civilization in Islam, Seyyed Hossein Nasr
SHMS: Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science, Charles Homer Haskins
SMMA: The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages, Marshall Clagett
STLOE: Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire, Ekmeleddin Ihsanoĝlu
TCT: Three Copernican Treatises, Edward Rosen
TPP: The Presocratic Philosophers, G. S. Kirk and J. E. Raven
INTRODUCTION
4 “the Graeco-Arabic translation movement”: Gutas, GTAC, p. 8.
4 As Edward Said remarked: Said, Culture and Imperialism, p. xxv.
1 IONIA: THE FIRST PHYSICISTS
5 “the glory of Ionia”: Herodotus, Histories, book V, p. 28.
5. “many are the achievements of this city”: Strabo, Geography, vol. 6, pp. 206-7.
6. “had the good fortune”: Herodotus, Histories, book I, p. 142.
6 “The Ionian countryside”: Pausanias, Description of Greece, vol. 1, p. 240.
6 “the wonders of Ionia are numerous”: Ibid., p. 245.
6 Yet in Delos: Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, vol. 3, pp. 148-58.
8 “the Egyptians”: Herodotus, Histories, book II, p. 4.
8 “knowledge of the sundial”: Ibid., book II, p. 109.
8. “fairest of all the stars”: Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, vol. 1, p. 203.
8. “first founder”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 40.
10 predicted the total eclipse: Herodotus, Histories, Book I, p. 74.
10 “Thales, who led the way”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 55.
10 “from the observation”: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 55.
10 “the first of the Greeks”: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 72.
10 “solstices, times, seasons and equinoxes”: Ibid., I, p. 74.
11 “separated off”: L. Taran, “Anaximander,” DSB, 1, pp. 150-51.
11 “The tale is not mine”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 69.
11 “hangs freely”: Ibid., p. 98.
11 “He says moreover”: Ibid., p. 102.
11 “all things proceed from one”: Ibid., p. 115.
12 “differs in rarity”: Ibid., p. 121.
12 “like a leaf”: Burnet, GPTP, p. 20.
12 “As our soul”: Ibid., p. 19.
12 “The Lord [Apollo]”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 211.
12 “What I understood”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 412.
12 “Panta rhei”: Burnet, GPTP, p. 46.
12 “Heraclitus somewhere says”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 197.
13 “God is day night”: Ibid., p. 191.
13 “Evil witnesses”: Ibid., p. 189.
14 “magical arts and Pythagorean numbers”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, p. 370.
14 “The wise men”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 209.
15 “They supposed”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 237.
15 “They said that the bodies”: Cohen and Drabkin, Source Book in Greek Science, p. 96.
15 “They account for it”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 296.
15 There's not the smallest orb: Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, act V, scene I.
16 “ascribed to the gods”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 371.
16 “the Ethiopians say”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 168.
16 “God is one”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 374.
16 “Stop, do not beat him”: Lloyd, EGS, p. 11.
16 “let custom”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 271.
17 “Either a thing is”: Ibid., p. 269.
17 Then gin I thinke: Spenser, The Faerie Queene, book 7, canto VIII, l. 2.
18 “But come,”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 325.
18 “roots of everything”: Zeller, Outline of the History of Greek Philosophy, p. 56.
18 “from these things”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, pp. 328-29.
18 “the elements are”: Ibid., pp. 329-30.
18 “the groundwork bee”: Spenser, The Faerie Queene, book 7, canto VII, l. 25.
19 “I, an immortal god”: Lloyd, EGS, p. 138.
20 “Nothing occurs at random”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 413.
20 there are innumerable worlds: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 2, p. 405.
20 “We must suppose”: Kirk and Raven, TPP, p. 378.
20 “the sun, the moon”: Ibid., p. 391.
21 But the man: Plutarch, PL, “Pericles,” IV, 4.
21 And they learned: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 1, p. 365.
2 CLASSICAL ATHENS: THE SCHOOL OF HELLAS
23 “Mighty indeed”: Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, vol. 2, p. 41.
23 “open to the world”: Ibid., vol. 2, p. 39.
24 “from a waterless”: Plutarch, PL, “Cimon,” XIII, 8.
24 You will spend your time: Aristophanes, The Clouds, 1008ff.
25 “the olive grove of Academe”: Milton, Paradise Regained, book 4, ll. 244ff.
25 “what we have in mind”: Plato, Laws, I, 643e.
25 “the philosophers make”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 4, p. 21.
25 “but that they might”: Ibid., vol. 4, p. 21.
25 “Zeno and Parmenides”: Plato, Parmenides, 127b–c
26 “This magnificent hope”: Plato, Phaedo, 98c.
26 “only along the lines”: Plato, Timaeus, 59d.
26 “everlasting and unwandering stars”: Ibid., 40b.
27 “the spindle of Necessity”: Plato, Republic X, 617c.
27 “we must require”: Ibid., VII, 527c.
27 “true numbers” and “true motions”: Ibid., VII, 529d.
27 “Let's study astronomy”: Ibid., VII, 530b-c.
29 “on what hypotheses”: Guthrie, HGP, vol. 5, p. 450.
32 “Aristotle that hath an oare”: Montaigne, translated by Florio, quoted by Guthrie, HGP, vol. 6, p. ix.
32 “Now intelligent action”: Aristotle, Physics vol. 2, 8: 12-15.
35 “Heraclides supposed”: Lloyd, EGS, p. 95.
36 “a distinguished man”: Diogenes Laertius, LEP, v. 58.
36 “For if one observes”: Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle's Physics, 916, 10ff., quoted in Lloyd, GSAA, p. 16.
36 “If we are not troubled with doubts”: Furley, “Epicurus,” DSB, vol. 4, p. 381.
37 “swerve”: Lucretius, De Rerum Natura vol. 1, p. 62.
3 HELLENISTIC ALEXANDRIA: THE MUSEUM AND THE LIBRARY
39 “The Museum is also”: Strabo, Geography, XVII, Part I, p. 8.
39 “had at his disposal”: Mostafa El-Abbadi, “The Alexandria Library in History,” in Hirst and Silk, ARI, p. 171.
39 “the beautiful city of Alexandria”: Robert Barnes, “Cloistered Bookworms,” in MacLeod, LA, p. 66.
40 “the first library”: Ibid., p. 66.
41 “lived in the time”: John Murdoch, “Euclid,” DSB, 4, p. 414.
41 “has exercised an influence”: Ibid., p. 415.
41 “collecting many of the theorems”: Ibid., p. 423.
42 “diversions of a geometry”: PL, “Marcellus,” XIV, 4.
42 “it is not possible”: Ibid., xvii.
43 “Give me a place to stand”: Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle's Physics, quoted in Dijksterhuis, Archimedes, p. 16.
43 “without a moment's delay”: Vitruvius, De Architectura, vol. 9, p. 3.
44 “a volume equal to that”: Dijksterhuis, Archimedes, p. 362.
44 “Aristarchus of Samos”: Ibid., pp. 362-63.
45 “on the ground that he was disturbing”: Plutarch, “Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon,” Moralia, vol. 12, p. 923.
48 “almost exclusively”: A. G. Drachmann, “Hero of Alexandria,” DSB, 6, p. 310.
48 “Thus,” he writes: Cohen and Drabkin, Source Book in Greek Science, p. 250.
53 “of things on land”: Strabo, Geography, vol. 1, p. 3.
53 “the home of men”: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 443.
53 “its inhabitants are more savage”: Ibid., vol. 2, p. 259.
53-4 “in the middle of the heavens”: Ptolemy's Almagest, p. 41.
55 “we shall dismiss”: Lloyd, GSAA, pp. 130-31.
57 “the quickening of the pulse”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, pp. 144-45.
57 “God granted him”: Cohen and Drabkin, Source Book in Greek Science, p. 27.
57 “It is impossible to divide a cube”: Heath, Diophantus of Alexandria, pp. 145-46.
57 “which this margin”: Boyer, A History of Mathematics, p. 354.
58 “Bees … by virtue”: Ibid., p. 199.
58 “I therefore swear”: Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, “Pappus of Alexandria,” DSB, 10, p. 301.
58 “philosophy and magic”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, p. 290.
59 “On the inner side”: Mostafa El-Abbadi, “The Alexandria Library in History,” in Hirst and Silk, ARI, pp. 173-74.
59 “certain ancient astrologers”: Carmody The Astronomical Works of Thabit Ibn Qurra, pp. 45-46.
60 What then has Athens: Lloyd, GSAA, p. 168.
4 FROM ATHENS TO ROME, CONSTANTINOPLE, AND JUNDISHAPUR
62 “he fled from the gloom”: Morford, The Roman Philosophers, p. 25.
62 “Live unnoticed”: David J. Furley, “Lucretius,” DSB, 8, p. 536.
62 “this very superstition”: Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, vol. 1, pp. 82-83.
62 “Nothing is ever produced”: Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 150-51.
62 “time by itself does not exist”: Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 459-61.
62 “What can be a surer guide”: Ibid., vol. 1, 699-700.
63 “at quite indeterminate times and places”: Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 218-20.
63 “that by perusing about 2,000 volumes”: Pliny the Elder, Natural History, vol. 1, 17.
63 “a diffuse and learned work”: David E. Eicholz, “Pliny,” DSB, 11, p. 39.
64 “No one should wonder”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, pp. 59-60.
64 “counted the stars”: Seneca, Natural Questions, VII, 25.
64 “It is enough for Christians”: Clagett, Greek Science in Antiquity, pp. 132-33.
69 “a man eloquent and greatly skilled”: Ibid., p. 181.
69 “their valuable methods”: Boyer, A History of Mathematics, p. 238.
69 “Though I am a Hellene”: Runciman, The Last Byzantine Renaissance, p. 22.
70 “incorporeal motive force”: Lloyd, GSAA, p. 159.
5 BAGHDAD'S HOUSE OF WISDOM: GREEK INTO ARABIC
72 al-Mansur “was the first caliph”: Gutas, GTAC, p. 30.
74 “The people of every age”: Ibid., p. 46.
74 “mistress of all sciences”: Ibid., p. 108.
75 “he translated from Persian”: Ibid., p. 55.
75 “was employed full-time”: Ibid., p. 55.
76 “encouraged me to compose”: Ibid., p. 113.
77 “From his earliest youth”: Thousand Nights and One Night, vol. 3, p. 382.
77 “At the beginning of his reign”: Gutas, GTAC, pp. 77-78.
78 “The sages”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, p. 65.
79 “for full-time translation”: Gutas, GTAC, p. 133.
79 “the land of the Greeks”: G. C. Anawati, “Hunayn ibn Ishaq,” DSB, 15, p. 230.
80 “I sought for it”: Ibid., p. 230.
82 “a certain great noble”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, p. 655.
82 Did you not see: André Clot, Harun al-Rashid, p. 33.
6 THE ISLAMIC RENAISSANCE
83 “humorless, gross and dull”: Turner, Science in Medieval Islam, p. 120.
84 “He it is who”: Koran, x, 6.
84 “none in the heavens”: Ibid., xxvii, 65.
84 “What can you know”: Sa'di of Shiraz, Tales from the Bustun… and Gulistan, p. 26.
85 “The best gift from Allah”: Turner, Science in Medieval Islam, p. 131.
86 When shall it be: Nasr, SCI, p. 206.
89 “decrees of the stars”: Turner, Science in Medieval Islam, p. 109.
90 “the possible gravity”: Nasr, SCI, p. 133.
90 “borrowed power”: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 2, p. 53.
91 Ah, but my Computations: Khayyam, The Rubaiyat, lxii.
94 “Baghdad, which has no equal”: Clot, Harun al-Rashid, p. 151.
7 CAIRO AND DAMASCUS
97 “good fortune”: A. I. Sabra, “Ibn al-Haytham,” DSB, 6, p. 190.
97 “doctrines whose matter”: Ibid., p. 190.
98 “visual rays”: Ibid., p. 192.
98 “distinct form”: Ibid., p. 193.
99 “more truly descriptive”: Ibid., p. 198.
100 “scientific intuition”: Ibid., p. 203.
102 “Galen's medicine”: Johnson, A History of the Jews, p. 186.
104 I therefore asked Almighty God: David A. King, “Ibn al-Shatir,” DSB, 12, p. 358.
8 AL-ANDALUS, MOORISH SPAIN
107 “the bride of al-Andalus”: Robert Hillenbrand, “The Ornament of the World,” LMS, p. 118.
107 “the ornament of the world”: Ibid., p. 118.
107 “In four things Cordoba”: Ibid., p. 118.
109 “one of the books of the Christians,”: Juan Vernet and Julio Samso, “Development of Arabic Science in Andalusia,” EHAS, vol. 1, p. 246.
109 “Only by repeated visits”: Sami Hamarneh, “al-Zahrawi,” DSB, 14, p. 585.
110 “the bringer of joy”: Ibid., p. 585.
110 “applied himself”: Vernet and Samso, “Development of Arabic Science in Andalusia,” EHAS, vol. 1, p. 254.
110 “very wise … philosopher”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 813.
110 “a compendium of magic”: Juan Vernet, “Al-Majriti,” DSB, 6, pp. 39-40.
110 “confused compilation of extracts”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 815.
111 “to explain what”: Yvonne Dold-Samplonius and Heinrich Hermelink, “al-Jayyani,” DSB, 7, p. 82.
112 His tables Toletanes: Chaucer, “The Franklin's Tale,” Canterbury Tales, 545-5 6.
113 “oval” rather than circular: Juan Vernet, “Al-Zarqali,” DSB, 14, p. 595.
113 I've a sickness doctors can't cure: Menocal, The Ornament of the World, p. 112.
113 “I have observed women”: Menocal, et al., The Literature of Al-Andalus, p. 238.
114 “combined the songs”: James T. Monroe, “Zajal and Muwashshaha: Hispano-Arabic Poetry and the Romance Tradition,” LMS, p. 412.
117 “own object of desire”: Davidson, Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect, p. 223.
117 Our society allows no scope: Robert Hillenbrand, “The Ornament of the World,” LMS, p. 122.
118 “the man whose theory shook”: Julio Samso, “Al-Bitruji,” DSB, 15, p. 35.
9 FROM TOLEDO TO PALERMO: ARABIC INTO LATIN
120 “These are the twenty-eight”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, p. 712.
121 “he learned what the song”: Ibid., p. 705.
123 “for in Sicily and Salerno”: Haskins, SHMS, pp. 132-33.
123 “all the secrets of philosophy”: Ibid., p. 135.
124 “long period of study”: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 1, p. 10.
124 “enunciations”: “Adelard of Bath,” DSB, 1, p. 63.
124 editio specialis: Ibid.
124 “simple ignorant”: John Murdoch, “Euclid,” DSB, 4, p. 449.
124 “For nother is there anie”: Ibid., p. 449.
124 “manifolde additions”: Ibid., p. 450.
125 “something new from my Arab studies”: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 1, p. 10.
125 “better to attribute”: Ibid., p. 26.
125 “the opinions of the Arabs”: Haskins, SHMS, p. 41.
127 “John, son of David”: Ibid., p. 13.
127 “this pearl of philosophy”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 270.
128 “there, seeing the”: Richard Lemay, “Gerard of Cremona,” DSB, 15, p. 174.
128 “wiser philosophers of the world”: Haskins, SHMS, p. 127.
128 “Gerard of Toledo”: Richard Lemay, “Gerard of Cremona,” DSB, 15, p. 173.
130 “secrets of all divinity”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 216.
130 “In the name of God”: Ibid., p. 182.
131 “If you live among the Muslims”: S. Maqbul Ahmad, “Al-Idrisi,” DSB, 7, p. 8.
131 “the wonder of the world”: Kantorowicz, Frederick the Second, p. 356.
132 “baptized sultans”: Haskins, SHMS, p. 243.
132 “classified in order”: Masson, Frederich II, p. 224.
132 “We have followed Aristotle”: Ibid., p. 216.
132 “I have heard from”: Ibid., p. 112.
133 “with the new Indian numerals”: Kurt Vogel, “Leonardo Fibonacci,” DSB, 4, p. 604.
133 “How many pairs of rabbits”: Boyer, A History of Mathematics, p. 287.
134 “the late Theodore”: Haskins, SHMS, p. 247.
135 “And how is it”: Ibid., p. 267.
135 “whether one soul”: Ibid., p. 266.
135 “a notable inquirer”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 314.
135 “That other, round the loins”: Dante, Inferno, Canto XX.
136 A wizard, of such: Haskins, SHMS, p. 19.
10 PARIS AND OXFORD I: REINTERPRETING ARISTOTLE
138 “until they shall”: Rashdall, The Universities in Europe, vol. 1, p. 357.
138 “double-truth”: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 1, p. 64.
139 “composition” and “resolution”: Crombie, RGOES, pp. 62-63.
139 “This method involves”: Ibid., p. 63.
140 “the same cause”: Ibid., p. 85.
140 “because nature operates”: Ibid., p. 86.
140 “by experience and reason”: Ibid., p. 87.
140 “the science that is concerned”: Ibid., p. 91.
140 “reason for the fact”: Ibid., p. 96.
140 “Metaphysics of Light”: Ibid., pp. 128-34.
141 “when the sounding body”: Ibid., p. 114.
141 “multiplication of species”: Ibid., p. 109-10.
141 “untouched and unknown”: Ibid., p. 119.
142 “to give solace to the earth”: Lorris and Meun, The Romance of the Rose, 83, 109ff.
142 “These modes of celestial”: Crombie, RGOES, p. 97.
144 “to make all parts of philosophy”: Ibid., p. 19.
144 “In this sixth book”: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 1, pp. 147-48.
144 “For the saints”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 552.
144 “great accidents and”: Ibid., p. 583.
144 “a man in every science”: Ibid., p. 527.
144 “What wonder that a man”: Ibid., p. 528.
145 “even though the natural”: quoted in Lindberg, The Beginnings of European Science, p. 232.
146 “what remedies you think”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 625.
147 “in the things of the world”: Ibid., p. 144.
147 “Every multiplication”: Ibid.
147 “three great prerogatives”: Ibid., p. 141.
147 “no science can be known”: Crombie, RGOES, p. 114.
148 Machines for navigation: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 1, p. 55.
148 “it has been proved”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 655.
148 “inspires the intellect”: Ibid., p. 657.
148 “after some noyse”: Sandys, “Roger Bacon in English Literature,” in Little, Roger Bacon: Essays, p. 362.
11PARIS AND OXFORD II: THE EMERGENCE OF EUROPEAN SCIENCE
149 “science of weights”: Edward Grant, “Jordanus de Nemore,” DSB, 7, p. 172.
149 “positional gravity”: Ibid., p. 172.
149 “weight is heavier positionally”: Ibid.
150 “if the arms of the balance”: Clagett, SMMA, p. 75.
150 “work,” the product of the weight: Ibid., pp. 8, 78-79.
150 “virtual velocity”: Ibid., pp. 8, 78-79, 83.
150 “axiom of Jordanus”: Ibid., pp. 78-79.
152 calculatores, those who studied: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 2, p. 89.
152 mean speed rule: Ibid., p. 93.
152 “difform”: Ibid., p. 90.
153 “on the supposition”: Ernest A. Moody, “Jean Buridan,” DSB, 2, p. 604.
153 “are not immediately evident”: Ibid., pp. 604-5.
153 impetus theory: Ibid., p. 606.
154 “would endure forever”: Ibid., p. 606.
154 “quantity of matter”: Ibid.
154 immaterial “intelligences”: Clagett, SMMA, p. 520.
154 “For it could be said”: Ernest A. Moody, “Jean Buridan,” DSB, 2, p. 606.
154 “indisputably true that”: Ibid., p. 607.
155 Buridan had an affair: Ibid., p. 603.
156 “it is not impossible”: Marshall Clagett, “Nicole Oresme,” DSB, 10, p. 223.
156 “subject to correction”: Crombie, MEMS, vol. 2, p. 78.
156 “For God fixed the earth”: Ibid., p. 82.
157 “Completed in camp”: Edward Grant, “Peter Peregrinus,” DSB, 10, p. 533.
161 Forthwith / As clock, that calleth up: Dante, Paradiso, x.
162 “It would be futile”: Crombie, RGOES, p. 216.
162 “of corporeal influences”: Ibid., p. 214.
162 “there is something wonderful”: Lorenzo Minio-Paluello, “William of Moerbeke,” DSB, 9, p. 435.
163 “a globe of water”: William A. Wallace, “Dietrich von Freiberg,” DSB, 4, p. 93.
12 FROM BYZANTIUM TO ITALY: GREEK INTO LATIN
165 There were present: Haskins, SHMS, p. 144.
165 “James, a clerk of Venice”: Ibid., p. 144.
166 “a man most learned”: Ibid., p. 143.
167 “in spite of the hard work”: Lorenzo Minio-Paluello, “William of Moerbeke,” DSB, 9, p. 435.
167 “occult” inquiry: Ibid., p. 435.
168 “the regulative power”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 2, p. 886.
168 “the brain is the seat”: Ibid.
168 “Is life possible”: Ibid.
168 “perpetual and incorruptible”: Ibid., p. 900.
168 “a man who appeared”: Ibid., p. 889.
168 “the idle curiosity”: Ibid., p. 890.
170 “towards the sea”: A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, vol. II, p. 623.
170 “From morning to evening”: Ibid., p. 702.
173 “the most original of all Byzantine thinkers”: Runciman, The Last Byzantine Renaissance, p. 2.
173 “Neither, it will not”: Nigel Wilson, From Byzantium to Italy, p. 56.
174 “If the immensity”: Ibid.
174 “If you sail”: Ibid.
177 “the rebirth of trigonometry”: Boyer, A History of Mathematics, p. 308.
13 THE REVOLUTION OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
178 “God be praised”: Pastor, The History of the Popes, vol. 6, p. 149.
178 “All the world is in Rome”: Ibid., p. 149.
178 “this remote corner of the earth”: Copernicus, ORHS, Preface, p. 5.
180 “not so much the pupil”: Rosen, Narratio Prima, in Rosen, TCT, p. 111.
180 “after sunset on the seventh”: Copernicus, ORHS, IV, 27, p. 249.
180 “lectured on mathematics”: Rosen, Narratio Prima, in Rosen, TCT, p. 111.
180 “nineteenth year of Hadrian”: Copernicus, ORHS, IV, 14, p. 224.
180 “to determine the positions”: Ibid., p. 223.
181 “a manuscript of six leaves”: Gassendi, The Life of Copernicus, p. 140.
181 “to the meridian of Cracow”: Rosen, “Nicholas Copernicus,” DSB, vol. 3,402.
182 “the apparent motion”: Rosen, Commentariolus, in Rosen, TCT, p. 57.
182 “in which everything”: Ibid., pp. 57-58.
182 “imperceptible in comparison”: Ibid., p. 58.
182 “the apparent retrograde”: Ibid., p. 59.
182 “the motion of the earth”: Ibid., p. 58.
182 The celestial spheres: Ibid., pp. 59-60.
183 “Then Mercury runs”: Ibid., p. 90.
184 “my teacher”: Rosen, Narratio Prima, in Rosen, TCT, p. 109.
184 “We look forward”: Ibid., p. 122.
184 “by having the sun”: Ibid., pp. 135-36.
185 “I know that he always”: Armitage, Sun, Stand Thou Still, p. 126.
185 “You have in this recent”: Gingerich, The Book Nobody Read, p. 20.
185 “He had lost his memory”: Armitage, Sun, stand thou still, p. 127.
186 “The sun stood still”: Joshua 10:12-14.
186 “People give ear”: Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, p. 191.
187 “I can reckon easily enough”: Copernicus, ORHS, p. 2.
187 “I myself think”: Ibid., pp. 19-20.
188 In the center of all: Ibid., pp. 25-26.
189 al-Tusi couple: Saliba, HAA, p. 246.
189 Though the courses: Thomas W. Africa, “Copernicus’ Relation to Aristarchus and Pythagoras,” p. 407.
190 “assuming that the heavens”: Ibid., p. 406.
190 “spins and turns, which”: Ibid.
190 “the distance from the earth”: Rosen, Commentariolus, in Rosen, TCT, p. 90.
190 “How exceedingly fine”: Copernicus, ORHS, p. 27.
14 THE DEBATE OVER THE TWO WORLD SYSTEMS
191 “I know of a modern scientist”: Owen Gingerich, “Erasmus Reinhold,” DSB, 11, p. 366.
192 “Copernicus … affirmeth”: Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, p. 186.
192 That is trulye to be gathered: Francis R. Johnson, “The Influence of Thomas Digges,” p. 396.
192 “more than Herculean”: Armitage, Copernicus and Modern Astronomy, p. 165.
192 “Vulgi opinio Error”: Gingerich, The Book Nobody Read, p. 119.
193 “so that Englishmen might not”: Ibid., p. 119.
193 Speak, are there many spheres: Marlowe, The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, act 2, scene 2, ll. 34-ff.
193 “There are then innumerable suns”: Koyré, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe, p. 49.
194 There are no ends: Ibid., p. 44.
195 “a second Ptolemy”: Dreyer, Tycho Brahe, p. 74.
196 “I doubted no longer”: Ferguson, Tycho and Kepler, p. 47.
199 “How many mathematicians are there”: A. R. Hall, The Scientific Revolution, p. 126.
199 “a still unexhausted treasure”: Caspar, Kepler, p. 64.
199 The earth's orbit: Owen Gingerich, “Johannes Kepler,” DSB, 7, p. 290.
200 “Have faith, Galilii”: Koestler, The Sleepwalkers, p. 364.
201 “a brilliant speculation”: Ferguson, Tycho and Kepler, p. 255.
201 “You will come not so much as a guest”: Owen Gingerich, “Johannes Kepler,” DSB, 7, p. 293.
202 “I consider it a divine decree”: Caspar, Kepler, p. 131.
202 “Although he knew”: Ferguson, Tycho and Kepler, p. 284.
202 “Divine Providence granted us”: Owen Gingerich, “Johannes Kepler,” DSB, 7, p. 295.
203 Hereafter, when they: Milton, Paradise Lost, book VIII, ll. 79-84.
204 “a book full of astronomical”: Owen Gingerich, “Johannes Kepler,” DSB, 7 p. 297.
204 “perspective glasses”: Francis R. Johnson, “The Influence of Thomas Digges,” p. 401.
204 a small “telescope”: Ibid., p. 403.
205 “Medicean Stars”: Galileo, The Starry Messenger, in Drake, Discoveries and Opinions of Galileio, p. 21.
206 “necessary for the contemplation”: Caspar, Kepler, p. 296.
206 “That the same thought”: Ibid., pp. 276-77.
206 “those opinions of yours”: John Donne, “Ignatius His Conclave,” in Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne, p. 365.
206 And new Philosophy: Donne, “The Anatomy of the World,” in The Complete Poetry of John Donne, pp. 277-78.
207 I used to measure the heavens: Owen Gingerich, “Johannes Kepler,” DSB, 7, p. 307.
207 “foolish and absurd”: Armitage, Copernicus and Modern Astronomy, p. 189.
209 “It would still be excessive”: Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican, p. 464.
209 “Your Galileo has ventured to meddle”: De Santillana, The Crime of Galileo, p. 191.
210 “had altogether given rise”: Koestler, The Sleepwalkers, p. 503.
210 Take note theologians: Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican, p. v.
15 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
211 a “hypothesis” … “really true”: Mary Hesse, “Francis Bacon,” DSB, 1, p. 372.
212 “Cogito ergo sum”: Descartes, PWD, vol. 1, p. 127.
212 “quantity of motion”: Ibid., p. 240.
212 “In the beginning, in his omnipotence”: Ibid., p. 240.
212 “Each and every thing”: Ibid., p. 240.
212 “all motion is in itself rectilinear”: Ibid., pp. 241-42.
212 “If a body collides”: Ibid., p. 242.
213 “true mathematics”: Michael S. Mahoney “Descartes: Mathematics and Physics,” DSB, 4, p. 55.
213 hypothetical “new world”: Descartes, PWD, vol. 1, p. 90.
214 “almost nothing I can approve as true”: Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography, p. 421.
214 “Otherwise,” he wrote: Desmond M. Clarke, “Pascal's Philosophy of Science,” in Hammond, The Cambridge Companion to Pascal, p. 114.
216 “All this was in the two plague years”: Westfall, NAR, p. 143.
217 “rays which make blue”: Ibid., p. 160.
217 For the best and safest method: Ibid., p. 242.
218 “extremely well pleased to see”: Manuel, A Portrait of Isaac Newton, p. 144.
218 “What Descartes did”: Westfall, NAR, p. 274.
218 “what he thought the Curve would be”: Ibid., p. 403.
219 Our present work sets forth: Newton, MPNP, p. 382.
219 “quantity of matter”: Ibid., p. 403.
219 “quantity of motion”: Ibid., p. 404.
220 “inherent force of matter”: Ibid.
220 “Impressed force”: Ibid., p. 405.
220 “are impelled, or in any way”: Ibid., pp. 405-8.
221 Law 1: Every body perseveres: Ibid., pp. 416-17.
222 “by radii drawn to the center”: Ibid., p. 797.
222 “Gravity exists in all bodies”: Ibid., p. 810.
222 “The planets move in ellipses”: Ibid., p. 817.
222 “The axes of the planets”: Ibid., p. 821.
222 “the ebb and flow”: Ibid., p. 835.
223 “To find the precession”: Ibid., p. 885.
223 “the precession of the equinoxes”: Ibid., p. 887.
223 “The comets are higher”: Ibid., p. 888.
223 “This most elegant system”: Ibid., p. 940.
223 “corrected by the author's own hand”: Newton, Opticks, p. lxxvii.
223 “My design in this Book”: Ibid., p. 1.
224 “the oldest and most celebrated”: Ibid., p. 3 69.
224 “All these things being consider'd”: Ibid., p. 400.
224 “Light is propagated”: Ibid., p. 277.
225 “method of fluxions”: Westfall, NAR, p. 143.
225 “four metals” of alchemy: A. P. Youschkevitch, “Isaac Newton,” DSB, 10, p. 81.
225 “He lived honored by his compatriots”: Voltaire, Letters on England, p. 69.
225 “I do not know what I may appear”: Sullivan, Isaac Newton, p. 250.
16 SAMARKAND TO ISTANBUL: THE LONG TWILIGHT OF ISLAMIC SCIENCE
227 “absorption of Arabic knowledge”: Dampier, History of Science, p. 82.
227 “the decline of Arabic”: Ibid., p. 82.
228 so-called al-Tusi couple: F. Jamil Ragep, “Copernicus and His Islamic Predecessors,” p. 128.
228 Urdi's lemma: Ibid.
232 “passing through the nine”: Sayílí, The Observatory in Islam, p. 290.
233 “People of learning”: Ibid., pp. 292-93.
233 “In the Zij of Ulugh Beg”: Ibid., p. 293.
233 “The King of Kings”: Ibid.
233 “Let it be known”: Ihsanoĝlu, STLOE, vol. 2, pp. 33-34.
17 SCIENCE LOST AND FOUND
238 “There stands a globe”: Ovid, Fasti VI, 277-80.
239 “Our friend Posidonius as you know”: Cicero, The Nature of the Gods, II, 87-89.
239 “Archimedes’ significance”: Clagett, Archimedes in the Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 1.
240 “Unlike the Elements of Euclid”: Boyer, A History of Mathematics, p. 136.
240 Codex A “was the source”: Marshall Clagett, “Archimedes,” DSB, 1, p. 223.
243 “a disastrously misguided attempt”: John Lowden, “Archimedes into Icon,” p. 236.
245 “I thought fit to write out for you”: Heath, The Works of Archimedes, Supplement on The Method of Archimedes, p. 12.
245 “The cylinder with base equal”: Ibid., p. 18.
246 the Stomachion “is a kind of game”: Dijksterhuis, Archimedes, p. 409.
246 “it consisted of fourteen bits of ivory”: Ibid., p. 410.
248 Archimedes to Eratosthenes greeting: Heath, The Works of Archimedes, Supplement on The Method of Archimedes, p. 12.
18 HARRAN: THE ROAD TO BAGHDAD
250 “the city that… was ruled”: Segal, Edessa, p. iii.
251 “the supreme philosopher”: Thorndike, HMES, vol. 1, p. 661.
252 We are the heirs and offspring of paganism: Rozenfeld and Ihsanoĝlu, MASI, p. 56.
253 “handbook for manufacturing”: Ibid., p. 55.
253 “sorcery and spells”: Thousand Nights and One Night, vol. 3, p. 382.
253 “the spindle of Necessity”: Plato, Republic X, 617c.
255 Baghdad, in the heart of Islam: Clot, Harun al-Rashid, p. 151.
255 Behold Baghdad!: Kennedy, The Court of the Caliphs, p. 106.