APPENDIX
HISTORICAL COMPENDIUM
Part III
Palaeography
(a) Roman majuscule (Virgil, 4th–5th cents, AD), (b) Roman minuscule, mixed uncials (Pandects, 6th-7th cents.), (c) Lombardic or Beneventan cursive (Lectionary, Monte Cassino, 1058–87). (d) English pointed insular (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, c.1045). (e) Carolingian minuscule, Latin (10th cent.). (ƒ) Littera fractura, Gothic script (14th cent). (g) Gothic rotunda (Horace, Cremona, 1391). (h) Greek papyrus (Timotheus, Persae, 4th cent. BC).
a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
f. 
g. 
h. 
(i) Greek ‘biblical uncial’ (1 Cor. 12; Codex sinaiticus, CAD 350; after C. H. Roberts), (j) Greek cursive minuscules (Iliad vi, BM Townley MS, c.1255). (k) Glagolithic (Kiev Missal: 9th-cent. translation of a 7th-cent. Roman rite). (l) Bulgarian Cyrillic (Savinna Kniga, 11th cent, preserved at Pskov, Russia), (m) Serbian Cyrillic (15th cent. MS, Belgrade; after R. Auty). (n) Ottoman chancellery script (accounts from Podolia, late 17th cent., after D. Kotodejczyk).
i. 
j. 
k. 
l. 
m. 
n. 
Eagles and Crosses
Top row, left to right, (a) Double-headed Roman Eagle under a single crown, symbolizing the creation of the Eastern and Western Empires (after an inscription in Athens, 4th century AD), (b) Late Byzantine Eagle, from the throne of Sophia Palaeologos, Grand Duchess of Moscow, c.1470. (c) Charlemagne’s Eagle, embroidered in silk on his cloak (9th century, after Frutiger). Centre: (d) The ‘Small Coat-of-Arms’ of the Russian Empire, 1914: crowned imperial double-headed black eagle holding orb and sceptre, with the arms of the city of Moscow in escutcheon and surmounted by the Romanov crown. The eagle’s wings carry the arms of the Tsar’s assumed titles (dexter: Kazan, the white eagle of Poland, Taurida and Kiev, Novgorod and Vladimir; sinister. Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, and Finland). Bottom row, left to right, (e) The ‘Small Coat-of-Arms’ of the Austrian Empire, 1915: crowned imperial double-headed black eagle holding orb and sword, with the red-white-red shield of Austria in escutcheon, ensigned by the Habsburg Crown, (f) Arms of the Albanian People’s Republic, 1944. (g) Arms of the Kingdom of Spain, 1947: a black eagle bearing in escutcheon a crowned shield quartered with the arms of Castile and Leon, Aragón and Navarre, supported by a yoke, the pomegranate of Granada, and a sheaf of arrows, and surmounted by the slogan of the Falanga, ‘One, Great, and Free’.
a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
f. 
g. 
1st row (left to right): Crux capitata, Crucifixion Cross or Latin Cross; Crux decussata or St Andrew’s Cross; Greek Cross; St Peter’s Cross; Cardinal’s Cross or Cross of Lorraine; Templars’ Cross or Disc Cross. 2nd row: Papal Cross; Triple Cross; Orthodox Cross; Cross of Jerusalem; Germanic Cross; Heart Cross. 3rd row: Cross of the Crusades; Gamma Cross; Sword Cross; Anchor Cross of Faith; Anchor Sign (Cross of Christ with the Virgin Mary’s Crescent); Cloverleaf Cross. 4th row: Chi-Rho sign (monogram of Christ); Cross of St John or Maltese Cross; Celtic Cross (Christian Cross within the Sun); Alpha Cross; Omega Cross; Leaf Cross. 5th row: Resurrection Cross; modified Maltese Cross; Arrowhead Cross; Teutonic or Iron Cross; Polish Anchor Cross (Polska walczy, ‘Poland fights’); Runic Circle Cross. 6th row: Pagan Sun Cross; Runic Lightning Cross; clockwise Gammadion, Fylfot, or ‘Swastika’, signifying bad luck; anti-clockwise swastika, signifying good fortune. (After Frutiger.)
‘The Great Books Scheme’: The Chicago Canon of Western Civilization.
A list of authors proposed by Mortimer J. Adler, in ‘Great Books, Past and Present’, an Epilogue to G. van Doren (ed.), Reforming Education: The Opening of the American Mind (New York, 1988), 318–50.
Homer
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Herodotus
Euripides
Thucydides
Hippocrates
Aristophanes
Plato
Aristotle
Epicurus
Euclid
Archimedes
Apollonius
Cicero
Lucretius
Virgil
Plutarch
Tacitus
Nicomachus
Epictetus
Ptolemy
M. Aurelius
Galen
St Augustine
St Thomas Aquinas
Dante Alighieri
Chaucer
Machiavelli
Erasmus
Copernicus
Thomas More
Luther
Rabelais
Calvin
Montaigne
W. Gilbert
Cervantes
Bacon
Shakespeare
Galileo
Kepler
W. Harvey
Hobbes
Descartes
Milton
Molière
Pascal
Huygens
Spinoza
Locke
Racine
Newton
Leibniz
Defoe
Swift
Congreve
Bishop Berkeley
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Fielding
Johnson
Hume
Rousseau
Sterne
Adam Smith
Kant
Gibbon
Boswell
Lavoisier
Goethe
Dalton
Hegel
Jane Austen
von Clausewitz
Stendhal
Schopenhauer
Faraday
C. Lyell
A. Comte
Balzac
de Tocqueville
J. S. Mill
Darwin
Dickens
C. Bernard
Kierkegaard
Marx
George Eliot
H. Melville
Dostoevsky
Flaubert
Ibsen
Tolstoy
J. W. R. Dedekind
M. Twain
W. James
Nietzsche
G. Cantor
Freud
D. Hubert
1900–1945
G. B. Shaw
James Joyce
Proust
T. Mann
Joseph Conrad
Faulkner
D. H. Lawrence
T. S. Ellot
Kafka
Chekhov
O’Neill
Henry James
Kipling
J. Dewey
A. N. Whitehead
B. Russell
Santayana
E. Gilson
J.-P. Sartre
J. Ortega y Gasset
Max Planck
Einstein
N. Bohr
E. Schrodinger
J. H. Woodger
J.-H. Poincaré
T. Dobzhansky
G. Sorel
Trotsky
Lenin
W. Sumner
Max Weber
R. H. Tawney
T. Veblen
J. M. Keynes
1945–1977
A. Camus
G. Orwell
T. Pynchon
Solzhenltsyn
S. Bellow
S.Beckett
Wittgenstein
Heidegger
M. Buber
W. Heisenberg
J. Monod
R. P. Feynman
S. Hawking
A. Toynbee
C. Lévi-Strauss
F. Braudel
E. Le Roy Ladurie