INTRODUCTION
1. ROBERT GREEN INGERSOLL, The Works of Robert Ingersoll (New York, 1900), vol. 9, pp. 74, 76.
2. ISAAC KRAMNICK and R. LAURENCE MOORE, The Godless Constitution: The Case against Religious Correctness (New York, 1996).
3. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, Gouverneur Morris (Oyster Bay, 1975), p. 174.
4. The Graduate Center, City University of New York, American Religious Identification Survey, 2001, exhibits 1, 3. All figures in this survey are based strictly on self-reported religious identification or affiliation. The population of ethnic Jews in America, for example, is significantly larger than the population of those who identified themselves as religiously observant Jews in the CUNY survey.
5. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (www.pewforum.org), “Religion and Politics: Contention and Consensus,” July 24, 2003.
6. The phrase was coined by RICHARD JOHN NEUHAUS, The Naked Public Square (Grand Rapids, 1984).
7. STEPHEN L. CARTER, The Culture of Disbelief (New York, 1993), p. 67.
8. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 8, pp. 393–94.
CHAPTER 1: REVOLUTIONARY SECULARISM
1. The Adams-Jefferson Letters, ed. LESTER J. CAPPON (Chapel Hill, 1959), vol. 2, p. 373.
2. JOHN A. DIX, History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York (New York, 1889–1950), vol. 1, p. 304, in JON BUTLER, Awash in a Sea of Faith (Boston, 1990), p. 177.
3. I. WOODRIDGE RILEY, American Philosophy in the Early Schools (New York, 1907), p. 217, from folio volume of Stiles manuscripts at Yale University, p. 460.
4. Quoted in BROOKE HINDLE, The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America, 1735–1789 (Chapel Hill, 1956), p. 255.
5. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. JULIAN P. BOYD (Princeton, 1950), vol. 8, p. 269.
6. ETHAN ALLEN, Reason the Only Oracle of Man (New York, 1940), p. 119.
7. TIMOTHY DWIGHT, Travels in New-England and New-York (London, 1823), vol. 2, p. 388.
8. See G. ADOLPH KOCH, Republican Religion (New York, 1933), p. 33.
9. ALLEN, Reason, p. 457.
10. The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. ADRIENNE KOCH and WILLIAM PEDEN (New York, 1988), p. 46.
11. The Complete Madison, ed. SAUL K. PADOVER (New York, 1953), p. 303.
12. Ibid., p. 300.
13. See THOMAS E. BUCKLEY, S.J., Church and State in Revolutionary Virginia (Charlottesville, 1977), pp. 179–80.
14. Ibid., p. 148. By the “Bill of Rights,” the petitioner meant the Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason and adopted by the Virginia Constitutional Convention of June 12, 1776. Thomas Jefferson drew on the opening paragraphs of Virginia’s Declaration of Rights in the Declaration of Independence. In 1789, the Virginia declaration became the model for the federal Constitution’s Bill of Rights.
15. DAVID BENEDICT, A General History of the Baptist Denominations in America (Boston, 1813), vol. 2, p. 479.
16. Quoted in BUCKLEY, Church and State, p. 150.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 147.
19. Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, p. 46.
20. See BUCKLEY, Church and State, p. 191.
21. Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, p. 378.
22. Quoted in MORTON BORDEN, Jews, Turks, and Infidels (Chapel Hill, 1984), p. 12.
23. Quoted in RUSSELL NYE, The Cultural Life of the New Nation (New York, 1960) p. 198.
24. Quoted in The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, ed. JONATHAN ELIOT (Philadelphia, 1891), p. 41.
25. Quoted in BORDEN, Jews, Turks, and Infidels, p. 16.
26. D. M’ALLISTER, “Testimonies to the Religious Defect of the Constitution” (Philadelphia, 1784), in BORDEN, Jews, Turks, and Infidels, p. 41.
27. Ibid., pp. 35–36.
28. Ibid., pp. 39–40.
29. Adams-Jefferson Letters, vol. 2, p. 512.
30. Ibid.
31. Papers of George Washington, Library of Congress, vol. 325, pp. 19–20. A facsimile of Washington’s letter is available online at www.tourosynagogue.org.
CHAPTER 2: THE AGE OF REASON AND UNREASON
1. “Thomas Paine’s Second Appearance in the United States,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 4, no. 21, July 1859.
2. The Thomas Paine Reader, ed. MICHAEL FOOT AND ISAAC KRAMNICK (New York, 1987), p. 402.
3. Quoted in KOCH, Republican Religion, p. 272.
4. Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, p. 254.
5. Ibid., pp. 255–56.
6. “The Voice of Warning, to Christians, on the Ensuing Election of a President of the United States” (New York, 1800), p. 8, in koch, Republican Religion, p. 270.
7. KOCH, Republican Religion, p. 275.
8. Quoted in NYE, Cultural Life, p. 213.
9. LYMAN BEECHER, Autobiography, Correspondence, Etc., ed. CHARLES BEECHER (New York, 1864), vol. 1, p. 43.
10. TIMOTHY DWIGHT, Sermons (New Haven, 1828), vol. 1, p. 355.
11. Ibid., p. 43.
12. For a fuller discussion, see FRANCES HILL, A Delusion of Satan (New York, 1995), pp. 53–59.
13. WILLIAM BENTLEY, The Diary of William Bentley (Salem, 1905) vol. 1, p. 82.
14. Ibid., p. 88.
15. BUTLER, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 220.
16. JAMES RIKER, The Annals of Newtown, in Queens County, New-York (New York, 1852), in KOCH, Republican Religion, p. 232.
17. JOHN FELLOWS, “Memoir of Mr. Palmer” (London, 1828), p. 4, in KERRY S. WALTERS, Elihu Palmer’s “Principles of Nature” (Wolfboro, N.H., 1990), p. 9.
18. Quoted in WALTERS, Elihu Palmer’s, pp. 101–03.
19. KOCH, Republican Religion, pp. 290–91.
20. Quoted in WALTERS, Elihu Palmer’s, p. 180.
21. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Representative Selections, ed. CHESTER E. JORGENSEN and FRANK LUTHER MOTT (New York, 1936), p. 485.
22. ROBERT HALL, Modern Infidelity Considered with Respect to Its Influence on Society (Charlestown, Mass., 1801), in WALTERS, Elihu Palmer’s, p. 13.
23. TIMOTHY DWIGHT, The Duty of Americans at the Present Crisis, July 4, 1798, p. 11.
24. WILLIAM MEADE, Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1872), vol. 1, p. 175.
25. “Thomas Paine’s Second Appearance in the United States.”
26. NATHAN BANGS, A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church (New York, 1845), vol. 2, p. 21.
27. THOMAS PAINE, “Common Sense,” The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, ed. PHILIP S. FONER (New York, 1945), vol. 1, p. 13.
28. THOMAS PAINE, The Age of Reason: Part I, Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, vol. 1, p. 506.
29. “Thomas Paine’s Second Appearance in the United States.”
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid. Zoar was the city where Lot and his daughters took refuge after fleeing Sodom. In the biblical account, Zoar was the only city righteous enough to merit surviving the Lord’s destruction of all other sinful communities in the vicinity.
32. The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, vol. 2, p. 1433.
33. Ibid., pp. 1435–38.
34. BENTLEY, Diary, vol. 3, p. 442.
35. Quoted in ALFRED OWEN ALDRIDGE, Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine (Philadelphia, 1959), p. 316.
36. Beacon, August 10, 1844, in CAROL A. KOLMERTEN, The American Life of Ernestine Rose (Syracuse, 1999), p. 40.
37. MONCURE DANIEL CONWAY, The Life of Thomas Paine (New York, 1892), vol. 2, p. 428.
CHAPTER 3: LOST CONNECTIONS: ANTICLERICALISM, ABOLITIONISM, AND FEMINISM
1. Adams-Jefferson Letters, vol. 2, p. 515.
2. W. J. CASH, The Mind of the South (New York, 1941), p. 57.
3. Ibid., p. 81.
4. THOMAS BACON, Four Sermons Preached at the Parish Church of St. Peter, in Talbot County . . ., (London, 1853), in BUTLER, Awash in a Sea of Faith, pp. 144–45.
5. Liberator, August 6, 1836, in Documents of Upheaval: Selections from William Lloyd Garrison’s “The Liberator,” 1831–1865, ed. TRUMAN NELSON (New York, 1966), p. 108.
6. Quoted in CASH, Mind of the South, p. 80.
7. HENRY MAYER, All on Fire (New York, 1998), p. xix.
8. Quoted in Ibid., p. 18.
9. Quoted in Ibid., p. 30.
10. Liberator, November 21, 1845, in AILEEN S. KRADITOR, Means and Ends in American Abolitionism (New York, 1969), pp. 92–93.
11. Ibid.
12. CATHERINE H. BIRNEY, Sarah and Angelina Grimké: The First American Women Advocates of Abolition and Women’s Rights (Westport, 1885), p. 190.
13. Quoted in Ibid., p. 182.
14. History of Woman Suffrage, ed. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, SUSAN B. ANTHONY, AND MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE (Rochester, 1881), vol. 1, p. 81.
15. Ibid., pp. 82–83.
16. In Documents of Upheaval, p. 97.
17. BENTLEY, Diary, vol. 4, p. 311.
18. Quoted in KRAMNICK and MOORE, Godless Constitution, p. 139.
19. Ibid., p. 141.
20. RICHARD H. JOHN, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, 1995), p. 201.
21. Quoted in KRAMNICK and MOORE, Godless Constitution, p. 142.
22. Liberator, July 23, 1836, in Documents of Upheaval, pp. 97–98.
23. Ibid., July 30, 1836, pp. 101–102.
24. Ibid., August 6, 1836, p. 107.
25. James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters, ed. ANNA DAVIS HALLOWELL (Boston, 1884), pp. 186–87.
26. History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 1, p. 419.
27. Ibid., p. 191.
28. MAYER, All on Fire, p. 290.
29. Liberator, August 28, 1840, in Documents of Upheaval, p. 170.
30. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Eighty Years and More (Boston, 1898), pp. 147–48.
31. Ibid.
32. ELISABETH GRIFFITH, In Her Own Right: The Life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (New York, 1984), p. 55.
33. History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 1, p. 70.
34. GRIFFITH, In Her Own Right, p. 56.
35. History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 1, p. 72.
36. Ibid., p. 73.
37. New York Herald, October 25, 1850.
38. Quoted in MAYER, All on Fire, p. 391.
39. James and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters, p. 485.
40. History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 1, p. 431.
41. Ibid., p. 341.
42. KOLMERTEN, American Life, p. xviii. There is only one other full-length biography of Rose, Yuri Suhl’s 1959 Ernestine L. Rose and the Battle for Human Rights, commissioned by the Emma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women’s Clubs. Written from a Jewish perspective before the beginning of the late-twentieth-century feminist movement, the book was reissued in 1990 under the title Ernestine L. Rose: Woman’s Rights Pioneer.
43. Quoted in Ibid., p. 153.
44. Quoted in Ibid., p. 107.
45. Boston Investigator, December 12, 1855, in KOLMERTEN, American Life, p. 153.
46. History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 1, pp. 608–09.
47. Albany Express, March 1, 1854, in KOLMERTEN, American Life, p. 137.
48. Quoted in DIANNE ASHTON, Rebecca Gratz: Women and Judaism in Antebellum America (Detroit, 1977), p. 228.
49. SARA A. UNDERWOOD, Heroines of Free Thought (New York, 1876), p. 259.
CHAPTER 4: THE BELIEF AND UNBELIEF OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
1. Pittsburgh Dispatch, Jan. 28–29, 1864, in borden, Jews, Turks, and Infidels, p. 63.
2. Proceedings of the National Convention to Secure the Religious Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, Held in Cincinnati, January 31 and February 1, 1872 (Philadelphia, 1872), pp. viii–x, in BORDEN, Jews, Turks, and Infidels, p. 69.
3. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves, only those in states in rebellion against the Union. Slaves in states like Kentucky, which had remained loyal to the Union even though their laws permitted slavery, were not freed until the Thirteenth Amendment was passed in 1865.
4. BENJAMIN P. THOMAS, Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1952), p. 359.
5. Director of the U.S. Mint, Fourth Annual Report (Washington, 1896), in Truth Seeker, vol. 34, November 30, 1907.
6. RONALD C. WHITE JR., Lincoln’s Greatest Speech (New York, 2002), p. 102.
7. Quoted in WILLIAM J. WOLF, The Religion of Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1963), p. 201.
8. JOHN E. REMSBURG, Six Historic Americans (New York, 1906), pp. 34–35.
9. Ibid., p. 83.
10. WARD HILL LAMON, Life of Lincoln (Boston, 1872), p. 487.
11. JOSIAH GILBERT HOLLAND, Life of Lincoln (Springfield, Mass., 1866), p. 542.
12. Ibid., pp. 235–39.
13. LAMON, Life of Lincoln, p. 486.
14. Ibid.
15. WARD HILL LAMON, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln: 1847–1865, ed. DOROTHY LAMON TEILLARD (New York, 1895), pp. 335–36. After Ward Hill Lamon died in 1893, his daughter edited and published the personal notes and documents that her father had originally intended to use in a second volume of his 1872 Life of Lincoln—a project Lamon abandoned when the first volume sold poorly.
16. ELTON TRUEBLOOD, Abraham Lincoln: Theologian of American Anguish (New York, 1973), p. 14.
17. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, 1953), vol. 5, pp. 419–20.
18. WOLF, Religion of Abraham Lincoln, p. 186.
19. WHITE, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech, p. 201.
20. Quoted in Ibid., p. 182.
21. Ibid., pp. 202–03.
22. New York World, March 6, 1865.
23. Quoted in JAY WINIK, April 1865 (New York, 2001), p. 163.
CHAPTER 5: EVOLUTION AND ITS DISCONTENTS
1. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 1, p. 393.
2. ASA GRAY, Darwiniana (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), p. 16.
3. New York Times, September 5, 1873.
4. CHARLES DARWIN, The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man, Modern Library combined ed. (New York, 1948), p. 911.
5. Ibid., pp. 411–12.
6. SAMUEL CLEMENS to OLIVIA LANGDON, January 8, 1870, in The Bible according to Mark Twain, ed. HOWARD G. BAETZHOLD and JOSEPH B. MCCULLOUGH (New York, 1996), p. xv.
7. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 1, pp. 394–95.
8. P. R. RUSSELL, Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, no. 47 (1876), p. 153, in RONALD L. NUMBERS, The Creationists (New York, 1992), p. 5.
9. Quoted in STEPHEN JAY GOULD, Rocks of Ages (New York, 1999), pp. 119–20.
10. JAMES TURNER, Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America (Baltimore, 1985), p. 180.
11. See GEORGE E. WEBB, The Evolution Controversy in America (Lexington, 1994) p. 16.
12. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, ed. LEONARD HUXLEY (London, 1900), p. 461.
13. American Journal of Science, vol. 1, August 1895, in HUXLEY, Life and Letters, p. 461.
14. New York Times, September 23, 1876.
15. Ibid., September 24, 1876.
16. RICHARD HOFSTADTER, Social Darwinism in American Thought (Boston, 1955), p. 32.
17. Ibid., p. 10.
18. JAMES R. MOORE, The Post-Darwinian Controversies (London, 1979), pp. 164–65, from Spencer’s 1858 prospectus.
19. HERBERT SPENCER, Social Statics (New York, 1864), p. 415.
20. MOORE, Post-Darwinian Controversies, p. 167.
21. JOHN FISKE, Essays Historical and Literary (New York, 1907), pp. 275–76.
22. Ibid., pp. 235–36.
23. DARWIN, Descent of Man, pp. 500–01.
24. Ibid., p. 501.
25. Quoted in Webb, Evolution Controversy, p. 34.
26. SUSAN B. ANTHONY, Diary, April 14, 1854, in KOLMERTEN, American Life, p. 155.
27. GEORGE E. MACDONALD, Fifty Years of Freethought (New York, 1931), vol. 2, p. 330.
28. THOMAS HUXLEY to CHARLES KINGSLEY, September 23, 1860, in l. HUXLEY, Life and Letters, vol. 1, pp. 237–38.
29. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 12, p. 400.
30. J. G. OLIVER, Proceedings and Addresses at the Freethinkers Convention Held in Watkins (New York, 1878), p. 178, in TURNER, Without God, p. 247.
CHAPTER 6: THE GREAT AGNOSTIC AND THE GOLDEN AGE OF FREETHOUGHT
1. Ingersoll: Immortal Infidel, ed. ROGER E. GREELEY (Buffalo, 1977), p. 127.
2. Quoted in Ibid., p. 133.
3. KENNETH S. LATOURETTE, A History of the Expansion of Christianity (New York, 1937–45) vol. 4, p. 177.
4. MACDONALD, Fifty Years, vol. 1, p. 276.
5. Cass County Republican, October 22, 1874.
6. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 1, pp. 377–79.
7. Ibid., pp. 374–75.
8. Ibid., vol. 12, pp. 172–73.
9. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ordered “all good citizens,” under penalty of prosecution, to assist federal marshals in finding escaped slaves and returning them to their owners. Federal law had provided for the return of escaped slaves since 1793, but the stiff penalties for those who assisted the escapees were new. The law was widely defied by abolitionists, although many blacks were captured and returned to slavery during the 1850s. Intended to placate the South, the act may well have hastened the coming of civil war, since it pushed many more northern whites into the abolitionist camp.
10. Quoted in C. H. CRAMER, Royal Bob: The Life of Robert G. Ingersoll (New York, 1952), p. 30.
11. HARRY THURSTON PECK, “What Is Good English?” and Other Essays (New York, 1899), p. 236.
12. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 10, pp. 592–93.
13. New York Times, July 22, 1899.
14. New York Sun, August 26, 1876.
15. Quoted in CRAMER, Royal Bob, p. 218.
16. PECK, “What Is Good English?” pp. 234–35.
17. Quoted in CRAMER, Royal Bob, p. 102.
18. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 1, p. 371.
19. Mason City Republican, June 11, 1885, in CRAMER, Royal Bob, p. 11.
20. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 2, pp. 130–31.
21. New York Times, May 24, 1880.
22. New York Times, July 22, 1899.
23. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 1, pp. 86–90.
24. FRED WHITEHEAD and VERLE MUHRER, Freethought on the Frontier (Buffalo, 1992), pp. 15–36.
25. MERIDEL K. LESUEUR, North Star Country (Lincoln, 1984), pp. 205, 219.
26. MACDONALD, Fifty Years, vol. 2, pp. 123–24.
27. Quoted in GREELEY, Ingersoll, p. 154.
28. American Magazine, October 1911.
29. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 8, pp. 135–36.
30. Quoted in PAUL AVRICH, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, 1986), p. xii.
31. FRANK HARRIS, “Emma Goldman, the Famous Anarchist,” Contemporary Portraits, 4th ed. (New York, 1923), p. 225, in MARTHA SOLOMON, Emma Goldman (Boston, 1987) p. 1.
32. Quoted in AVRICH, Haymarket Tragedy, pp. 217–19.
33. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 8, p. 292.
34. The Letters of Robert G. Ingersoll, ed. EVA INGERSOLL WAKEFIELD (New York, 1951), pp. 627–28.
35. Ibid., p. 220.
36. Quoted in ORVIN K. LARSON, American Infidel: Robert G. Ingersoll, ed. EVA INGERSOLL WAKEFIELD (New York, 1962) p. 277.
37. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 1, p. 201.
CHAPTER 7: DAWN OF THE CULTURE WARS
1. GERTRUDE HIMMELFARB, The De-Moralization of Society: From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values (New York, 1994), p. 267.
2. The Fundamentals, edited by the Reverend A. C. DIXON, was published by the Testimony Publishing Company in Chicago.
3. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 8, pp. 136–37.
4. W. E. B. DU BOIS, The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois (New York, 1968), p. 285.
5. Ibid., p. 159.
6. Ibid., pp. 285–86. Du Bois was referring to the aggressive anticommunist activities of New York’s Cardinal Patrick Hayes, who preceded Francis J. Spellman as head of the nation’s largest Catholic diocese. By the “Communism of Christianity,” Du Bois meant the egalitarianism of the early church.
7. Ibid., p. 285.
8. “Speech to the ‘Opening Convention of the National Woman Suffrage Association, January 19 and 20, 1869,’” Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
9. GRIFFITH, In Her Own Right, p. 140.
10. MACDONALD, Fifty Years, vol. 2, p. 107.
11. History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 4, pp. 60–61.
12. Ibid., p. 59.
13. Ibid., p. 199.
14. Ibid., p. 209.
15. Quoted in IDA HUSTED HARPER, Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (Indianapolis, 1901), vol. 2, p. 847.
16. GRIFFITH, In Her Own Right, p. 297.
17. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, The Woman’s Bible (Boston, 1993), pp. 161–62.
18. Ibid., p. 113.
19. STANTON to ELIZABETH SMITH MILLER, April 19, 1897, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, Library of Congress.
20. STANTON, Woman’s Bible, p. 11.
21. Quoted in Ibid., p. 217.
22. GRIFFITH, In Her Own Right, p. xv.
23. Ibid., p. xvi.
24. Quoted in CRAMER, Royal Bob, p. 172.
25. HEYWOOD BROUN and MARGARET LEECH, Anthony Comstock: Roundsman of the Lord (New York, 1927), p. 15.
26. Quoted in BROUN and LEECH, Anthony Comstock, p. 17.
27. CHARLES C. MOORE, Behind the Bars: 31498 (Lexington, 1899), p. 87.
28. Lexington Leader, July 9, 1899, in MOORE, Behind the Bars, pp. 259–60.
29. ALISON M. PARKER, Purifying America (Chicago, 1998), p. 69.
30. Quoted in FRANK GRANGER, “Unfit to Print—Censorship of Printing,” Graphic Comm Central, 1997, www.teched.vt.edu/gcc.
31. WALT WHITMAN, Leaves of Grass Modern Library ed. (New York, 1940), pp. 314–15.
32. Boston Intelligencer, May 3, 1856.
33. EMMA GOLDMAN, Red Emma Speaks, ed. ALIX KATES SHULMAN (New York, 1983), p. 211.
34. Quoted in JUSTIN KAPLAN, Walt Whitman: A Life (New York, 1980), p. 34.
35. JEROME M. LOVING, Walt Whitman’s Champion: William Douglas O’Connor (College Station and London, 1976), p. 57. For a full discussion of the incident, see pp. 57–84.
36. WILLIAM DOUGLAS O’CONNOR, “The Good Gray Poet: A Vindication,” in Loving, Walt Whitman’s Champion, p. 168.
37. WILLIAM DOUGLAS O’CONNOR, “Suppressing Walt Whitman,” New York Tribune, May 25, 1882.
38. Quoted in BROUN AND LEECH, Anthony Comstock, p. 170.
39. LOVING, Walt Whitman’s Champion, p. 138.
40. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, as Revealed in Her Letters, Diaries, and Reminiscences, ed. THEODORE STANTON and HARRIET STANTON BLATCH (New York, 1922), p. 210.
41. Quoted in SHERRY CENIZA, Walt Whitman and 19th-Century Women Reformers (Tuscaloosa, 1998), p. 237.
42. Ibid.
43. New York Herald, March 31, 1892.
44. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 12, pp. 475–76.
CHAPTER 8: UNHOLY TRINITY: ATHEISTS, REDS, DARWINISTS
1. Quoted in LAWRENCE W. LEVINE, Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan. The Last Decade, 1915–1925 (New York, 1965), p. 279.
2. Quoted in WEBB, Evolution Controversy, p. 63.
3. MAYNARD M. METCALF, An Outline of the Theory of Organic Evolution (New York, 1904), pp. xix–xx, in Numbers, Creationists, p. 37.
4. Truth Seeker, August 20, 1904.
5. “Socialism, Communism, and Nihilism,” The Great Encyclical Letters of Leo XIII (New York, 1903), p. 23.
6. ROGER BALDWIN, New York Herald Tribune Books, October 25, 1931.
7. BALDWIN, “Reminiscences,” in ROBERT C. COTTRELL, Roger Nash Baldwin and the American Civil Liberties Union (New York, 2000), p. 30.
8. EMMA GOLDMAN, “Rebel Thoughts,” Woman Rebel, June 1914.
9. GOLDMAN, Mother Earth, May 1916, pp. 426–430.
10. ELLEN CHESLER, Woman of Valor (New York, 1992), p. 87.
11. CLARENCE DARROW, The Story of My Life (New York, 1932), p. 218.
12. Quoted in PETER IRONS, A People’s History of the Supreme Court (New York, 1999), p. 268.
13. New York Times, December 22, 1919.
14. Ibid., December 23, 1919.
15. FREDERICK LEWIS ALLEN, Only Yesterday (New York, 1959), pp. 48–49.
16. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN, “The Menace of Darwinism,” Commoner, April 1921, p. 5.
17. DARROW, Story, p. 32.
18. Quoted in LESLIE HENRI ALLEN, Bryan and Darrow at Dayton (New York, 1967), pp. 7–9.
19. New York Times, August 14, 1926.
20. ALLEN, Only Yesterday, p. 171.
21. Quoted in WEBB, Evolution Controversy, p. 101.
22. New York Times, July 13, 1926.
23. See WEBB, Evolution Controversy, pp. 110–34.
24. SINCLAIR LEWIS, Babbitt (New York, 2002), p. 16.
25. BRUCE BARTON, preface to The Man Nobody Knows (New York, 1924), n.p.
26. BARTON, Man Nobody Knows, p. 129.
27. Ibid., pp. 179–80.
28. National Education Association, Journal of Proceedings and Address . . . 1888 (Topeka, 1888), p. 158, in PHILIP GLEASON, Keeping the Faith: American Catholicism Past and Present (Notre Dame, 1986), p. 124.
29. Quoted in VINCENT P. LANNIE, Public Money and Parochial Education (Cleveland, 1968), p. 253.
30. See CHESLER, Woman of Valor, pp. 201–05.
31. INGERSOLL, Works, vol. 4, p. 505.
32. Quoted in CHESLER, Woman of Valor, p. 212.
33. EMANUEL HALDEMAN-JULIUS, The World of Haldeman-Julius (New York, 1960), p. 28.
34. Ibid., p. 30.
35. HARRY GOLDEN, in HALDEMAN-JULIUS, The World, p. 5.
36. ALLAN NEVINS, preface to American Freethought: 1860–1914, by Sidney Warren (New York, 1943), p. 9.
37. MACDONALD, Fifty Years, vol. 2, pp. 609–10.
38. DARROW, Story, p. 279.
CHAPTER 9: ONWARD, CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS
1. GARTH JOWETT, Film: The Democratic Art. A Social History of American Film (Boston, 1976), pp. 233–59.
2. THOMAS C. REEVES, America’s Bishop: The Life and Times of Fulton J. Sheen (San Francisco, 2001), p. 102.
3. DONALD F. CROSBY, God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church (Chapel Hill, 1978), p. 24.
4. SAMUEL WALKER, In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU (Carbondale, 1990), p. 100.
5. Near v. Minnesota, 283 US 697.
6. See CHESLER, Woman of Valor, p. 330.
7. DAVID O’BRIEN, American Catholics and Social Reform (New York, 1960), p. 96.
8. DONALD WARREN, Radio Priest: Charles Coughlin, the Father of Hate Radio (New York, 1996).
9. See REEVES, America’s Bishop, pp. 10–11.
10. Boston Post, May 3, 1936, in REEVES, America’s Bishop, p. 107.
11. Quoted in SHELDON MARCUS, Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life of the Priest of the Little Flower (Boston, 1973), p. 28.
12. Detroit News, July 17, 1936.
13. Quoted in MARCUS, Father Coughlin, p. 213.
14. For a fuller discussion of Roosevelt’s role, see MARCUS, Father Coughlin, pp. 208–24.
15. Washington Post, March 26, 1942.
16. See REEVES, America’s Bishop, pp. 108–10.
17. Quoted in Ibid., p. 100.
18. New York Times, April 23, 1939.
19. Ibid.
20. See DAVID I. KERTZER, The Popes against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism (New York, 2001); JAMES CARROLL, Constantine’s Sword (Boston, 2001); and GARRY WILLS, Papal Sin: Structures of Deceit (New York, 2000).
21. Quoted in PAUL BLANSHARD, American Freedom and Catholic Power (Boston, 1958), p. 104.
22. WALKER, In Defense, p. 109.
23. HARLAN F. STONE, “The Conscientious Objector,” Columbia University Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 4 (October 1919), p. 269.
24. WALKER, In Defense, p. 151.
25. See JAMES MACGREGOR BURNS, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York, 1956) and Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York, 1970).
CHAPTER 10: THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES
1. 330 US 1, 1947.
2. VASHTI CROMWELL MCCOLLUM, One Woman’s Fight (Boston, 1961), p. 98.
3. MARTIN E. MARTY, Modern American Religion: Under God, Indivisible, 1941–1960 (Chicago, 1996), vol. 3, pp. 225–26.
4. 333 US 203.
5. BLANSHARD, American Freedom, p. 1.
6. Ibid., p. 3.
7. ARTHUR HAYES SULZBERGER to Christian Herald, May 10, 1949, in the Herald, September 1950.
8. ELEANOR ROOSEVELT, “My Day,” June 23, 1949.
9. SPELLMAN TO ROOSEVELT, New York Times, July 26, 1949.
10. New York World-Telegram, July 26, 1949.
11. ROOSEVELT to SPELLMAN, New York Times, July 28, 1949.
12. BLANSHARD, American Freedom, p. 7.
13. NORMAN VINCENT PEALE, The Power of Positive Thinking (New York, 1963), p. viii. The first edition of Peale’s book was published by Prentice-Hall in 1952.
14. REEVES, America’s Bishop, p. 1.
15. New York Times, March 12, 1934.
16. BILLY GRAHAM, “Billy Graham’s Own Story: ‘God Is My Witness,’” McCall’s, May 1964.
17. MARSHALL FRADY, Billy Graham: A Parable of American Righteousness (Boston, 1979), p. 292.
18. Ibid., p. 310.
19. Quoted in GEORGE BURNHAM and LEE FISHER, Billy Graham and the New York Crusade (Grand Rapids, 1957), pp. 189–90.
20. Quoted in ROBERT I. GANNON, The Cardinal Spellman Story (London, 1962), p. 330.
21. Quoted in FRADY, Billy Graham, p. 237.
22. Ibid.
23. MADALYN O’HAIR, Why I Am an Atheist (Austin, 1991), p. 5.
CHAPTER 11: CULTURE WARS REDUX
1. New York Times, January 26, 2003.
2. Quoted in THEODORE C. SORENSEN, Kennedy (New York, 1971), p. 194.
3. New York Times, June 26, 1962.
4. 370 US 421.
5. Quoted in WALKER, In Defense, p. 225.
6. New York Times, June 26, 1962.
7. “Fundamentalism,” Handbook of Texas Online, a project of the General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin and the Texas State Historical Association (Austin, 2002), www.tsha.utexas.edu.
8. “How Whites Feel about Negroes,” Newsweek, October 21, 1963, pp. 45–57.
9. I am indebted for this observation to the Reverend CARLTON W. VEAZEY, for many years pastor of a predominantly black Baptist church in Washington, D.C., and now president of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice, a national interfaith organization based in Washington.
10. See TAYLOR BRANCH, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965 (New York, 1998), p. 121–22.
11. Ibid., p. 122.
12. See JAMES J. HENNESEY, American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States (New York, 1981), p. 306.
13. ARNOLD JACOB WOLF, “The Negro Revolution and Jewish Theology,” Judaism, 13:4 (1964), pp. 478–79, in MARC SCHNEIER, Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Jewish Community (Woodstock, Vt., 1999), p. 126.
14. ALEX AYRES, The Wisdom of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York, 1993), p. 139, in SCHNEIER, Shared Dreams, p. 55.
15. New York Times, March 30, 1965.
16. Ibid.
17. RENATA ADLER, “Letter from Selma,” New Yorker, April 10, 1965.
18. Quoted in WILLIAM BRADFORD HUIE, Three Lives for Mississippi (New York, 1965), p. 237.
19. W. E. B. DU BOIS, The Crisis Writings, ed. DANIEL WALDEN (Greenwich, 1972), pp. 352–53.
20. See HUIE, Three Lives, pp. 110–11.
21. Interview with author, February 12, 2003.
22. See HUIE, Three Lives, pp. 167–92.
23. MARY STANTON, From Selma to Sorrow: The Life and Death of Viola Liuzzo (New York, 1998) p. 135. This anecdote is based on an interview with Liuzzo’s daughter, MARY. At the time, Catholic teaching did maintain that the souls of unbaptized infants must remain in limbo—a state which, unlike hell, involves no physical suffering but which deprives the unbaptized soul of the presence of God. However, the Second Vatican Council revised that doctrine, and Catholics now believe that an unbaptized, stillborn infant—who cannot have committed any sin—goes straight to heaven.
24. JAMES and LUCRETIA MOTT: Life and Letters, p. 341.
25. Time, May 14, 1965.
26. Quoted in RICHARD K. TUCKER, The Dragon and the Cross: The Rise and Fall of the Ku Klux Klan in Middle America (Hamden: 1991), pp. 189–90.
27. BETTY FRIEDAN, The Feminine Mystique (New York, 1970), p. 80.
28. See HUIE, Three Lives, pp. 201–09.
29. SUSAN BROWNMILLER, In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (New York, 1999), p. 102.
30. 410 US 113.
31. BROWNMILLER, In Our Time, p. 135.
CHAPTER 12: REASON EMBATTLED
1. The address was reprinted in First Things: The Journal of Religion and Public Life, May 2002.
2. SEAN WILENTZ, “From Justice Scalia, a Chilling Vision of Religion’s Authority in America,” New York Times, July 8, 2002.
3. 1999 Gallup Poll, cited in NATALIE ANGIER, “Confessions of a Lonely Atheist,” New York Times Magazine, January 14, 2001.
4. See “Faith-Based Plans Backed, but Church-State Doubts Abound,” April 10, 2001, Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (www.pewforum.org).
5. Atlantic, March 2003.
6. WEBB, Evolution Controversy, p. 254.