Roger Williams
1. Letter from Roger Williams to the Town of Providence, in Publications of the Narragansett Club, 1st series, vol. 6 (Providence: Narragansett Club, 1874), 279.
2. Williams’s religious basis for the separation of church and state was not rooted in acceptance of other religions; he actively sought to convert non-Christians. His views were rooted in Puritan tenets. From these he derived the belief that, since mankind is comprised of those who are bestowed with Divine Grace and those who are not, and since we cannot know who among us has been bestowed with Grace, forced worship brings suffering to those bestowed with Grace by empowering others—whom we have no way of knowing whether or not they are bestowed with Grace—to impose laws regarding a realm where only God has jurisdiction. See Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, ed. Richard Groves (Macon: University of Georgia Press, 2001); Alan Simpson, “How Democratic Was Roger Williams?” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 13, no. 1 (January 1956): 53–67.
3. Simpson, “How Democratic Was Roger Williams?”; Mauro Calamandrei, “Neglected Aspects of Roger Williams’ Thought,” Church History 21, no. 3 (September 1952): 239–58; Sidney V. James, “Ecclesiastical Authority in the Land of Roger Williams,” New England Quarterly, 57, no. 3 (September 1984): 323–46.
4. LeRoy Moore Jr., “Roger Williams and the Historians,” Church History 32, no. 4 (December 1963): 432–51; Sacvan Bercovitch, “The Typology of America’s Mission,” American Quarterly 30, no. 2 (Summer 1978): 135–55.
5. Roger Williams, “Mr. Cotton’s Letter Examined and Answered,” in Publications of the Narragansett Club, 1st series, vol. 1 (Providence: Narragansett Club, 1866), 325.
6. LeRoy Moore, “Roger Williams and the Revolutionary Era,” Church History 34, no. 1 (March 1965): 57–61.
7. Edmund J. Carpenter, Roger Williams: A Study of the Life, Times and Character of a Political Pioneer (New York: Grafton, 1909), 126.
Augustine Herman
1. Samuel Hazard, ed., Annals of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Hazard and Mitchell, 1815), 281.
2. Francis Vincent, A History of the State of Delaware (Philadelphia: John Campbell, 1870), 320.
3. James McSherry, History of Maryland (Baltimore: Baltimore Book Company, 1904), 246–49.
Robert Jenkins’s Ear
1. Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich the Second, called Frederick the Great, vol. 2 (New York: Harper, 1868), 503.
Robert Tufton Mason
1. Collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society, vol. 8 (Concord: New Hampshire Historical Society, 1866), 264.
2. Letter from the General Court of Massachusetts to Oliver Cromwell (1651), in Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Massachusetts Bay, 2nd ed. (London: M. Richardson, 1765), 521.
3. Letter from New England Ministers to Oliver Cromwell (1650), in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series, vol. 2 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1854), 118.
4. Petition of Robert Mason, in Albert Stillman Batchellor, ed., State of New Hampshire Documents Relating to the Masonian Patent, vol. 29 (Concord, NH: Edward Pearson, 1896), 101–3.
5. Gov. John Endicott to Charles II (1661), in Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1917), 454–55.
6. Opinion of Sir Geoffrey Palmer, Nov. 8, 1660, in Batchellor, State of New Hampshire Documents, 106–7.
7. A. H. Buffinton, “The Isolationist Policy of Colonial Massachusetts,” New England Quarterly, 1, no. 2 (April 1928): 161.
8. Charles II to Massachusetts Government, March 10, 1675, in Batchellor, State of New Hampshire Documents, 111.
9. Publications of the Prince Society: Capt. John Mason (Boston: Prince Society, 1887), 104–5.
10. Royal Commission on New Hampshire (1679), in William Forsyth, Cases and Opinions of Constitutional Law (London: Stevens and Haynes, 1869), 136.
11. Charles II to Massachusetts Government (1682), in Batchellor, State of New Hampshire Documents, 123.
12. Jeremy Belknap, The History of New Hampshire, vol. 1 (Dover, NH: S. C. Stevens and Ela & Wadleigh, 1831), 114–15.
13. Allen’s daughter was married to Massachusetts Governor John Usher. Under Usher’s leadership, Massachusetts bought Gorges’s claim to Maine, finalizing its annexation of the territory. Why Massachusetts did not also purchase the Mason claim is unknown. See John Gorham Palfrey, History of New England, vol. 4 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1897), 207; Belknap, History of New Hampshire, 1:252.
14. Isaac W. Hammond, ed., State of New Hampshire, Miscellaneous Provincial and State Papers: 1725–1800, vol. 18 (Manchester: John B. Clarke, 1890), 72.
Lord Fairfax
1. Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of George Washington, vol. 1 (New York: Putnam, 1889), 4.
2. William Hand Brown, ed., Archives of Maryland: Letters to Governor Horatio Sharpe (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1911), 15.
3. James V. L. McMahon, Historical View of the Government of Maryland, vol. 1 (Baltimore: Lucas, Cushing, 1831), 64–65.
Mason and Dixon
1. Anonymous, “The Rights o’ Man,” Punch 38 (January 28, 1860): 41.
2. Edwin Danson, Drawing the Line: How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America (New York: John Wiley, 2001), 54–55.
3. H. W. Robinson, “Jeremiah Dixon (1733–1779): A Biographical Note,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 94, no. 3 (June 20, 1950): 273.
4. Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, Field Notes and Astronomical Observations (autograph manuscript), in Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, PA: Edwin H. Meyers, 1887), 145.
5. Thomas D. Cope, “Some Contacts of Benjamin Franklin with Mason and Dixon and Their Work,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 95, no. 3 (June 12, 1951): 238.
Zebulon Butler
1. Williamson, James R., and Linda A. Fossler, Zebulon Butler: Hero of the Revolutionary Frontier (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995), 14.
2. Albert Henry Smyth, ed., The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 10 (New York: Macmillan, 1907), 215.
3. Williamson and Fossler, Zebulon Butler, 61.
4. Robert J. Taylor, ed., The Susquehannah Company Papers, vol. 7 (New York: Cornell University Press, 1969), 245–46.
Ethan Allen
1. Connecticut Courant, June 1—June 8, 1773.
2. Walter Hill Crockett, Vermont: The Green Mountain State, vol. 1 (New York: Century History, 1921), 182.
3. Ibid., 338.
4. Ibid., 341.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Hugh Moore, Memoir of Col. Ethan Allen (Plattsburgh, NY: O. R. Cook, 1834), 48–62.
7. Prentiss C. Dodge, Encyclopedia Vermont Biography (Burlington, VT: Ullery Publishing, 1912), 12.
8. Ibid., 15.
Thomas Jefferson
1. Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, in The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia, ed. John P. Foley (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1900), 940.
2. H. Hale Bellot, “Thomas Jefferson in American Historiography,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, vol. 4 (1954): 135–55.
3. Robert F. Berkhofer Jr., “Jefferson, the Ordinance of 1784, and the Origins of the American Territorial System,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 29, no. 2 (April 1972): 231.
4. Jefferson to Monroe, July 9, 1786, in Berkhofer, “Jefferson, the Ordinance,” 257.
5. J. M. Keating, History of the City of Memphis, Tennessee (Syracuse, NY: D. Mason, 1888), 72–78.
6. Congress did not officially adopt Jefferson’s proposed surveying method until it enacted the Land Ordinance of 1785.
John Meares
1. J. Richard Nokes, Almost a Hero: The Voyages of John Meares, R.N., to China, Hawaii, and the Northwest Coast (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1998), 9–11.
2. John Meares, “Memorial to the House of Commons,” in London Daily Advertiser, May 20, 1770.
3. Public Advertiser (London), May 31, 1790; November 10, 1790.
4. “[There is a] settlement at the Columbia River … formed before the late war [of 1812] and broken up by the British … in the course of it.… As the British government admit explicitly their obligation under the first article of the treaty of Ghent to restore the post, there can be no question with regard to the right of the United States to resume it.” Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Writings of John Quincy Adams, vol. 6 (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 402–3.
5. John Meares, Voyages Made in the Years 1788 and 1789 from China to the North-West Coast of America (1790; repr., New York: Da Capo Press, 1967).
6. London World, February 23, 1791.
Benjamin Banneker
1. Davis S. Shields, ed., American Poetry: The 17th and 18th Centuries (New York: Penguin, 2007), 574.
2. Sylvio A. Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (New York: Scribner, 1972), 17.
3. Martha E. Tyson, “Banneker: The Afric-American Astronomer,” in The Posthumous Papers of Martha E. Tyson, edited by Her Daughter (Philadelphia: Friends’ Book Association, 1884).
4. Pennsylvania Mercury, October 15, 1791.
5. Michael Hardt, ed., Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence (New York: Verso, 2007), 85.
6. Ibid., 86.
7. Bedini, Life of Benjamin Banneker, 238.
Jesse Hawley
1. Jesse Hawley [pseud. Hercules], Genesee Messenger (New York), January 1807, in David Hosack, Memoir of DeWitt Clinton (New York: J. Seymour, 1829), 311.
2. Ibid., 323.
3. Cadwallader Colden, The History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada Which Are Dependent on the Province of New York in America and Are the Barrier Between the English and French in that Part of the World (1724), in Ibid., 234.
4. John Lauritz Larson, “ ‘Bind the Republic Together’: The National Union and the Struggle for a System of Internal Improvements,” Journal of American History 74, no. 2 (September 1987): 363–87; Pamela L. Baker, “The Washington National Road Bill and the Struggle to Adopt a Federal System of Internal Improvement,” Journal of the Early Republic 22, no. 3 (Autumn 2002): 437–64.
5. Hosack, Memoir of DeWitt Clinton, 347.
6. Gerard Koeppel, Bond of Union: Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2009), 7.
7. William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness, or the History of the First Settlements in the Western Counties of New York with Useful Instructions to Future Settlers (Dublin: Gilbert and Hodges, 1810), 21–22.
8. Daily National Intelligencer (Washington, DC), May 19, 1813; Roy I. Wolf, “Transportation and Politics: The Example of Canada,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 52, no. 2 (June 1962): 176–90; Don C. Sowers, “The Financial History of New York State from 1789 to 1912,” Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, vol. 57 (New York: Columbia University, 1914), 61.
9. Rochester Democrat, repr. in Cleveland Daily Herald, January 17, 1842; Albany Evening Journal, repr. in New York Spectator (New York City), January 19, 1842; Milwaukee Journal, February 2, 1842.
James Brittain
1. Robert Scott Davis Jr., “The Settlement at the Head of the French Broad River or the Bizarre Story of the First Walton County, Georgia,” North Carolina Genealogical Journal 7, no. 2 (May 1981): 65.
2. In addition to Davis’s “Settlement at the Head of the French Broad River,” Brittain is named in Alexia Jones Helsley and George Alexander Jones, A Guide to Historic Henderson County, North Carolina (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007); Harry McKown, “December, 1810: The Walton War,” This Month in North Carolina History (December 2006), http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/ref/nchistory/dec2006/index.html; Jim Brittain, “History Corner,” Mills River, North Carolina Newsletter 5, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 2.
3. Theodore Davidson, Genesis of Buncombe County (Asheville, NC: Citizen Company, 1922), 78.
4. Ibid., 119. The name of the grand jury foreman, William Whitson, also appears with Brittain’s in the list of dismissed commissioners. Whitson was also Brittain’s commanding officer in the state militia.
5. John Preston Arthur, Western North Carolina: A History from 1730 to 1913 (Raleigh, NC: Edwards and Broughton, 1914), 19, 33.
6. Martin Reidinger, “The Walton War and the Georgia-North Carolina Boundary Dispute” (unpublished manuscript), North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1981, cited in “State’s First Walton County Caused Ruckus,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 3, 2007.
7. Cal Carpenter, The Walton War and Tales of the Great Smoky Mountains (Lakewood, GA: Copple House Books, 1979), 26; Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 3, 2007.
8. Jim Brittain, “History Corner,” Mills River, North Carolina Newsletter 1, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 3.
9. Lucian Lamar Knight, A Standard History of Georgia and Georgians, vol. 1 (New York: Lewis, 1917), 456. Similarly, a history of Georgia coauthored by a former governor states, “A number of minor controversies concerning the boundaries have occurred at different times, but they were mostly local in character and have been settled by the mutual agreement of the state authorities. Between 1803 and 1818 several of these disputes arose between Georgia and North Carolina. In the fall of 1881 …” The transition to 1881 is a considerable leap. See also Allen D. Candler and Clement A. Davis, Georgia: Comprising Sketches of the Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form, vol. 3 (Atlanta: Georgia State Historical Association, 1906), 207.
10. Arthur, Western North Carolina, 33.
Reuben Kemper
1. Andrew McMichael, “The Kemper ‘Rebellion’: Filibustering and Resident Anglo American Loyalty in Spanish West Florida,” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 43, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 136.
2. Isaac Joslin Cox, The West Florida Controversy, 1798–1818 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1918), 152.
3. McMichael, “The Kemper ‘Rebellion,’ ” 149.
Richard Rush
1. Richard Rush, Residence at the Court of London, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1872), 77–78.
2. National Intelligencer (Washington, DC), July 28, 1812.
3. National Intelligencer, October 19, 1813; November 30, 1813; March 31, 1815; March 29, 1815.
4. Letter from Charles Bagot to Lord Binning, Sept. 26, 1818, in George Canning, George Canning and His Friends, vol. 2 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1909), 85–86.
5. Rush, Residence, 314.
6. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, vol. 10 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1856), 160–61.
7. Rush, Residence, 437.
8. Letter from Rush to Democratic Citizens of Penn District, in Daily National Intelligencer, November 16, 1850.
Nathaniel Pope
1. William A. Meese, “Nathaniel Pope,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 3, no. 4 (January 1911): 7–8.
2. Pope to New York senator Rufus King, in James A. Edstrom, “ ‘Candour and Good Faith’: Nathaniel Pope and the Admission Enabling Act of 1818,” Illinois Historical Journal 88, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 244.
3. Ibid., 246.
4. J. Seymour Currey, Chicago: Its History and Its Builders, vol. 1 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1912), 118. In the nineteenth century, the same wording had appeared as a description of Pope’s argument in Congress, in John Moses, Illinois: Historical and Statistical, vol. 1 (Chicago: Fergus Printing, 1889), 227. Pope is recorded as saying that access to Lake Michigan “would afford additional security to the perpetuity of the Union, inasmuch as the state would thereby be connected with the states of Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York through the Lakes.” Annals of Congress, 15th Cong., 1st sess., 1678.
5. Alexander Davidson and Bernard Stuvé, A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873 (Springfield: Illinois Journal, 1874), 295–96.
6. William Radebaugh, The Boundary Dispute between Illinois and Wisconsin (Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1904).
John Hardeman Walker
1. Robert Sidney Douglass, History of Southeast Missouri, vol. 1 (Chicago: Lewis Publishing, 1912), 242.
2. Samuel Cummings, The Western Pilot (Cincinnati: G. Conclin, 1848), 138–42; “Account by John Hardeman Walker,” transcription and notes by Susan E. Hough, U.S. Geological Survey, July 2000, http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/hough/walker.html.
3. Ibid., 142.
4. Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri’s Struggle for Statehood: 1804–1821 (Jefferson City, MO: Hugh Stevens Printing, 1916), 39.
5. H. Dwight Weaver, “Bootheel Politics, Frontier Style,” Missouri Resources Magazine (Winter 1999–2000), 21.
John Quincy Adams
1. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 4 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1875), 208–9.
2. Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Writings of John Quincy Adams, vol. 6 (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 384.
3. Adams, Memoirs, vol. 4, 108–10, 115.
4. Ford, Writings, vol. 6, 346.
5. Ibid., 306.
6. William Graham Sumner, American Statesmen: Andrew Jackson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 104.
7. Adams, Memoirs, vol. 8, 484.
Sequoyah
1. Two notable critics of Sequoyah historiography are John B. Davis, “The Life and Work of Sequoyah,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 8, no. 2 (June 1930): 49–180, and Traveller Bird, Tell Them They Lie: The Sequoyah Myth (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1971).
2. Samuel C. Williams, “The Father of Sequoyah: Nathaniel Gist,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 15, no. 1 (March 1937): 3–20.
3. Traveller Bird, Tell Them They Lie, 45–46, 113.
4. S. Charles Bolton, “Jeffersonian Indian Removal and the Emergence of Arkansas Territory,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 62, no. 3 (Autumn 2003): 253–71.
5. Thomas Valentine Parker, The Cherokee Indians (New York: Grafton, 1907), 13.
6. American State Papers: Indian Affairs, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834), 145.
7. George E. Foster, Se-quo-yah, the American Cadmus and Modern Moses (Philadelphia: Indian Rights Association, 1885), 106.
8. Daily National Journal (Washington, DC), May 5, 1828; Harold D. Moser et al., The Papers of Andrew Jackson, vol. 3 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991), 52–53.
9. Charles Russell Logan, The Promised Land: The Cherokees, Arkansas, and Removal, 1794–1839 (Little Rock: Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, n.d.), 21.
Stevens T. Mason
1. Quite possibly John Quincy Adams did make this statement, or something much like it. The bill was highly controversial and strongly opposed by Adams, who had returned to Congress after his presidency. Adams’s statement of outrage at the beginning of this chapter has previously been cited in Thomas M. Cooley, Michigan: A History of Governments (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1905), 219; Henry M. Utley and Byron M. Cutcheon, Michigan as a Province, Territory, and State, vol. 2 (New York: Publishing Society of Michigan, 1906), 358; Willis F. Dunbar and George S. May, Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman, 1980), 257; and other sources. None of these sources, however, is a history of Ohio. Ohio historians may be censoring Adams, or they may have excluded the statement because there is no evidence that he said it. Adams did say, “The report of the committee of the Senate simply declares that the committee had no doubt of the right of Congress to settle the disputed boundary conformably to the claim of Ohio. That report, I think I have seen qualified in one of the official documents from the State of Ohio, as a very able report. Yes sir, and this great ability consisted in a simple declaration … of the power of Congress to settle the boundary—but not one iota of argument, nor one single allusion, to any question of right between the parties.” See Congressional Globe, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 2095.
2. The map used was by John Mitchell, Amérique septentrionale avec les routes, distances en miles, villages, et etablissements françois et anglois (Paris: M. Hawkins, Brigardier des armées du roi, 1776).
3. Don Faber, The Toledo War: The First Michigan-Ohio Rivalry (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008), 25.
4. Report of the Committee on the Business of the State of Ohio (Feb. 4, 1803), in the Scioto Gazette (Ohio), February 2, 1804.
5. Lewis Cass to Howard Tiffin, November 1, 1817, in T. C. Mendenhall and A. A. Graham, “Boundary Line between Ohio and Indiana, and between Ohio and Michigan,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, vol. 4 (Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1895), 161.
6. Over a century later, it was discovered that Congress had never voted specifically on an act to admit Ohio into the Union. In 1953 Congress retroactively admitted Ohio to the Union as of March 1803.
7. Lawton T. Hemans, The Life and Times of Stevens Thomson Mason (Lansing: Michigan Historical Commission, 1920), 53–54.
8. Scioto Gazette, August 17, 1831.
9. “Attorney General Opinion,” Message of the Governor of Ohio at the Second Session of the Thirty-third General Assembly (Columbus, OH: James B. Gardiner, 1835), 39.
10. Monroe Sentinel (Michigan), reprinted in Cleveland Herald, July 23, 1835.
11. Hemans, Life and Times, 423–44.
Robert Lucas
1. Robert Lucas to William Kendall, in “Biography of Robert Lucas by a Citizen of Columbus,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications 17 (1908): 167–68.
2. In the first case, which involved New York and New Jersey, New York boycotted the proceedings. The second, between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, came before the court in 1834, and not until 1838—the year Lucas became governor—did it finally decide how to rule on it. New Jersey v. New York, 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 284 (1831); Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 37 U.S. 12 Pet. 657 (1838).
3. Ohio Statesman (Columbus), November 22, 1839.
4. Missouri Argus (St. Louis), November 29, 1839.
5. Claude S. Larzelere, Harlow Lindley, and Bernard C. Steiner, “The Iowa-Missouri Dispute Boundary,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3, no. 1 (June 1916): 80–81.
Daniel Webster
1. Wendell Phillips, Speeches, Lectures, and Letters (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1894), 45.
2. Maryland Gazette and Political Intelligencer (Annapolis), May 23, 1822.
3. Bangor Register (Maine), April 6, 1826.
4. J. Chris Arndt, “Maine in the Northeastern Boundary Controversy: States’ Rights in Antebellum New England,” New England Quarterly 62, no. 2 (June 1989): 205–23; Boston Courier, January 16, 1832.
5. Maurice G. Baxter, One and Inseparable: Daniel Webster and the Union (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 41, 276–77, 285, 502; Irving H. Bartlett, Daniel Webster (New York: Norton, 1978), 200–207, 281–86.
6. Wilfred Ellsworth Binkley and Malcolm Charles Moos, A Grammar of American Politics: The National Government (New York: Knopf, 1949), 265.
7. Ephraim Douglass Adams, “Lord Ashburton and the Treaty of Washington,” American Historical Review 17, no. 4 (July 1912): 779.
8. Arndt, “Maine,” 219–220; George Ticknor Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, 5th ed., vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1893), 278–83; Richard N. Current, “Webster’s Propaganda and the Ashburton Treaty,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 34, no. 2 (September 1947): 189.
9. Current, “Webster’s Propaganda,” 189; Arndt, “Maine,” 221; J. P. D. Dunbahin, “Red Lines of the Maps: The Impact of Cartographical Errors on the Border between the United States and British North America,” Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 50 (1998): 105–25; Lawrence Martin and Samuel Flagg Bemis, “Franklin’s Red-Line Map Was a Mitchell,” New England Quarterly 10, no. 1 (March 1937): 105–11.
10. Machias Seal Island, between the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy, remains under dispute to this day. See Paul Schmidt, “Machias Seal Island: A Geopolitical Anomaly” (master’s thesis, University of Vermont, 1991), http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/online/Schmidt.htm.
11. “An Account of the Post-Mortem Examination of the late Hon. Daniel Webster,” New York Journal of Medicine (1853): 281.
12. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 2 (New York: Hearst’s International Library, 1914), 557.
James K. Polk
1. Hans Sperber, “ ‘Fifty-Four Forty or Fight’: Facts and Fictions,” American Speech 32, no. 1 (February 1957): 5–11; Edwin A. Miles, “ ‘Fifty-Four Forty or Fight’: An American Political Legend,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44, no. 2 (September 1957): 291–309.
2. Translated in The Liberator (Boston), May 23, 1845.
3. Walter R. Borneman, Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America (New York: Random House, 2008), 194–96.
4. R. L. Schuyler, “Polk and the Oregon Compromise,” Political Science Quarterly 26, no. 3 (September 1911): 460–61.
Robert M. T. Hunter
1. Robert M. T. Hunter, Speech on the Subject of the Retrocession of Alexandria to Virginia in the House of Representatives, May 8, 1846 (Alexandria: Printed at offices of Alexandria Gazette, 1846), 8, 11.
2. South Port American (Wisconsin), July 10, 1846.
3. Raymond Gazette (Mississippi), July 17, 1846.
4. National Intelligencer (Washington, DC), May 23, 1803.
5. The canal to which Hunter referred was the Alexandria Canal, which crossed the Potomac from the terminus of the C&O Canal at Georgetown and continued along the Virginia side of the river to Alexandria.
6. Amos B. Casselman, “The Virginia Portion of the District of Columbia,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 12 (1909): 116–17.
7. Frederick Merk, “Dissent in the Mexican War,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd series, vol. 81 (1969): 120–36.
8. National Intelligencer, January 1, 1838; January 14, 1846.
9. Mark David Richards, “The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia, 1801–2004,” Washington History 16, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2004): 54–82.
Sam Houston
1. James L. Haley, Sam Houston (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), 7–26.
2. John P. Erwin, son-in-law of the secretary of state, was appointed postmaster for Nashville (Sam Houston’s congressional district) over numerous nominees Houston had forwarded to President John Quincy Adams. Houston had some choice words regarding the fitness of the secretary of state’s son-in-law, who took offense and enlisted a well-known duelist, John T. Smith, to deliver the note bearing his challenge. Smith, accompanied by General White, serving as his witness, approached Houston, but Houston refused to accept a note from one who was of lower station, as provided in the code duello. White took issue with Houston’s interpretation of the code duello, thus insulting Houston’s honor and resulting in White’s accepting Houston’s challenge to meet on the field of honor.
3. Alex W. Terrell, “Recollections of General Sam Houston,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 16, no. 2 (October, 1912): 113–36.
4. Haley, Sam Houston, 52–61.
5. M. K. Wisehart, Sam Houston: American Giant (Washington, DC: Luce Publishers, 1962), 56.
6. Niles’ Weekly Register (Washington, DC), August 27, 1831, citing the Nashville Banner with a note stating “The editor of that paper says it is published as a ‘matter of business.’ ”
7. New York Herald, December 7, 1836. The copy of the president’s message obtained by the New York Herald differs, in the section quoted, from the final draft sent to Congress, which appears in the Register of Debates, appendix, 24th Cong., 2nd sess., 1.
8. William Carey Crane, Life and Select Literary Remains of Sam Houston (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1884), 368–69.
9. Congressional Globe, appendix, 31st Cong., 1st sess., 102. Later, Abraham Lincoln, in his acceptance speech for the Illinois Republican Party’s nomination for Senate in 1858, declared, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Though stated without attribution, the words in his printed text were enclosed in quotation marks.
John A. Sutter
1. John A. Sutter Sr., “Reminiscences,” manuscript (Bancroft Library, University of California—Berkeley), 23; Albert L. Hurtado, John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006), 58.
2. Report of Thomas O. Larkin (April 12, 1844), New York Herald, June 22, 1844.
3. Hurtado, John Sutter, 158.
4. John A. Sutter Jr., The Sutter Family and the Origins of the Gold Rush Sacramento, ed. Allan R. Ottley (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), 17.
5. Hurtado, John Sutter, 239–41.
6. The Alta California (San Francisco), August 1, 1850.
7. Memorial of John A. Sutter to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, in Congress Assembled (Washington, DC: Washington Sentinel, 1876).
James Gadsden
1. Richard Kluger, Seizing Destiny: How America Grew From Sea to Shining Sea (New York: Knopf, 2007), 127.
2. Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (New York: Scribner, 1947), 490.
3. Ibid., 498.
4. Frank Cosentino, Almonte: The Life of Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (Ontario: General Store Publishing, 2000), 91.
Stephen A. Douglas
1. Mississippian and State Gazette (Jackson), January 20, 1854; Daily Cleveland Herald, January 25, 1854.
2. Charleston Mercury (South Carolina), November 29, 1859.
3. J. G. Holland, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, IL: Gurdon Bill, 1866), 301–2.
John A. Quitman
1. Memphis Daily Appeal, August 9, 1855.
2. Robert E. May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973).
3. London Times, September 24, 1849; New York Herald, May 10, 1849.
4. Tom Chaffin, Fatal Glory: Narciso López and the First Clandestine U.S. War against Cuba (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 204–14.
5. Clark E. Carr, Stephen A. Douglas: His Life, Public Services, Speeches, and Patriotism (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1909), 12.
Clarina Nichols
1. New York Herald, July 20, 1859.
2. Clarina Nichols, “The Responsibilities of Woman,” speech at the Woman’s Right Convention, October 15, 1841, in Woman’s Rights Tracts, no. 5 (Boston: R. F. Wallcut, 1854), 1.
3. Diane Eickhoff, Revolutionary Heart: The Life of Clarina Nichols and the Pioneering Crusade for Women’s Rights (Kansas City: Quindaro Press, 2006), 30–34.
4. Nichols, “Responsibilities,” 14–15.
5. Ibid., 15.
6. Ibid., 17–18.
Lyman Cutler’s Neighbor’s Pig
1. U.S. Department of State, The Northwest Boundary: Discussion of the Water Boundary Question; Geographical Memoir of the Islands in Dispute; and History of the Military Occupation of San Juan Island (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1868), 183.
2. Scott Kaufman, The Pig War: The United States, Britain, and the Balance of Power in the Pacific Northwest, 1846–72 (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004), 11–12.
3. Andrew Fish, “Last Phase of the Oregon Boundary Question: The Struggle for San Juan Island,” Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 22, no. 3 (September 1921): 188–89.
4. Kaufman, Pig War, 41; L. U. Reavis, The Life and Military Services of Gen. William Selby Harney (St. Louis: Bryan, Brand, 1878), 51, 171–75; New York Herald, July 9, 1845.
5. Kaufman, Pig War, 43; Tom H. Inkster, “Storm over the San Juans,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 17, no. 1 (Winter 1967): 42–43.
6. Herbert Hunt and Floyd C. Kaylor, Washington West of the Cascades, vol. 1 (Chicago: Clarke, 1917), 199.
Robert W. Steele
1. “Constitution of the State of Jefferson,” Rocky Mountain News, August 20, 1859. The boundaries stipulated in this constitution—lat 43° N, long 102° W, lat 37° N, and long 110° W—differ markedly from those that had been stipulated in H.R. 835. Further confusion exists due to an error of unknown origin in which different northern, western, and southern borders are cited in sources such as the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004) and in the initial printings of, unfortunately, my previous book, How the States Got Their Shapes.
2. There was a different Robert W. Steele (1857–1910), who served as chief justice of the Colorado Supreme Court.
3. Stephen Harriman Long, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, vol. 3 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1825), 236.
4. Frederic L. Paxson, “The Territory of Colorado,” University of Colorado Studies, vol. 4 (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1906–7).
5. Rocky Mountain News, September 19, 1860.
6. Ovando J. Hollister, The Mines of Colorado (Springfield, MA: Bowles, 1867), 93.
Francis H. Pierpont
1. Marian Mills Miller, ed., Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 6 (New York: Current Literature, 1907), 206.
2. National Intelligencer (Washington, DC), October 30, 1829.
3. The North American and Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia), July 14, 1842; Boston Daily Atlas, June 26, 1845.
4. “Oration of Mr. Webster,” National Intelligencer, July 8, 1851.
5. Remarks of Judge Alston G. Dayton, in Statue of Governor Francis Harrison Pierpont: Proceedings in Statuary Hall (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910), 47–48.
6. Vasan Kesavan and Michael Stokes Paulsen, “Is West Virginia Unconstitutional?” California Law Review 90, no. 2 (March 2002): 691–727.
7. James Morton Callahan, Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia (Charleston, WV: Semi-Centennial Commission of West Virginia, 1913), 146.
8. North American and United States Gazette (Philadelphia), June 19, 1863.
9. Cleveland Herald, May 13, 1863.
Francisco Perea and John S. Watts
1. W. H. H. Allison, “Colonel Francisco Perea,” Old Santa Fe: A Magazine of History, Archaeology, Genealogy and Biography 1, no. 2 (October 1913): 217.
2. Deren Earl Kellogg, “Lincoln’s New Mexico Patronage: Saving the Far Southwest for the Union,” New Mexico Historical Review 76 (October 2000): 511–33.
3. Allison, “Colonel Francisco Perea,” 218.
Sidney Edgerton and James Ashley
1. James M. Ashley to William H. Hunt, April 28, 1892, in J. M. Ashley, “The Naming of Montana,” Montana Magazine of History 2, no. 3 (July 1952): 66; Sidney Edgerton to William H. Hunt, May 23, 1892, in Anne McDonnell, “Edgerton and Lincoln,” Montana Magazine of History 1, no. 4 (October 1951): 44.
2. Martha Edgerton Plassmann, “Biographical Sketch of Hon. Sidney Edgerton,” in Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, vol. 3 (Helena, MT: State Publishing, 1900), 336–37.
3. Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. 31 (San Francisco: History Company, 1890), 643; James M. Hamilton, From Wilderness to Statehood: A History of Montana, 1805–1900 (Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1957), 274; Merle W. Wells, “How Idaho Became a Territory,” in Richard W. Etulain and Bert W. Marley, eds., The Idaho Heritage (Boise: Idaho University Press, 1974), 32n, 44.
William H. Seward
1. Frederic Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, vol. 2 (New York: Harper, 1900), 135.
2. Ibid., 151, 225.
3. Frank A. Golder, “The Purchase of Alaska,” American Historical Review 25, no. 3 (April 1920): 411–12.
4. New York Herald, March 31, 1867; Albany Evening Journal, April 1, 1867; Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, April 4, 1867.
5. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, April 3, 1867; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, April 4, 1867.
6. George E. Baker, ed., The Works of William H. Seward (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1884), 574; Congressional Globe, appendix, 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 402, 403, 491
Standing Bear v. Crook
1. United States ex rel. Standing Bear v. Crook, 25 F. Cas. 695 (1879).
2. Valerie Sherer Mathes and Richard Lowitt, The Standing Bear Controversy: Prelude to Indian Reform (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 14; Stephen Dando-Collins, Standing Bear Is a Person: The Story of a Native American’s Quest for Justice (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004), 37; James A. Lake Sr., “Standing Bear! Who?” Nebraska Law Review 60, no. 3 (1981): 469.
3. Testimony Relating to the Removal of the Ponca Indians, 46th Cong., 2nd sess., Senate Report no. 670, 51.
4. Mathes and Lowitt, Standing Bear Controversy, 25n, 50–52, 60.
5. Stanley Clark, “Ponca Publicity,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29, no. 4 (March 1943): 507.
Lili’uokalani and Sanford Dole
1. Eugene Tyler Chamberlain, “The Hawaiian Situation,” North American Review 157, no. 445 (December 1893): 731.
2. Caspar Whitney, Hawaiian America: Something of Its History, Resources, and Prospects (New York: Harper, 1899), 135.
3. William A. Russ Jr., “The Role of Sugar in Hawaiian Annexation,” Pacific Historical Review 12, no. 4 (December 1943): 341; L. A. Beardslee, “Pilkias,” North American Review 167, no. 503 (October 1898): 473.
4. Edmund Janes Carpenter, America in Hawaii: A History of the United States Influence in the Hawaiian Islands (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1899), 185–86.
5. New York Times, July 7, 1897.
6. Henry Miller Madden, “Letters of Sanford B. Dole and John W. Burgess,” Pacific Historical Review 5, no. 1 (March 1936): 71–75.
7. Los Angeles Times, January 15, 1922.
Alfalfa Bill Murray, Edward P. McCabe, and Chief Green McCurtain
1. From the point of view of Congress and many American Indians, communal ownership of the land enabled those in leadership roles to enrich themselves while the majority of the tribe remained mired in poverty. See Angie Debo, The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), 249, 254.
2. Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, OK), September 19, 1896.
3. Idaho Daily Statesman (Boise), August 8, 1911.
4. Keith L. Bryant Jr., “Alfalfa Bill” Murray (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968), 38.
5. Daniel F. Littlefield Jr. and Lonnie E. Underhill, “Black Dreams and ‘Free’ Homes: The Oklahoma Territory, 1891–1894,” Phylon 34, no. 4 (December 1973): 352.
6. Jere W. Roberson, “Edward P. McCabe and the Langston Experiment,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 51, no. 3 (Fall 1973): 350, 355.
7. Donald A. Grinde Jr. and Quintard Taylor, “Red vs. Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory,” American Indian Quarterly 8, no. 3 (Summer 1984): 211–29; Michael F. Doran, “Slaves of the Five Civilized Tribes,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 68, no. 3 (September 1978): 335–50.
8. Fort Worth Star-Telegram, December 28, 1910; Pawtucket Times (Rhode Island), December 28, 1910.
9. Associated Press report, New York Times, October 16, 1956.
Bernard J. Berry
1. New York Times, January 7, 1954.
Luis Ferré
1. Hearing before the House Committee on Resources (serial no. 105–16), 105th Cong., 1st sess., 85.
2. Luis Ferré, Autobiografía de Luis A. Ferré (San Juan: Grupo Editorial Norma, 1992), 20. At the time of his father’s death in 1959, the company was valued at $50 million. See New York Times, November 14, 1959.
3. New York Times, March 29, 1946.
4. César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabé, Puerto Rico in the American Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 225–26.
5. Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1954.
6. Ayala and Bernabé, Puerto Rico, 226.
7. Kal Wagenheim with Olga Jimenez De Wagenheim, eds., The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History (New York: Praeger, 1973), 288.
8. Ibid., 287–89.
David Shafer
1. Chattanooga Times Free Press, February 2, 7, 21, 28, 2008.
2. Chattanooga Times Free Press, March 5, 2008.
3. Athens Banner-Herald, February 21, 2008; Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 27, 2008.
4. Gregory Spies, “The Mystery of the Camak Stone,” Professional Surveyor Magazine (March 2004), http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1215.
5. E. Merton Coulter, “The Georgia-Tennessee Boundary Line,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 35 (December 1951): 269–306.
6. Virginia v. Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503 (1893); Georgia v. South Carolina, 497 U.S. 376 (1990).
Eleanor Holmes Norton
1. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1896), 47.
2. “Dover Resolves,” New Hampshire Gazette, January 14, 1774.
3. Joan Steinau Lester, Fire in My Soul: Eleanor Holmes Norton (New York: Atria Books, 2003), 54.
4. Johnny Barnes, “Towards Equal Footing: Responding to the Perceived Constitutional, Legal, and Practical Impediments to Statehood for the District of Columbia,” University of the District of Columbia Law Review 13, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 59.
5. Washington Post, September 23, 1920; August 7, 1940; August 8, 1967; June 18, 1971; May 16, 1984; January 25, 1985; May 27, 1987.
6. Washington Post, November 19, 1991.
7. Orrin G. Hatch, “ ‘No Right Is More Precious in a Free Country’: Allowing Americans in the District of Columbia to Participate in National Self-Government,” Harvard Journal on Legislation 45 (2008): 287–310.