ANSWER KEY AND EXPLANATIONS

Quick-Score Answers

1.	C	11.	E	21.	D	31.	E	4L	B	51.	C	61.	E	71.	A
2.	E	12.	A	22.	A	32.	D	42.	C	52.	E	62.	E	72.	D
3.	A	13.	B	23.	C	33.	D	43.	E	53.	E	63.	D	73.	B
4.	B	14.	A	24.	C	34.	E	44.	B	54.	A	64.	A	74.	D
5.	B	15.	C	25.	C	35.	C	45.	A	55.	E	65.	A	75.	D
6.	E	16.	A	26.	B	36.	D	46.	A	56.	C	66.	B	76.	E
7.	C	17.	A	27.	C	37.	E	47.	C	57.	B	67.	A	77.	C
8.	D	18.	E	28.	C	38.	B	48.	C	58.	E	68.	C	78.	C
9.	A	19.	E	29.	D	39.	A	49.	E	59.	D	69.	B	79.	D
10.	B	20.	B	30.	A	40.	C	50.	A	60.	A	70.	D	80.	D

1. The correct answer is (C). Machiavelli’s The Prince illustrated his view of humanity by instructing the prince, or ruler, that he should manipulate people as necessary in order to obtain and maintain power.

2. The correct answer is (E). Martin Luther believed that faith was the means by which man received God’s grace and that there was nothing man could do to earn that grace.

3. The correct answer is (A). Women were usually tried as witches because of the suspicions and fears of others. Historians agree that those accused of witchcraft were rarely guilty of anything worse than having an unexplainable illness or being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

4. The correct answer is (B). Louis XIV exemplified absolutism through his command of the state’s economy, control of the state’s religion, maintenance of a permanent standing army, and claim of rule by divine right.

5. The correct answer is (B). The Enlightenment reached its zenith in France, and philosophe is the French word for philosopher. The philosophes were not only the most influential Enlightenment thinkers but also some of the most influential thinkers in European history.

6. The correct answer is (E). Because of the available natural resources, the abundance of rivers and canals, agricultural surplus, and the growing market in the Americas, the Industrial Revolution first appeared in Great Britain.

7. The correct answer is (C). On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with a punitive ultimatum and then invaded; this was the first act of World War I.

8. The correct answer is (D). In 1936, Italy and Germany joined in an alliance, and Japan joined the alliance soon after. These nations became known as the Axis Powers, taking the name from the original Rome-Berlin Axis of Italy and Germany.

9. The correct answer is (A). Henry VIII used the Reformation Parliament to legalize the Reformation in England. The Supremacy Act of 1534, passed by the Reformation Parliament, made the king the head of the Church of England.

10. The correct answer is (B). The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War, recognized the independence of the German princes. Each ruler was free to rule his own territory as he wished, thus effectively destroying the Holy Roman Empire.

11. The correct answer is (E). William and Mary accepted the throne, after a mostly nonviolent revolution, on the condition that Parliament maintained supremacy over the crown. Therefore, the divine right of kings was effectively abolished in England.

12. The correct answer is (A). This painting depicts a witch trial where several people are accusing a man of witchcraft.

13. The correct answer is (B). As an absolutist who claimed the divine right of kings, Louis XIV said, “L’etat, c’est moi” or “I am the state.”

14. The correct answer is (A). René Descartes believed in the power of human reason, and he believed that through human reason, he could deduce the existence of God.

15. The correct answer is (C). The textile industry not only paved the way for the Industrial Revolution but also provided the best example of an industry increasing to meet the rising demand of consumers.

16. The correct answer is (A). In 1789, the National Assembly convened on an indoor tennis court and vowed not to disband until a new constitution had been created.

17. The correct answer is (A). Robert Owen built upon his success in New Lanark, Scotland, and unsuccessfully attempted to create a self-sufficient utopian society in Indiana.

18. The correct answer is (E). Through the work of such pioneers as Louis Pasteur, the medical community began to approach medicine in a more scientific and rational manner during the nineteenth century.

19. The correct answer is (E). In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down after Honecker’s government gave in to the popular demands voiced during several mass demonstrations.

20. The correct answer is (B). The Court of the Star Chamber was created by Parliament to end the influence of powerful nobles who intimidated lawyers and judges.

21. The correct answer is (D). The French Calvinists were known as Huguenots.

22. The correct answer is (A). Family households in Europe, particularly northwestern Europe, tended to be a nuclear family of no more than five to six members, including children and excluding extended family members. This applied to families other than those who were very wealthy.

23. The correct answer is (C). This graph indicates the origins and destinations of those who participated in the Great Migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

24. The correct answer is (C). To take over the German government, Hitler tried a military show of force, but that landed him in jail. He then resolved to do as Mussolini and achieve a high governmental position legally.

25. The correct answer is (C). This statement by existentialist Jean- Paul Sartre is existentialism in a nutshell.

26. The correct answer is (B). The German peasantry thought that Luther’s message of spiritual freedom also applied to political freedom. Luther proved rather unsupportive of the peasants and encouraged the princes to crush the un-Christian revolts.

27. The correct answer is (C). This illustration shows the destruction of Lisbon by the earthquake that struck the city and destroyed many of its inhabitants in 1755. The earthquake sparked a heated theological and philosophical debate on its causes.

28. The correct answer is (C). Louis Napoleon, later Napoleon III, won a landslide victory in the elections of 1848 largely on the popularity of his uncle’s name.

29. The correct answer is (D). Giuseppe Garibaldi led the thousand- man army known as the Red Shirts and took Sicily even though his men were outnumbered.

30. The correct answer is (A). Franz Liszt referred to his works as symphonic poems because they were intended to depict particular literary or pictorial ideas or images.

31. The correct answer is (E). The new physics and new psychology made many people question reality and such traditional values as religion and reason. The art of the early twentieth century reflected this new skepticism.

32. The correct answer is (D). Serbia sought an independent nation, which threatened the security and stability of the Austro-Hungarian Empire prior to World War I.

33. The correct answer is (D). John Calvin’s theology is summed up in TULIP: Total depravity of man, Unconditional predestination, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, and Perseverance of the saints.

34. The correct answer is (E). The Council of Trent (1545-1563) upheld the Church tradition of celibacy among its clergy.

35. The correct answer is (C). The Peace of Utrecht, several treaties passed in 1713 and 1714, established a balance of power in Europe by ending the expansion and dominance of Louis XIV. The Peace also made way for the dominance of Great Britain during the eighteenth century.

36. The correct answer is (D). Bacon advocated inductive reasoning, which is the examination of empirical evidence. Bacon sought to break with tradition, ask new questions, and find new answers.

37. The correct answer is (E). The Civil Constitution of the Clergy required the clergy to declare allegiance to the state and allowed the state to appoint Church officials.

38. The correct answer is (B). John Wesley felt that his place was not in the pulpit, so he took his message to the open fields of rural England.

39. The correct answer is (A). After the Great War, national economies slowed drastically. Then in 1929, the American stock market crashed. These two factors combined to send shockwaves around the world.

40. The correct answer is (C). The Edict of Nantes granted Calvinists the freedom to worship in public, the right of assembly, the right to hold public offices, and more.

41. The correct answer is (B). The building in the picture is the palace of Louis XIV at Versailles. An absolutist, Louis used his architecture to flaunt his wealth and power in order to impress and intimidate foreign dignitaries.

42. The correct answer is (C). In many lands, especially Germany, Napoleon’s conquests inspired feelings of nationalism in the people. This nationalism eventually led to the downfall of Napoleon’s empire.

43. The correct answer is (E). These are the words of the Romantic poet William Wordsworth. As in this poem, Romantics often lamented the destruction of the natural world at the hands of industrialization.

44. The correct answer is (B). According to the Schlieffen Plan, German troops were to be allocated for war against Russia in the east and France in the west.

45. The correct answer is (A). Stalin’s five-year plan did indeed transform Russia into a leading industrial nation in a very short amount of time.

46. The correct answer is (A). The Dayton Accords created a Serb republic and a Muslim-Croat confederation in Bosnia.

47. The correct answer is (C). Amsterdam replaced the Italian and German cities as the leading banking center of Europe in the mid-eighteenth century. It remained so until the late eighteenth century.

48. The correct answer is (C). Michael Romanov was elected czar in 1613, and his family ruled Russia until 1917.

49. The correct answer is (E). The Church, in the opinion of the philosophes, was too restrictive. In addition, the Church maintained the depravity of man. The philosophes, however, believed that the human condition could be improved.

50. The correct answer is (A). Although the First Estate, the French clergy, numbered only a little more than 100,000 people, it owned approximately 10 percent of French land.

51. The correct answer is (C). This represents the Balkans in 1914, just prior to the outbreak of World War I.

52. The correct answer is (E). Hitler hated the Slavs, and many Slavs lost their lives in Hitler’s concentration camps and from Nazi bullets.

53. The correct answer is (E). The beginning of the end of the Cold War was marked by an era known as détente. It was an era of renewed diplomacy, trade, and cultural exchange.

54. The correct answer is (A). After Morocco and Tunisia had been granted their independence by the French, Algeria launched a war to win its independence. This war divided the French people, so de Gaulle granted Algeria independence.

55. The correct answer is (E). Sir Isaac Newton, with his emphasis on the power of the mind, along with John Locke, and his belief that the human condition could be improved, paved the way for the thought of the Enlightenment.

56. The correct answer is (C). Catherine the Great of Russia and Joseph II of Austria, along with Frederick II of Prussia, were referred to as enlightened absolutists because they seemed to have embraced the philosophy of the philosophes and tried to practice it.

57. The correct answer is (B). Joseph de Maistre believed that monarchy was an institution sanctioned by God. Therefore, he believed that monarchy held the key to order in light of the French Revolution.

58. The correct answer is (E). Camillo de Cavour reached an agreement with Napoleon III to ensure Italy would have help in case Austria attacked. Although France helped at first, Napoleon III eventually withdrew.

59. The correct answer is (D). Louis Pasteur’s germ theory implied that diseases were caused by germs or living organisms. This discovery led not only to improved health care conditions but also to advancements in the production of beer, wine, and milk.

60. The correct answer is (A). Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met in Teheran and agreed to divide Germany into zones of influence after the war ended. Other major issues were put on hold until after the war.

61. The correct answer is (E). The Labour Party enacted a number of social welfare reforms that provided for the British people, thus creating a welfare state.

62. The correct answer is (E). The Hohenzollerns ruled Prussia by subordinating all classes of people and by establishing strict discipline in their military. They were known for their superior administration.

63. The correct answer is (D). Peter the Great actually tried to implement Western ideas in Russia. He sent his men to the West to be trained and tried to attract Western engineers and craftsmen to Russia.

64. The correct answer is (A). Deism and the deists are both reasonable and rational. Therefore, deism is necessarily unemotional. Many of the philosophes were deists.

65. The correct answer is (A). Napoleon amassed an army that was larger than any army that Europe had ever seen.

66. The correct answer is (B). Louis-Philippe, known as the bourgeois monarch, basically eliminated working class Frenchmen from the political process. Voting qualifications remained such that only the wealthy could vote.

67. The correct answer is (A). The Romantic painters such as Turner, Friedrich, and Delacroix often painted bright, vivid paintings full of emotion and feeling.

68. The correct answer is (C). Although each of the other statements was true of the Russian peasants, they were not completely free. They found themselves severely limited by available land, and they were often subjected to the rule of the village commune.

69. The correct answer is (B). Khrushchev made numerous economic promises, but he never was able to improve the Soviet economy. Therefore, he was removed from office while he was on vacation.

70. The correct answer is (D). John Knox founded the Presbyterian Church in Scotland after spending time with Calvin.

71. The correct answer is (A). Frederick William I, King of Prussia, was obsessed with the military. Always in a military uniform, Frederick built one of the greatest armies of eighteenth-century Europe but tried to avoid conflict throughout his reign.

72. The correct answer is (D). This statement by Thomas Mun is one of the earliest statements of mercantilist philosophy. Mun clearly advocates a favorable balance of trade, a must for a mercantilistic economy.

73. The correct answer is (B). In an effort to dechristianize the French Republic of Virtue, the National Convention renamed the days and months of the calendar, closed churches, renamed the Notre Dame Cathedral, and introduced the Cult of the Supreme Being.

74. The correct answer is (D). Mussolini did not believe in the emancipation of women. Rather, he believed that women should stay at home and have children. Women had no rights under Mussolini.

75. The correct answer is (D). Pope John Paul II, who happened to be Polish, offered the support of the Catholic Church to Walesa and his Solidarity movement.

76. The correct answer is (E). The Game Laws prohibited anyone other than landowners from hunting deer, pheasants, and other animals. The landowners who passed the legislation were also the ones who collected the fines from those caught poaching.

77. The correct answer is (C). The bubonic plague struck one final time in a major outbreak in southern France in 1720.

78. The correct answer is (C). Other European nations realized the danger and potential of the ideas and events of the French Revolution. Therefore, these governments instituted repressive policies within their borders to guard against the infiltration of revolutionary thoughts, etc.

79. The correct answer is (D). As people flocked from the countryside into the cities, the urban areas became overcrowded. The overcrowding led to poor living conditions. These conditions prompted many of the urban poor to resort to crime as a means of survival.

80. The correct answer is (D). Although there were attempts at rapprochements, especially during the presidency of Jules Ferry, the wounds that remained from the war of 1870-1871 were too great to permit an alliance between these two countries.

Suggestions for the Document Based Question, Part A

Analyze and discuss the issue and the positions held by the two sides involved in the debate over Galileo's support of the Copernican theory of the universe.

Hopefully, you remembered to take notes on the documents and organize the documents using a chart. If you did, then writing this essay should not have felt impossible. The most important part of answering this question is the development of your thesis. Your thesis should be clear and concise. It should tell the reader exactly what you are going to say in your essay. In short, your thesis should clearly sum up your argument.

For this particular question, your thesis should deal first with the issue of whether or not the Copernican theory is valid and whether or not it contradicts the Scriptures. Second, your thesis should identify the position held by the Church, that the Copernican theory is invalid and contradicts the Bible, and the position held by Galileo, that the Copernican theory is valid and that it does not necessarily contradict the Bible.

The next step is the body of the essay. Your essay should offer a clear, organized argument that supports your thesis. The body of your essay should include some historical background of the controversy over the Copernican theory. Your essay should outline the position of the Church against the Copernican theory based upon the Scriptures from Document 1. Your essay should also point out that the Church believed that the Scriptures were to be taken literally; thus, the Copernican theory was invalid. As illustrated by Document 2, the Church had already established its official position of the Copernican theory; it denounced the theory as false and erroneous. Furthermore, the Copernican theory, especially as supported by Galileo, was heretical because it contradicted the Scriptures. Any contradiction of the Scriptures, as illustrated in Document 3 and Document 6, was considered an interpretation of the Scriptures. The Council of Trent strictly forbade interpretation of the Scriptures by laymen. The Church, by edict, officially prohibited Galileo’s book in Document 7. Your essay should point out that the Church perceived Galileo’s work as a threat and that was why his work was prohibited. Your essay should also address the words of Cardinal Bellarmine. In Document 5, Bellarmine supports and reiterates the Church view that a reinterpretation of the Scriptures was forbidden. Your essay should also illustrate that Bellarmine used not only the Scriptures but also the writings of the Church fathers to disprove the Copernican theory. In Document 4, Bellarmine seems to allow the slight possibility that Galileo was correct. However, as your essay should state, Bellarmine is quick to say that such evidence would indicate a misunderstanding of the Scriptures and not that the Scriptures were false. Also, Bellarmine qualifies his statement by saying that his mind would not be changed until he saw proof. All or most of these points should be included in your essay.

On the other side of the issue are Galileo and his position. A good essay will point out that in Documents 9 and 10, Galileo not only clearly establishes Copernicus’ views on a heliocentric universe but also argues, in Document 9, that Copernicus did so only for scientific reasons. In other words, Copernicus did not mean to offend the Church in his writings. In Document 12, Galileo takes care to note that a heliocentric universe simply means that the Scriptures have been misunderstood, not that the Scriptures have been rendered false. He argues furthermore that a decision on the issue should begin with a scientific observation rather than a Scriptural observation, implying that the issue is a scientific issue and not a religious issue. Your essay should illustrate that concerning the Church’s attacks on Galileo, Galileo claims in Document 11 that some of the people involved have not even read his work but rather are attacking him based solely on his association with the Copernican theory. In Document 13, Galileo stands by his belief that the earth moves and the sun stands still. He also warns the Church that they are likely to condemn for heresy those who believe in the Copernican theory simply because the Church wants to make a scientific issue a matter of faith. As a final note, your essay might mention that Document VIII by the Jesuits seems to indicate that Galileo’s support of the Copernican theory might have been more well received by the Church had his methodology been different. If your essay includes most or all of these points, you are well on your way to a good, solid essay. In addition, any extra historical information you can add to your essay will enhance the overall quality of your essay. Use the rubric on page 87 to further evaluate your essay. Use the worksheet on page 88 to record your scores.

Suggestions for the Free-Response Essays, Part B

Essay 2

Evaluate the art of the Renaissance as a reflection of the values and ideals of the Renaissance era.

Your essay should give some historical background, including perhaps a brief treatment of society, politics, economics, and religion, on both the Renaissance and the art of the Renaissance. You should discuss the humanistic and classical values of the period. In addition, you should discuss the ways in which Renaissance art digressed from the medieval tradition and adopted the humanistic and classical values of the Renaissance. For example, you could mention the glorification of the human body as a classical ideal and give examples of Renaissance art that embodied that ideal. You could also include a discussion of such classical characteristics as realism, perspective, balance, and proportion. Your essay should address the increasingly secular style of art as well as the increasingly secular patronage of the era. Be sure your essay uses historical facts to support your argument. Finally, make sure your essay has a clear, organized thesis and an organized body that supports your thesis.

Essay 3

Compare and contrast the general trends in the feudalism of Eastern and Western Europe prior to, during, and after the Black Death.

Your essay should indicate that prior to the plague, the serfdom of the East and West were very similar. Likewise, during the plague, both the East and the West experienced a decline in population, a decline in the economy, and a labor shortage. Your essay should stress that the status of the peasants in the West improved after the plague. Some of the peasants’ demands were met, and serfdom began to disappear. Some peasants even gained minimal amounts of political power. Strong monarchies that decreased the power of the nobility increased the power of the lower and middle classes. An excellent essay would mention an example such as the French absolutism. In the East, the nobles reacted by taking away land and power from the peasants and restricting their movements. The nobility also increased the work duties of the peasants. A stronger nobility meant a weaker monarchy. Your essay should point out that these restrictions prevented the peasants from effectively revolting as they did in the West. Therefore, serfdom remained for a much longer period of time in the East. Be sure your essay uses historical facts to support your argument. Finally, make sure your essay has a clear, organized thesis and an organized body that supports your thesis.

Essay 4

Analyze and discuss the economic and social consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Include a treatment of the major developments of the Industrial Revolution and the consequences of those developments.

Your essay should discuss the historical background of the Industrial Revolution and the predecessor to the Revolution, the putting-out system or the cottage industry. Your essay should also include the causes of the Industrial Revolution. Be sure your essay includes a discussion of such inventors as Hargreaves and Arkwright and their inventions. Your essay should also include a discussion of industrial innovations by the likes of Watt and Stephenson. The most thorough part of your essay should be a discussion of the economic and social consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Your essay should discuss such things as employment opportunities, the changes in standards of living, the changes in wages, and the changes in the national economies. Your discussion of social consequences should include information about living and working conditions, the sexual division of labor, the emergence of a new class, and urban problems that emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution. A discussion of the emergence of the labor movement would be excellent. Be sure your essay uses historical facts to support your argument. Finally, make sure your essay has a clear, organized thesis and an organized body that supports your thesis.

Suggestions for the Free-Response Essays, Part C

Essay 5

“The second half of the nineteenth century could he accurately called the Age of Nationalism. ” Assess the validity of this statement.

Your essay should begin with some historical background, perhaps including a discussion of the Revolutions of 1848. Your essay should also include a discussion of the basic tenets of nationalism, including the desire for a nation based upon common historical, cultural, geographic, or linguistic heritage. Your essay must include a discussion of the unification of Italy and the key players in that nationalistic movement, such as Cavour and Garibaldi. Your essay must also include a discussion of the unification of Germany and the key players in that nationalistic movement, such as Bismarck. An excellent essay would also include the nations of France and/or Great Britain. Be sure your essay uses historical facts to support your argument. Finally, make sure your essay has a clear, organized thesis and an organized body that supports your thesis.

Essay 6

Discuss the causes of the Russian Revolution as well as the long-term effects of the Revolution not only in Russia but also in the rest of Europe.

Your essay should begin with the historical background of the Russian Revolution, including a discussion of the Russian condition prior to the Revolution. Your essay should outline the Revolution of 1905 and its causes and effects. You should include in your discussion of the causes a treatment of the failing effort in World War I, poor leadership, the social and economic conditions on the eve of the Revolution, and the popular unrest in February and March of 1917. Your essay should discuss the rise to power of Trotsky and Lenin and the eventual triumph of the Bolsheviks. The effects of the Revolution for Russia included the establishment of a Communist government and the implementation of Lenin’s NEP. The long-term effects for both Russia and the rest of Europe included the rise and spread of Communism that led to icy relations between Russia (and eventually the USSR) and the West. Be sure your essay uses historical facts to support your argument. Finally, make sure your essay has a clear, organized thesis and an organized body that supports your thesis.

Essay 7

Analyze and discuss the extent to which the events following World War I contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

Your essay should first discuss the attitude and emotions of Europe after World War I. Also, your essay must cover the failure of the Treaty of Versailles. Specifically, discuss the war-guilt clause, the reparations, and the dismantling of German lands. The continued dispute over Alsace-Lorraine and Poland and the demilitarization of Germany should also be included. Your essay should address the resentment of Germany and the suspicions of France and Great Britain. Your essay must include a discussion on the failure of the United States and the League of Nations. Finally, your essay must include a discussion of the policy of appeasement while Hitler began his conquest of Europe prior to World War II. Be sure your essay uses historical facts to support your argument. Finally, make sure your essay has a clear, organized thesis and an organized body that supports your thesis.

SELF-EVALUATION RUBRIC FOR THE ADVANCED PLACEMENT ESSAYS DIAGNOSTIC

	8-9	5-7	2-4	0-1
Overall Impression	Demonstrates excellent understanding of European history and outstanding writing; thorough and effective; incisive	Demonstrates good understanding of European history and good writing competence	Reveals simplistic or incomplete thinking and/or immature understanding of European history; fails to respond adequately to the question; little or no analysis	Very little or no understanding of European history; unacceptably brief; fails to respond to the question; little clarity
Understanding of European History	Scholarly; excellent understanding of the question; effective and incisive; in-depth critical analysis; includes many apt, specific references; acknowledges opposing views	Mostly historically accurate; good understanding of the question; often perceptive; includes specific references and critical analysis	Some historical inaccuracies; superficial understanding and treatment of the question; some misreading of documents and lack of historical evidence; mechanical; over- generealized	Serious historical errors; extensive misreadings and little supporting evidence; completely off the topic
Development	Original, unique and/or intriguing thesis; excellent use of documents and historical knowledge; thoroughly developed; conclusion shows applicability of thesis to other situations	Adequate thesis; satisfactory use of documents and/or historical knowledge; competent development; acceptable conclusion	Inadequate, irrelevant or illogical thesis; little use of documents and/or historical knowledge; some development; unsatisfactory, inapplicable, or nonexistent conclusion	Lacking both thesis and conclusion; little or no use of historical documents or knowledge; no distinguishable development
Organization/Conventions of English	Meticulously and thoroughly organized; coherent and unified; virtually error free	Reasonably organized; mostly coherent and unified; some errors	Somewhat organized; some incoherence and lack of unity; some major errors	Little or no organization; incoherent and void of unity; extremely flawed

Rate yourself in each of the categories below. Enter the numbers on the lines below. Be as honest as possible so you will know what areas need work. Then calculate the average of the four numbers to determine your final score. It is difficult to score yourself objectively, so you may wish to ask a respected friend or teacher to assess your essays for a more accurate reflection of their strengths and weaknesses. On the AP test itself, a reader will rate your essays on a scale of 0 to 9, with 9 being the highest.

Each category is rated 9 (high) to 0 (incompetent).