ANSWERS TO DIAGNOSTIC/MASTER EXAM

Section I

1. B	21. D	41. В	61. А
2. D	22. С	42. В	62. В
3. С	23. А	43. С	63. C
4. А	24. D	44. А	64. Е
5. В	25. Е	45. D	65. А
6. Е	26. В	46. D	66. D
7. Е	27. С	47. Е	67. Е
8. С	28. А	48. A	68. В
9. D	29. С	49. В	69. D
10. А	30. D	50. С	70. С
11. С	31. Е	51. С	71. А
12. В	32. В	52. Е	72. С
13. Е	33. А	53. D	73. D
14. D	34. В	54. А	74. В
15. А	35. С	55. В	75. Е
16. А	36. Е	56. Е	76. А
17. В	37. А	57. С	77. D
18. С	38. D	58. В	78. С
19. Е	39. В	59. D	79. Е
20. В	40. Е	60. Е	80. В

Explanations of Answers to the Multiple-Choice Questions

1. B. The Compromise of 1820, also known as the Missouri Compromise, admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, and established the 36°30' line as a demarcation between free and slave territories in the Louisiana Purchase, The Compromise of 1877 removed federal troops from the Southern states. The Compromise of 1850 included the Fugitive Slave Act, The Compromise of 1833 reduced tariff rates to end the Nullification Crisis.

2. D. The Palmer Raids attempted to root out subversives in the years following World War I. All other responses pertain to McCarthyism. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), founded in 1938, raised public concern about subversive activities in the early 1940s. In 1947, the Truman administration warned against the dangers of international communism and began to investigate federal employees. Chaired by J. Parnell Thomas, HUAC began its investigations of the motion picture industry that same year. Alger Hiss, a former member of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s State Department, faced perjury charges for denying that he had given top secret government information to the Soviets. In 1950 President Truman signed the McCarran Internal Security Act requiring all communist organizations to register with the federal government.

3. C. Active in unionism through out his career, Gompers served as president of the American Federation of Labor (A.F.L.) from 1886 until his death in 1924. Although some industrial workers were attracted to Populism, Gompers never joined the party. He criticized Socialists and their goals. Gompers opposed Governor Calvin Coolidge’s use of the militia to break up the Boston Police Strike. President Roosevelt established the National War Labor Board after Gompers’s death.

4. A. Roosevelt passed most of his reform legislation (i.e., Social Security Act, Fair Labor Standards Act) during the Second New Deal (1935 to 1939). The First New Deal focused primarily on recovery and relief. He passed the Emergency Banking Act as one of his first measures as president. He also created the Civilian Conservation Corps during his first “hundred days.” When business leaders failed to cooperate with his National Recovery Administration, he adopted a more regulatory policy toward industry. Opposition from conservatives in Congress increased throughout the New Deal, as many believed that New Deal measures exceeded constitutional limits on power and approached socialism.

5. B. Zenger published articles criticizing New York’s unpopular royal governor William Crosby. The governor issued a proclamation condemning the actions of the newspaper. Zenger was arrested for seditious libel in 1734. Noted Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger. Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court James Delany, an ally of Crosby, sat on the bench, Hamilton argued the editor’s case directly to the jury. The jury acquitted Zenger on the grounds that public statements could not be considered libelous if they could be proven to be true. The Bill of Rights later ensured this freedom of the press.

6. E. Vietnamese forces defeated French troops at Dienbienphu in 1954. When France withdraws from North Vietnam, Eisenhower pledges American aid to the noncommunist government of Ngo Dinh Diem in Saigon. Kennedy began sending American military advisors in 1961. By the time of Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, the number of advisors in Vietnam rose to 15,000. Congress issued the Tonkin Gulf Resolution in 1964, granting Johnson broad powers to wage war against communism in Southeast Asia. By the time of Nixon’s victory in 1968, the number of American ground troops in Vietnam rose to over 500,000. Nixon began withdrawing American troops from Vietnam in 1969, thereby initiating the policy of “Vietnamization”.

7. E. Congressman David Wilmot (R-PA) feared that the addition of new territory would increase the number of potential slave states. He introduced an amendment to an appropriations bill that would impede the creation of new slave states in any land acquired from the Mexican War, The Constitution banned the importation of slaves into the United States after 1808, No constitutional amendment abolishing slavery would be introduced until the Civil War. Students should not focus upon the reference to the specie circular, which also pertained to expansion and western lands.

8. C. Puritans believed that only trained ministers could propagate the faith, Puritans eschewed the Enlightenment philosophy that science and reason could explain worldly events. They resisted any challenge or alternative teaching of the Puritan orthodoxy. However, seventeenth century women were not admitted. E refers to the Tuskegee Institute, founded in the nineteenth century.

9. D. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were convicted of espionage in 1951 for allegedly organizing a conspiracy to provide the Soviet Union with atomic secrets. They were executed in 1953, Students should avoid the references to Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Leopold-Loeb case (1924), and Sacco-Vanzetti case (1920 to 27).

10. A. Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle (1906). Henry George identified the great disparity of wealth between the rich and poor in Progress and Poverty (1879). The other four authors were “muckrakers.” Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives, based on his photographs of urban poverty, in 1890. Ida Tarbell published an exposé of the monopoly practices of Standard Oil Trust in 1904. John Spargo examined the problems of child labor in The Bitter Cry of Children (1906).

11. C. The Civil Rights Act ordered the desegregation of public accommodations. President Eisenhower completed the integration of the military in 1954. The Brown v. Board of Education decision required the integration of schools. President Kennedy used military force to integrate public universities before 1964. In the wake of the Selma march, Johnson signed the Voting Rights (Civil Rights) Act of 1965.

12. B. Financier J, P. Morgan attempted to orchestrate the merger of the Union Pacific, Burlington, and Northern Pacific railroad lines. This monopoly would virtually eliminate competition among the largest commercial carriers from the Pacific coast to the Midwest. The Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Northern Securities Company for “combining to restrain free trade,” a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, Suits against Swift and Company (1905), and Standard Oil (1911) followed.

13. E. Scandal touched the administrations of all five presidents. The “whiskey ring” and Credit Mobilier scandals occurred under Grant. President Clinton faced impeachment charges for lying about his involvement with intern Monica Lewinsky. Nixon resigned after the Watergate scandal surfaced. Cleveland acknowledged that he had an illegitimate child. At the request of his Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, President Warren G. Harding transferred control of naval oil reserves at Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Fall accepted bribes from Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, two wealthy oilmen. He was sentenced to one year in prison.

14. D. Parliament passed a revenue tax on tea as part of the Townshend Acts (1767). After colonial boycotts, Lord North repealed most of the duties in 1770, except the tax on tea. The Tea Act enabled the British East India Company to sell its tea directly to its agents in the colonies, thus bypassing the tax on tea. The act bankrupted many colonial merchants who continued to pay the duty. Popular unrest over the Tea Act led to the Boston Tea Party. Parliament closed the port of Boston in the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774) in response to the destruction of the property of the British East India Company.

15. A. The election of 1800 marked a transition of power from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans. Jefferson seemed to favor a limited government and agrarian interests. Many Federalists saw that the acquisition of the vast Louisiana territory portended the creation of several new Republican states, thus further eroding their political power and influence in the federal government.

16. A. Vicksburg remained in Confederate hands after New Orleans fell to Admiral David Farragut in 1862. General Grant’s victory at Shiloh gave the Union control of much of western Tennessee. His siege at Vicksburg finally gave the Union forces control of the Mississippi River in 1863. Both Gettysburg and Chancellorsville occurred in the eastern theater of war.

17. B. During his first administration, Woodrow Wilson intended to address what he called the “triple wall of privilege.” To achieve his goals, he lowered tariff rates with the Underwood Tariff. He addressed the problem of trusts by signing the Clayton Act and creating the Federal Trade Commission. He reformed the banking system by passing the Federal Reserve Act, which created the Federal Reserve Board. Theodore Roosevelt previously signed the Pure Food and Drug Act.

18. C. In spite of strong Republican support in Congress, President Cleveland opposed the treaty for annexation. He stated before Congress in 1893 that the Americans who had deposed Queen Lilioukalani had committed “an act of war ... without the authority of Congress” and committed a “substantial wrong [to] our national character as well as the rights of the [Hawaiians].”

19. E. Chavez formed the United Farm Workers Union in 1966. He led a boycott that forced grape growers to sign contracts with the UFW. James Meredith integrated the University of Mississippi in 1962. Members of the American Indian Movement occupied Alcatraz Island in 1969. Daniel Ellsberg published the Pentagon Papers in 1971. The CIA funded a military junta that overthrew Chilean president Salvador Allende in 1973. The city of San Antonio, Texas elected Henry Cisneros mayor in 1981.

20. B. Changing views of women during the 1920s eroded traditional Victorian mores. Some women, especially among the lower-middle and working class, began to smoke, drink, dance, and wear makeup. The “flapper” image emerged during the “Jazz Age” but was not a musical instrument. Mass-produced automobiles of the era were sometimes called “flivvers.”

21. D. In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall announced plans to give economic aid to all European nations willing to participate in recovery efforts. The Soviet Union and Eastern bloc nations rejected the plan as “Yankee imperialism.” Nevertheless, the United States contributed over $12 billion dollars by 1950 to revive struggling European economies. The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) futilely attempted to outlaw war by international agreement. “Operation Overlord” was the code name for the Normandy invasion. The Federal Loyalty Program investigated the loyalty of federal employees. The Eisenhower Doctrine sent military aid to the Middle East.

22. C. Although Union forces occupied most of the Confederate states by 1865, former slaves did not leave the South in large numbers. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 did not spark massive migration in the following decade. World War I expanded employment opportunities in the industrial North. Massive migration began in 1915 as thousands of African-Americans sought to escape the poverty, racism, and violence.

25. A. During post-Civil War industrial expansion, most Republicans advocated high tariffs to protect American products from foreign competition. Both the McKinley Tariff (1890) and Dingley Tariff (1897) kept rates above 45 percent. Protectionists also succeeded in undermining efforts to lower rates in the Wilson-Gorman Tariff by adding high-tariff revisions to the bill. Republican policy of the era typically avoided significant regulation of the economy and often sided with management during strikes. Republican Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon revised corporate and income taxes during the 1920s.

24. D. Headed by Milo Reno, the Farmers’ Holiday Association attempted to raise agricultural prices by withholding commodities from the market. Their efforts failed to increase prices. President Hoover’s Federal Farm Board failed to control the farm surplus. His Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) also failed to revitalize the industrial economy. President Franklin D, Roosevelt created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to address industrial recovery and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to regulate the farm economy. Both met with limited success.

25. E. Article VI states that the Constitution and federal legislation “shall be the supreme law of the land.” All senators, representatives, judges, and members of state legislatures must swear to uphold the Constitution.

26. B. A (though nationalists readily supported war with Spain, Congress denied any intention of annexing Cuba. American policy seemed to shift after hostilities ceased. In 1901, Congress passed the Platt Amendment and induced Cuba to accept its terms. The Platt Amendment limited Cuba’s ability to make treaties, enabled the United States to establish a naval base on the island, and granted the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

27. C. Both John Dewey and Mary Montessori pushed for education reform during the Progressive era. The other three individuals participated in antebellum reform movements. Initially an abolitionist, Lucretia Mott helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention, Weld published abolitionist tracts. Horace Mann served on the Massachusetts Board of Education and revitalized the Massachusetts school system. Other states followed his model.

28. A. Herbert Hoover headed the Food Administration, which supervised a highly successful food rationing campaign. The War Industries Board, led by Bernard Baruch, failed to mobilize the American economy fully by the end of the war. George Creel supervised the Committee on Public Information, which produced propaganda.

29. C. Kennedy battled a slight recession and above-normal unemployment figures with legislation designed to foster economic expansion. He convinced steelworkers to abandon demands for higher wages temporarily. When U.S. Steel and other companies announced a price increase, Kennedy denounced the industry’s actions in a news conference in April 1962. U.S. Steel lowered its prices three days later.

30. D. Federal land grants contributed to the construction of railroads in the West, Mass production of automobiles did not occur until the 1920s. Streetcars allowed people to move outside the city limits.

31. E. Lincoln won approximately 40 percent of the popular vote. Democrats split their votes between Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. Some Southern states refused to recognize Lincoln’s candidacy. However, many Unionists in the South cast their vote for John G. Bell, the Constitutional Union candidate.

32. B. The United States and the Soviet Union signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) at the end of Nixon’s first term. The War Powers Act set limits on the president’s ability to commit troops abroad. The INF Treaty and Strategic Defense Initiative are connected to the Reagan administration. Kennedy negotiated the Test Ban Treaty in 1963.

33. A. Roosevelt and Churchill assured Stalin of an impending invasion of France. At Casablanca earlier in 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill had agreed to invade Italy. The Washington Conference (1921 to 1922) attempted naval disarmament; the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) sought to eliminate war.

34. B. Metacomet fought British colonists in the seventeenth century. Pontiac led his tribe in an uprising in colonial Virginia in the 1760s. Tecumseh forged a loose alliance of tribes in the Northwest that broke down after the defeat at Tippecanoe in 1811 and ended with his death in 1813. Osceola led the Seminoles in war against Americans in the 1830s. Geronimo raided settlements in the Southwest until the mid-1880s.

35. C. Congress sent the Fourteenth Amendment to the states in 1866. Tennessee was the only Southern state to ratify it. The next congressional elections increased the power of the “Radical” Republicans. They passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which dismantled the existing state governments in the South in favor of military districts. Republicans made ratification of the amendment a requirement for states seeking readmission to the Union.

36. E. Many pollsters picked Thomas E. Dewey to win the election of 1948. Truman, who ascended to the presidency upon Roosevelt’s death, faced challenges from both the left and right of the Democratic party. He adopted an aggressive campaign style and traveled across the country by train. He delivered over 350 speeches, attacking Republican policy toward organized labor and the agricultural economy. He garnered nearly 50 percent of the popular vote to win an unexpected victory.

37. A. President Theodore Roosevelt set aside thousands of acres of public lands for parks. Richard Ballinger, Taft’s Secretary of the Interior, attempted to open forests and mineral reserves to private corporations. Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot criticized Ballinger’s actions and was eventually dismissed by Taft. Conservationists and progressives generally sided with Pinchot.

38. D. McNamara and Rusk favored American involvement in Vietnam. Both Fulbright and Kennedy opposed sending more troops to Vietnam, but Fulbright wrote the book.

39. B. Texans defeated General Santa Anna’s forces in 1836. Nevertheless, the Mexican government did not recognize Texan independence. President Jackson resisted annexation in spite of the support of Texans for joining the Union. A joint resolution of Congress annexing Texas heightened simmering tensions that subsequently led to war. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo followed the war, granting the United States the territory from Texas to California,

40. E. In 1957 white mobs attempted to prevent black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Whites rioted over the admission of James Meredith to the University of Mississippi in 1962. Police used fire hoses and police dogs to disrupt nonviolent demonstrations in Birmingham. A week of violence and destruction of property followed an incident of police brutality in Watts in 1965. Four students died when National Guardsmen fired into a crowd of antiwar protestors on the campus of Kent State University in 1970.

41. B. British troops evacuated Boston early in the Revolutionary War, only to return later with reinforcements. William Howe had been removed from his command in 1778. The American victory on the Virginia coast indicated that Britain’s former colonies would continue to sustain the war effort. As a result, the possibility of continuing a costly conflict heightened public opposition to the war in Great Britain.

42. B. The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, an unmanned satellite, into space in 1957. Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space in April 1961, Alan Shepard followed in May. Neil Armstrong walked on the moon after the inauguration of Richard Nixon.

43. C. The agricultural economy had not improved dramatically in the South since the end of the Civil War. Most Southern farmers faced an unending cycle of poverty and debt. Immigrants at the turn of the century differed significantly from their antebellum predecessors. A large percentage of these new Americans were Catholic or Jewish and came from Italy or Russia.

44. A. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union sprang from the Progressive era. Formed in 1873, this organization led a publicity campaign against the negative effects of alcohol. It reached the pinnacle of its membership before World War I.

45. D. Residents of the Western states would benefit from the expansion of the National Road. The proposed route could improve the movement of crops and expand regional commerce. Although Jackson had previously signed some internal improvements bills, he vetoed the Maysville bill. Jackson believed that the federal government had no authority to finance the project, since it did not run between several states and promote interstate commerce.

46. D. Landon and Dewey ran against Roosevelt in the presidential elections of 1940 and 1944, respectively. Neither Republican candidate promoted higher taxes as part of their platform, Francis Townsend proposed the creation of a pension program to alleviate the suffering of elderly Americans hit hard by the Depression, Louisiana senator Huey P. Long proposed confiscatory taxes on the wealthy to be redistributed among average Americans,

47. E. In Puritan communities, church leaders directed town affairs. Puritans believed in predestination. The Enlightenment, deism, and the First Great Awakening challenged the traditional Puritan view of worldly events and salvation.

48. A. Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine, which the federal government began to distribute in the mid-1950s. Dr. Benjamin Spock promoted a child-centered approach to raising young people in his book Baby and Child Care.

49. B. Overspeculation in Western land sales and the demise of the Bank of the United States contributed to the Panic of 1837. The United States remained on the gold standard until Franklin Roosevelt took office. The federal government did not begin to spend significant amounts of money on works projects until the New Deal, Overproduction of consumer goods during the 1920s depressed prices by the end of the decade.

50. C. During Reconstruction, Congress passed a Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination in public places. Many state legislatures complied until the Supreme Court narrowed the interpretation of the law in the Civil Rights Cases (1883). When Homer Plessy challenged segregation laws in New Orleans, the Court ruled in favor of “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites. As a result, states applied the principle of segregation to all public accommodations, including restaurants, hotels, and drinking fountains. Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) overturned the Keating-Owen Act, which regulated child labor. The Court’s decision in Schenck v. U.S. (1919) limited the interpretation of “free speech.”

51. C. Washington annunciated the cornerstone of early American foreign policy in his Neutrality Act and Farewell Address. When France and Great Britain began to seize American ships, Jefferson replied with the Embargo Act. He hoped that being cut off from American trade would force the belligerent nations to respect American neutrality, Instead, the act exacerbated economic problems in the United States and revitalized Federalist opposition to Jefferson.

52. E. Economic and social tensions increased as Puritan communities grew. Class distinctions emerged and friction followed. Historians differ on explanations of events in Massachusetts. Some point to the economic rivalry between Salem Village and Salem town; others note that the accused transgressed the traditional roles of colonial women. The Second Great Awakening did not occur until the eighteenth century. The Creeks and Seminoles lived primarily in the Southern colonies.

53. D. Both the United States and Soviet Union sent troops into Korea during World War II, and agreed to a temporary partition at the 38th parallel. Soviet and American forces withdrew in 1949, The Soviets supported a pro-communist government in the North, while the United States endorsed the pro-Western government of Syngman Rhee in the South. North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950. Truman mobilized American forces and sought the support of the United Nations. The alleged attack on the Maddux led to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution and American involvement in Vietnam.

54. A. Antebellum defenders of slavery frequently used paternalistic terminology to describe a purportedly affectionate relationship between masters and slaves. Nat Turner and his followers collected weapons and attacked families in Southhampton County, Virginia. Nearly 60 whites died; federal and state troops killed over 100 blacks when suppressing the insurrection. Widespread fear of similar slave revolts led to the passage of stricter “slave codes.” This fear persisted throughout the antebellum period. Some Southerners believed that Northern abolitionists had inspired the rebellion, which exacerbated sectional tensions. This belief later led to the passage of a “gag rule” in Congress that prevented discussion of abolitionist petitions on the floor of the House,

55. B. Franklin Roosevelt created the Office of Price Administration (OPA) in 1942 to combat inflation. As more Americans found employment in the booming war industries, prices increased. The OPA capped prices and wages and promote rationing with coupon books. Roosevelt’s War Production Board (WPB) struggled to convert the economy to wartime production and control military purchases. The Committee on Public Information (CPI) directed the propaganda campaign during World War I.

56. E. Tensions with Indians along the frontier brought representatives from several colonies together at Albany. Benjamin Franklin’s “Plan of Union” proposed a form of government to administer to colonial affairs. Most colonial assemblies rejected the Albany Plan by the onset of the French and Indian War. The war ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris. Parliament did not pass the Quebec Act until 1774. The women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls occurred in 1848.

57. C. Construction of the Erie Canal began in 1817. Upon its completion in 1825, it linked Lake Erie to the commerce of New York City. The National Road did not extend to Illinois until 1837. Few railroad routes extended as far as the Erie Canal in this period.

58. B. Although many former slaves hoped to become landowners, no concerted effort was made to redistribute the property of former slaveholders. The Confiscation Act of 1862 yielded few free homesteads. Some redistribution occurred in the Sea Islands (South Carolina), but the model was not followed throughout the South. The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools in several Southern states. Staffed by white and black teachers, these schools enrolled thousands of black students. Military Reconstruction and the election of Republican governments limited the influence of former Confederate leaders to some degree. However, the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations terrorized white and black Republicans, leading to the reestablishment of Democratic (Conservative) governments.

59. D. In the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), signatory nations pledged to outlaw war “as an instrument of national policy.” Although signed by over 60 nations, the treaty provided no enforcement mechanism. At the end of World War II, delegates from several nations created the United Nations. The Security Council retained the power to investigate international issues, recommend actions, and use military force when necessary to maintain international peace. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) created a defensive alliance among the United States and several European nations in 1949. Similar alliances followed for Southeast Asia (SEATO) and the Middle East (CENTO).

60. E. Daniel Shays and followers used armed resistance to prevent collection of taxes and confiscation of property among hard-pressed farmers in western Massachusetts. The Confederation government and state legislature had little money or power to suppress domestic unrest. Perceiving a threat to property, wealthy merchants financed the state militia to end the rebellion. President George Washington used powers granted under the Constitution to call up state militias and suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.

61. A. By 1941, Great Britain faced an uncertain future in their fight against Nazi aggression. Bombing raids and submarine attacks disrupted the British economy. President Franklin Roosevelt favored the lend-lease policy over ‘‘cash-and-carry” because it enabled the United States to provide greater assistance to the beleaguered nation. Roosevelt extended lend-lease to the Soviets after Hitler’s forces invaded the USSR.

62. B. At the end of the nineteenth century, a combination of events drew the United States into war with Spain. In 1898, an explosion on the USS Maine killed over 260 sailors in Havana harbor. The “yellow journalism” of newspapers such as William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal intensified the war fever in the United States. “Remember the Maine” became a popular rallying cry for advocates of war.

63. C. One result of the American Revolution was the widespread belief that an effective republic rested upon the active participation of its citizens. Although the Revolution did not significantly alter the social and legal position of women, it placed great emphasis on their influence upon children. Women were expected to instill their children with the virtues of liberty, thus creating the next generation of loyal citizens.

64. E. Watergate and his pardon of Richard Nixon cost Gerald Ford a number of votes in 1976. Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected in 1952 after 20 years of Democratic administrations. Dissent over Johnson’s Vietnam policy helped the Republican party in 1968. In 1964, Republican candidate Barry Goldwater was cast as imprudent in foreign affairs.

65. A. Workers in mass-production industries remained outside the scope of the American Federation of Labor, which organized craft unions. Supporters of industrial unions strove to organize all workers in a particular industry without concern for their particular skill or function. John L. Lewis, head of the United Mine Workers, attempted to unionize mass-production workers from within the A.F.L. A.F.L. leaders dismissed Lewis and his committee after a series of bitter conflicts. Lewis reestablished the committee as the Congress on Industrial Organization in 1936.

66. D. The United States and Great Britain both claimed territory in the Pacific Northwest. President Polk proposed a division of the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel. When a British ambassador rebuffed Polk’s offer, advocates of manifest destiny clamored for action. In spite of nationalistic rhetoric, Polk wanted a peaceful resolution to the issue. The United States and Great Britain avoided armed conflict by settling on the original proposal.

67. E. The American states ratified the Articles of Confederation in order to create a loose alliance to fight the Revolutionary War. Individual state legislatures retained a great deal of authority. The states granted the Continental Congress limited powers to wage the war. Each state jealously guarded it's authority to tax its citizens.

68. B. The state of Maryland attempted to tax the operations of a local branch of the Bank of the United States (B.U.S.). Maryland indicted James McCulloch, cashier for the B.U.S., for refusing to pay the state tax. Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the state tax law violated the supremacy clause of the Constitution and was thus void. Marshall affirmed the “necessary and proper” clause that afforded the creation of the Bank. In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Marshall confirmed congressional authority to regulate interstate commerce in a dispute between steamboat companies. Marshall attempted to counter the Indian removal of the 1830s but was opposed by Andrew Jackson.

69. D. Eisenhower signed the Federal Highway Act of 1956, which initiated the construction of tens of thousands of miles of interstates. New Deal public works projects did not complete as many miles of interstate.

70. C. Severe economic distress in both Ireland and Germany impelled millions of immigrants to American shores in the antebellum period. The emergence of the American or “Know-Nothing” party reflected the widespread nativism of the era. The Democratic party tended to welcome these new Americans into their ranks. Legislation to restrict naturalization and immigration was not passed until later in the century and in the early twentieth century.

71. A. Smoldering friction between Great Britain and France erupted in war in 1793. Washington stated that the United States would “pursue a conduct friendly and impartial towards the belligerent powers.” He repeated his position in the Neutrality Act of 1794 and his Farewell Address.

72. C. Johnson enjoyed sizable Democratic majorities in the House and Senate during his first years as president. He promoted a “War on Poverty” with job training programs, aid to education, and urban renewal.

73. D. The election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. Hoover seemed to represent a continuation of Republican prosperity. He enjoyed the support of rural America and made inroads into the South. As such, he opposed the repeal of Prohibition. Al Smith, the first Catholic presidential candidate, favored the repeal of Prohibition, a policy popular in the Northern cities.

74. B. Many single males moved to the Southern colonics in search of economic opportunities. More family units migrated to the New England colonics. Climate and the prevalence of unfamiliar diseases contributed a lower life expectancy in the colonial South. As a result, frequent deaths undermined patriarchal authority. The river system provided valuable transportation routes for the regional economy.

75. E. After the Normandy invasion in June 1944, Allied forces gained ground in Prance. The Allies marched into Paris in August. The Nazi army mounted its last major offensive in December 1944 along the Belgian-German border. Allied forces retreated to Bastogne and suffered heavy casualties. However, the Allied line did not break and a successful counteroffensive opened Germany to an invasion from the west.

76. A. Douglas maintained that the residents of a territory should be able to decide the question of slavery. Seward, Stevens, and Sumner opposed the institution of slavery. On May 20, 1856, Sumner launched into a diatribe against the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into Kansas. He focused his invective on Senator A. P. Butler of South Carolina, Butler’s nephew, Representative Preston Brooks, sought to avenge this insult to his family. Brooks accosted Sumner on the floor of the Senate and beat him with a cane. Brooks and Sumner came to represent opposite sides of the sectional debate brewing in the 1850s.

77. D. Pacing rising debts in the late nineteenth century, farmers advocated the free coinage of silver. Adherence to a gold standard contracted the federal money supply; an inflated currency would raise the price of farm goods, providing farmers the income to repay their debts. The Populists endorsed bimetallism in the elections of 1892 and 1896.

78. C. A number of states lifted property or tax-paying qualifications for voting during the first three decades of the nineteenth century. However, the states did not extend voting privileges to women. The states also passed legislation to restrict the freedoms of African slaves. In 1913 the Seventeenth Amendment gave citizens the right to elect senators directly.

79. E. Volunteers in the Service of America (VISTA) enlisted idealistic young people to address poverty in urban and rural communities. The Free Speech Movement, led by Mario Savio, and Students for a Democratic Society exemplified the student protest groups of the decade. Both addressed a wide range of issues, from the Vietnam War to university policies. The outlandish Yippies, members of the Youth International Party, clashed with police outside of the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. The militant Black Panther party rejected the nonviolent protests of moderates within the civil rights movement.

80. B. A recent immigrant from Great Britain, Paine was an effective propagandist of the rebel cause. Unlike some other colonial writers, Paine focused American hostility on King George III rather than Parliament. To Paine, “common sense” dictated that Americans should declare their independence. Americans bought over 100,000 copies of Common Sense within its first few months of publication.

Section II

Part A

Summary Response to Document-Based Question

1. Although the Federalists intended to unify the nation and strengthen the federal government, their political and economic policies split the nation into rival partisan factions. Students might note that debates over ratification of the Constitution set the stage for the emergence of political parties by the end of the 1790s. They could briefly discuss the supporters and opponents of ratification, the Antifederalists, and The Federalist Papers, particularly The Federalist, no. 10. Students should examine the ideological conflict between loose and strict interpretations of the Constitution, as well as federal versus state authority. They should identify the leading Federalists (Washington, Adams, Hamilton) and Republicans (Jefferson, Madison, Randolph), Document A indicates Washington’s desire that Congress may set policy without party division. Students may note, however, that friction stemmed from Hamilton's financial program. They should examine his intention to establish a sound financial foundation for the new nation by creating a national bank, addressing the public debt (Assumption Act, Funding Bill), and raising revenue (excise taxes, tariffs). While Hamilton’s program strengthened the federal government, it fostered dissent among the Republicans. Document B reflects Virginia’s opposition to the assumption of state debts. Students will note that the conflict over the Bank of the United States in Document C, and D reflects Jefferson’s and Hamilton’s interpretation of the “necessary and proper clause” of the Constitution. Students may also contrast the Republican view of an agricultural economy in Document B. with Federalist support for the Tariff of 1789 and Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures. They may note that opposition to the excise tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion. In Document E, Washington states his intention to enforce federal law and implement powers granted under the Constitution. Washington demonstrated federal authority by calling forth the militias from three states to suppress the rebellion. Some students may refer to Shay’s Rebellion. Students may begin a discussion of diplomatic policy with Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1793) and Neutrality Act (1794), They may explain how the neutrality policy survived the challenge of “Citizen Genet.” However, Great Britain challenged the policy by seizing American ships. Students should discuss partisan perceptions of Jay’s Treaty (Document F). They may note that it achieved some of its nationalistic goals regarding the Northwest territory and promoting commerce with Great Britain. However, they should also address Republican views of its shortcomings. Some students may address Pinckney’s Treaty. Students should discuss Washington’s views on parties in his Farewell Address.

They will note how the election of 1796 yielded a Federalist president (Adams} and a Republican vice president (Jefferson). Students will note how the strife in the executive office reflected party differences in the United States. A discussion of the undeclared naval war with France will reveal the pro-British views of Federalists and pro-French sympathies of the Republicans. Students will discuss how opposing perceptions of the war and the XYZ Affair led to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 (Document G). Students will observe how Madison and Jefferson penned the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Document H), which asserted the theory of nullification. They might conclude how the problems of the Adams administration led to the election of Jefferson in 1800.

Part B and Part C

Summary Responses to Standard Free-Response Questions

2. Students may assert that the colonists increasingly believed that Parliament overstepped its legitimate authority. Students should briefly discuss the results of the French and Indian War. They should examine the development of the colonial assemblies and address the differences between virtual and actual representation throughout the essay. Parliament prohibited colonial expansion in the Proclamation of 1763. The policy intended to reduce the costs of governing the empire, prevent war with Indians along the frontier, and advance the British economy over the colonial economy. The colonists ignored the proclamation and expanded west. They grew restive under parliamentary restrictions on land speculation and the fur trade. Students may explain how Parliament passed the Stamp Act to cover the costs of administering an empire. They should note that the tax fell on all paper products, from legal documents to newspapers. Colonists angrily reacted to the imposition of a revenue tax not passed by their assemblies. Students might discuss Patrick Henry, James Otis, the Stamp Act Congress, Thomas Hutchinson, the Sons of Liberty, and/or colonial boycotts. Parliament passed the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts in response to the Boston Tea Party. Some students may address the Tea Act of 1773. Parliament intended to punish Massachusetts, long considered a source of rebellion. Students should address the Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, new Quartering Act, and/or a provision allowing officials accused of crimes in the colonics to be tried in England. Students will note how the other colonics rallied in support of Massachusetts with legislative resolutions and a new round of boycotts. Some might refer to the formation of the First Continental Congress.

3. A response to this question might begin by examining the results of industrialization, immigration, and the question of slavery. Students will measure the extent to which the reform movements promoted change or attempted to arrest new developments. They should touch upon the Second Great Awakening. Students may address the education and temperance movements as reactions to the rapid influx of Irish and German immigrants. Discussions of education should refer to Horace Mann and the goals of public schools. However, students might also address the more liberal emphasis on republicanism or the development of female education. In an examination of temperance movement, students might address the various temperance organizations, Lyman Beecher, Neil Dow, and/or state temperance laws. Students might discuss the emergence of utopian communities such as New Harmony, Oneida, and Brook Farm as reactions to industrialization and/or as representations of new social views. They might discuss Dorothea Dix and the movement to improve asylums and hospitals. An examination of efforts to improve women's rights might include the “cult of domesticity,” Quakers, Emma Willard, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and/or the Seneca Falls Convention. A discussion of the antislavery movement could include the American Colonization Society, major abolitionists (including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Theodore Dwight Weld, Elijah Lovejoy and/or the Grimkes). Students might address the division within the movement over the inclusion of women and/or immediate versus gradual abolitionism.

4. Students might argue that third-party candidates address the interests of groups feeling isolated from the two major parties. These individuals may attract support away from mainstream candidates. In 1912, the Democratic party nominated Woodrow Wilson; incumbent William Howard Taft headed the Republican ticket. However, Taft’s candidacy did not satisfy the liberal Republicans. Reformers within the G.O.P. bristled over Taft’s apparent support for the policies of the Old Guard Republicans. Students might discuss the passage of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy, and the conflict between Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon (R-IL) and progressive Republicans such as George Norris. Students might address Theodore Roosevelt’s Osawatomie speech and progressive proposals known as “New Nationalism” (i.e., increased federal regulation of corporations, tariff revision, income tax, etc.). Students might note the final split between Roosevelt and Taft over the U.S. Steel suit in 1911. They would examine how Taft’s renomination at the Republican convention in Chicago led to Roosevelt’s candidacy for the Progressive (“Bull Moose”) party. Roosevelt attracted may progressive Republicans and other liberals to the Progressive banner. Students may note the differences between Roosevelt’s New Nationalism and Wilson’s New Freedom proposals (regulation versus eradication of monopolies).

Students will observe that the rift in the Republican party ushered in Wilson as the next president. Some students might indicate that Debs’ candidacy for the Socialist party, by comparison, did little to take votes away from Wilson. Harry Truman faced third-party candidacies from both the left and right in 1948. Students might review some elements of the Truman administration before the election, including but not limited to the Truman Doctrine, labor issues, postwar inflation. President’s Committee on Civil Rights/To Secure These Rights, congressional elections of 1946, and/or rejection of '‘Fair Deal” policies. Students may note that Truman’s eroding position spawned the candidacies of Henry Wallace and Strom Thurmond. Students might argue Wallace’s candidacy for the Progressive party represented liberals and Democrats alienated by Truman’s containment policy, reaction to the UMW strike, and failure to implement effective social reform. Thurmond’s States’ Rights party opposed Truman primarily because of his stance on civil rights. The “Dixiecrats” advocated the maintenance of segregation. Students should address the candidacy of Republican Thomas E. Dewey and his favorable position before the election. Students may note that some conservatives may have supported Thurmond over Dewey. Others may argue that Truman’s aggressive “whistle-stop” campaign enabled him to defeat the third parties as well as his Republican challenger. In 1968 students may begin with Johnson’s withdrawal from the race and touch upon the escalation of Vietnam, popular protest, the mixed results of his “Great Society” programs, and/or challenges led by Eugene McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy. Students may again note the division within the Democratic party and the emergence of Hubert Humphrey. Wallace’s American Independent party fed upon the social dislocations of the decade. He won votes from conservatives who opposed Johnson’s civil rights legislation and who rejected the disorder fomented Vietnam protestors. Wallace advocated states rights over “big government.” Students will want to address Nixon’s bid for the votes “Middle America,” aspects of his platform (law-and-order, deregulation, Vietnam) and his “Southern strategy.” Students may note that Wallace may have attracted votes away from both Humphrey and Nixon, contributing to the slim margin of victory in the popular vote.

5. Student might first examine how the war affected American women. They could discuss employment in war industries (“Rosie the Riveter” versus discrimination in the workplace), increased participation service- sector jobs (clerical, etc.), and enlistment in the military (WAACs, WAVEs). They could explain the impact of this work upon women themselves. Students might discuss the evaporation of wartime advances with the “baby boom” and return of men to the workplace. Students should address the participation of African-Americans in war industries (opportunity versus discrimination) and the armed forces (segregated units). They should examine the effects of increased opportunities or treatment abroad upon African-Americans. They may include a discussion of the second “Great Migration,” FEPC (effects/limitations), CORE, and individuals such as A. Philip Randolph, James Farmer, and Bayard Rustin, Some students may also include a discussion of Japanese-Americans (internment, 442nd Combat Team), Native Americans (”code talkers,” departure from reservations), and Mexican- Americans (braceros, urban migration, “stoot suit riot”).