GETTING STARTED: THE DIAGNOSTIC/MASTER EXAM AP U.S. HISTORY
Section I
Time—55 minutes 80 questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case, and write your answer neatly on the answer sheet.
1. The Compromise of 1820 averted sectional conflict by
A. removing federal troops from the South
B. preserving the balance of power between free and slave states
C. implementing a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law
D. lowering tariff rates
E. eliminating the constitutional ban on the importation of the slaves
2. All of the following relate to the
McCarthy Era except
A. Alger Hiss trial
B. McCarran Act
C. Federal Loyalty Program
D. “Palmer raids”
E. “Hollywood Ten”
3. Samuel Gompers
A. used the state militia to break up the Boston police strike
B. led the American Federation of Labor
C. directed President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s War Labor Board
D. was a Populist candidate for governor in Kansas
E. advocated Socialism as head of the Industrial Workers of the World
4. During the Second New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt
A. sought passage of more long-lasting reform measures
B. experienced less opposition from conservatives in Congress
C. attempted to cooperate with business leaders to promote recovery
D. averted a financial crisis with the Emergency Banking Act
E. focused primarily on the creation of relief agencies such as the Civilian Conservation Corps
5. The trial of John Peter Zenger in 1735 contributed to the codification of which of the following principles in the Constitution?
A. Freedom of religion
B. Freedom of the press
C. Separation of powers
D. Checks and balances
E. Taxation by elected representatives
6. “Vietnamization” of the Vietnam War took place under which of the following presidents?
A. Harry S. Truman
B. Dwight D. Eisenhower
C. John F. Kennedy
D. Lyndon B. Johnson
E. Richard M. Nixon
7. The Wilmot Proviso heightened sectional tensions by proposing
A. to ban the importation of slaves in 1808
B. to repeal the “three-fifths” compromise
C. a constitutional amendment to free the slaves
D. that all Western lands must be purchased with specie rather than paper money
E. to ban the importation of slaves into land acquired from Mexico
8. Harvard College was founded primarily to
A. promote the study of science and technology
B. accommodate new movements in theology
C. train Puritan ministers
D. offer women a classical education
E. give technical training to African- Americans in the South
9. Which of the following statements best summarizes the Rosenberg case?
A. Tt represented the height of racial tensions in the 1890s.
B. It was influenced by the nativism of the 1920s.
C. It decentralized the power of the federal government in the 1930s.
D. It exemplified the anticommunist hysteria of the 1950s.
E. It ensured the rights of those accused of crimes in the 1960s.
10. Tn response to the disgusting conditions he or she witnessed in the meatpacking houses of Chicago, which of the following individuals wrote The Jungle?
A. Upton Sinclair
B. Henry George
C. John Spargo
D. Jacob Riis
E. Ida Tarbell
11. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
A. completed the desegregation of the armed forces
B. integrated all colleges and universities
C. banned segregation in public places
D. outlawed poll taxes and literacy tests
E. proposed the Equal Rights Amendment
12. During his administration. President Theodore Roosevelt sought to limit the effects of industrial consolidation. He directed his attorney general to bring suit against specific monopolies under the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). In Northern Securities Company v. United States (1904), the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of a proposed monopoly in which of the following industries?
A. Steel
B. Railroad
C. Oil
D. Meatpacking
E. Automotive
13. The following cartoon refers to a scandal that marred the administration of
A. Ulysses S. Grant
B. William J. Clinton
C. Richard M. Nixon
D. Grover Cleveland
E. Warren G. Harding
The political cartoon, “Juggernaut,” April 1924; courtesy of the Library of Congress.
14. The Tea Act (1773) angered American colonists because it
A. passed a revenue tax on a popular consumer item
B. pitted eastern merchants against western farmers
C. followed the closing of Boston Harbor
D. granted the East India Company a virtual monopoly on the tea trade
E. ruined colonial trade with the West Indies
15. Federalists opposed the purchase of the Louisiana territory primarily because
A. it threatened the balance of power between the political parties
B. they feared a war with Spain
C. they rejected the idea of the federal government accumulating debt
D. it would not improve Western commerce
E. it might jeopardize their goal of purchasing Canada
16. Which of the following Civil War battles resulted in Union control of the Mississippi River?
A. Vicksburg
B. Gettysburg
C. Shiloh
D. Chancellorsville
E. New Orleans
17, All of the following were part of President Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom” legislation except the
A. Federal Trade Commission Act
B. Pure Food and Drug Act
C. Underwood Tariff
D, Clayton Antitrust Act
E. Federal Reserve Act
18. In his message to Congress, President Grover Cleveland resisted the annexation of Hawaii mainly because he
A. feared the influx of cheap labor to the West Coast
B. did not want to extend citizenship rights to nonwhites
C. believed that the provisional government had unjustly undermined the existing government
D. had little support for annexation from Republicans in Congress
E. was more concerned with mounting tensions with Spain
19. Cesar Chavez is significant because he
A. led the AIM occupation of Alcatraz Island
B. wrote the Pentagon Papers
C. integrated the University of Mississippi in 1962
D. was the first Hispanic mayor of a major U.S. city
E. organized farm workers into a powerful union
20. A “flapper” was
A. a mass-produced automobile
B. a young woman who challenged traditional gender roles in the 1920s
C. a steel ship introduced at the turn of the century
D. an electric record player of the 1930s
E. a jazz instrument
21. The Marshall Plan was
A. an international agreement that outlawed war
B. the blueprint for the Allied invasion at Normandy on June 6, 1944
C. an effort to root out communists from the State Department during the Truman administration
D. an effort to provide economic aid to countries devastated by World War II
E. designed to send military aid to Middle Eastern nations battling communism
22. The “Great Migration,” which involved the movement of African- Americans from the South to the industrial cities of the North and West, occurred primarily
A. during the Civil War
B. in the 1880s
G. during and after World War I
D. after World War II
E. during and after the Vietnam War
23. Which of the following statements best expresses the pro-business stance of the Republican administrations of the late nineteenth century?
A. They maintained very high tariff rates to protect American industry.
B. They lowered corporate and income taxes for the wealthy industrialists.
C. They bargained with labor leaders to forestall crippling strikes.
D. They passed legislation limiting investments abroad.
E. They expanded the federal government’s role in regulating economic growth.
24. Throughout the 1920s, American farmers suffered from depressed agricultural prices. As a result, President Franklin D. Roosevelt hoped to stabilize the farm economy by attempting to control production and fixing the price of farm goods. The agency in charge of monitoring the agricultural sector of the economy was the
A. Farmer’s Holiday Association
B. NRA
C. RFC
D. AAA
E. Farm Board
25. The “supremacy clause” of the Constitution
A. distributed power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government
B. made presidential authority superior to Congress through the chief executive’s veto powers
C. empowered the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court to supervise impeachment proceedings
D. ensured that all states would be equally represented in the Senate
E. forced the state legislatures to conform to federal laws
26. During the Spanish-American War, the Teller Amendment stated that
A. the residents of the Philippines automatically became American citizens with annexation
B. the United States did not intend to annex Cuba
C. all of the property of Spanish landholders would be returned after the war
D. the United States reserved the right to intervene in Cuban affairs after the war
E. France must abandon its claims to build a canal in Central America
27. “Education, beyond all other devices, is a great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance wheel of the social machinery. ... The spread of education, by enlarging the cultivated class or caste, will open a wider area over which the social feelings will expand; and if this education should be universal and complete, it would do more than all things else to obliterate factitious distinctions in society.” The antebellum reformer who asserted these beliefs was
A. John Dewey
B. Lucretia Mott
C. Horace Mann
D. Theodore Dwight Weld
E. Mary Montessori
28. Herbert Hoover oversaw the most successful of President Woodrow Wilson’s war boards during World War I. That agency was the
A. Food Administration
B. Red Cross
C. War Industries Board
D. Committee on Public Information
E. UNIA
29. In an effort to stabilize the economy, President Kennedy attempted to implement voluntary “wage-price” guidelines for American businesses. Although several industries adopted these standards, one in particular tried to resist the president’s initiatives. In response Kennedy threatened to terminate federal contracts and bring suit unless this industry complied. Which industry lowered its prices because of Kennedy’s reaction?
A. Automobile
B. Oil
C. Steel
D. Textiles
E. Railroad
30. Which of the following contributed to the growth of suburbs before 1900?
A. Generous federal land grants
B. Mass production of the automobile
C. Implementation of the Newlands Act
D. Developments in mass transit
E. Corruption of municipal governments
31. All of the following statements about the election of 1860 are true except
A. Abraham Lincoln won the election with a minority of the popular vote
B. the Democratic party was split between two candidates
C. more votes were cast in 1860 than any previous antebellum election
D. Abraham Lincoln’s name did not appear on many Southern ballots
E. Southern Unionists did not vote, as no party represented their interests
32. Which of the following represents an attempt to curb the arms race during the Nixon administration?
A. Test Ban Treaty
B. SALT I
C. War Powers Act
D. Strategic Defense Initiative
E. INF Treaty
33. In 1943, Allied leaders met at the Teheran Conference and decided to
A. launch a cross-Channel invasion of France
B. invade Sicily and eliminate Hitler’s primary ally
C. outlaw war
D. limit fleet construction as a means to naval disarmament
E. divide German possessions in Africa
34. In the decade preceding the War of 1812, which of the following Indian chiefs attempted to organize a confederation of tribes to halt white expansion?
A. Metacomet (King Philip)
B. Tecumseh
C. Osceola
D. Geronimo
E. Pontiac
35. The Fourteenth Amendment, which ensured the citizenship rights of African-Americans, was ratified
A. when the Southern states seceded from the Union
B. after the Union victory at Antietam
C. as a requirement of '‘Radical” Reconstruction
D. as part of President Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
E. as part of the Compromise of 1877
36. Which of the following presidential candidates pursued a “give 'em hell,” whistle-stop campaign in which he blasted the “do-nothing” 80th Congress?
A. Thomas Dewey
B. Franklin D. Roosevelt
C. Dwight D. Eisenhower
D. Adlai Stevenson
E. Harry S. Truman
37. The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy (1909) was
A. a dispute between the Secretary of the Interior and the Chief Forester over the sale of public lands
B. a conflict between a reform governor and a corrupt urban boss
C. an investigation of communist infiltration of the State Department
D. the result of the sinking of an American merchant ship in French waters
E. a reaction to the passage of antitrust legislation
38. “The United States is now involved in a sizeable and ’open-ended’ war against communism in the only country in the world which won freedom from colonial rule under communist leadership. ... My own view is that there is a kind of madness in the facile assumption that we can raise the many billions of dollars necessary to rebuild our schools and cities and public transport and eliminate the pollution of air and water while also spending tens of billions to finance an ’open-ended’ war in Asia.”
A notable “dove” on the Vietnam War, he wrote an incisive critique of American foreign policy in Southeast Asia (excerpted above) entitled The Arrogance of Power. This man was
A. Robert McNamara.
B. Dean Acheson.
C. Dean Rusk.
D. J. William Fulbright.
E. Robert F. Kennedy.
39. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
A. formalized the annexation of Texas in 1845
B. ended the Mexican War in 1848
C. ended the war between Mexico and the Texans in 1836
D. applied the Monroe Doctrine to Venezuela in 1824
E. gave Stephen F. Austin the right to sell land titles in Mexico in 1821
40. In 1965, a riot occurred that served as a symbol of African-American frustration to some and rampant lawlessness to others. That riot took place in
A. Oxford, Mississippi
B. Birmingham, Alabama
C. Kent State, Ohio
D. Little Rock, Arkansas
E. Watts, Los Angeles, California
41. The American victory at Yorktown
A. forced the British evacuation of Boston
B. induced Great Britain to negotiate an end to the Revolutionary War
C. ended Pontiac’s Rebellion
D. caused French troops to withdraw from British North America
E. led to the removal of General William Howe
42. The United States matched the Soviet Union when the first American (Alan Shepard) was put into space during the administration of
A. Dwight D. Eisenhower
B. John F. Kennedy
C. Lyndon B. Johnson
D. Richard Nixon
E. Jimmy Carter
43. Which of the following statements about immigration to the United States during the period 1890 to 1910 is true?
A. Most immigrants settled in the South to take advantage of agricultural opportunities.
B. Most immigrants tended to be Protestant, skilled workers.
C. Most new immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe.
D. All immigrants were accepted into established urban communities.
E. No immigrants went to California or the West Coast during this period.
44. The WCTU promoted
A. prohibition of alcohol in the 1880s
B. isolationism in the 1930s
C. abolitionism in the 1840s
D. suffrage for African-Americans in the 1950s
E. religious fundamentalism in the 1860s
45. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill. The bill provided for federal financing, in the amount of $150,000, for construction of a 60-mile road near Maysville, Kentucky. Which of the following statements best summarizes Jackson’s reason for vetoing the bill?
A. Westerners opposed the bill because they would have to bear the greatest burden of the taxes demanded by Congress.
B. As a strict constructionist, he never signed internal improvements bills.
C. He wanted to assist his long-time ally, Henry Clay, who opposed the bill.
D. Since the road would run within the borders of one state, he believed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to finance the road.
E. As a resident of Tennessee,
Jackson bore much ill will against Kentuckians.
46. Which of the following individuals presented a direct challenge to President Franklin P. Roosevelt's New Deal with the introduction of his “Share the Wealth” program?
A. Al Smith
B. Alf Landon
C. Thomas E. Dewey
D. Huey Long
E. Francis Townsend
47. Which of the following statements best expresses a tenet of the Puritan faith?
A. The church and state must remain separate entities.
B. Worldly events could be explained through science and reason.
C. Individuals could attain salvation through emotional appeals to God.
D. After creating the universe, God allowed worldly events to operate according to natural law.
E. An omnipotent God predestined some individuals for salvation.
48. During the 1950s, the United States experienced a “baby boom,” Doctors and child development specialists spurred the national focus upon the family. The polio vaccine, which prevented the spread of a crippling childhood disease, was developed by
A. Jonas Salk
B. Allen Ginsburg
C. Benjamin Spock
D. John Foster Dulles
E. Albert Einstein
49. Which of the following contributed to the onset of the Great Depression?
A. Overspeculation in Western lands
B. Overproduction of consumer goods
C. Collapse of the Bank of the United States
D. Elimination of the gold standard
E. Significant cuts in federal spending on public works projects
50. In 1896, the Plessy v. Ferguson decision
A. outlawed monopolies
B. reversed child labor legislation
C. legalized racial segregation
D. empowered the federal government to place Plains Indians on reservations
E. limited free speech through the “clear and present danger” clause
51. In the early nineteenth century, mounting hostilities between France and Great Britain caused a war that threatened American interests abroad. When both nations violated American neutrality, the United States attempted to use economic coercion to force both nations to respect shippers’ rights. The Embargo Act, which banned American international commerce, was passed under
A. George Washington
B. John Adams
C. Thomas Jefferson
D. James Madison
E. James Monroe
52. Which of the following best explains the witchcraft phenomenon that swept New England in the late seventeenth century?
A. Conflicts with the Creeks and Seminoles caused widespread panic among Puritan settlers.
B. The Second Great Awakening had undermined many elements of the Puritan faith,
C. New England colonies were more superstitious than other colonies.
D. Polluted water caused physiological disturbances among young women in Massachusetts.
E. Social strains were not being contained within Puritan communities.
53. The immediate cause of the Korean War was
A. an attack upon the USS Maddux in the Gulf of Tonkin
B. the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
C. U-2 incident
D. North Korean invasion of South Korea
E. creation of the National Security Council
54. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) had
which of the following results?
A. It shattered the perceptions of those who believed that a bond of mutual affection existed between slaves and their masters.
B. It led to the repeal of the “gag rule” in Congress.
C. It induced Congress to ban the future importation of slaves into the United States.
D. It cemented the bond between North and South on the issue of fugitive slaves,
E. It led to the rapid emancipation of slaves in the Upper South.
55. During World War II, the OPA
A. promoted the purchase of Victory Bonds
B. fixed prices and promoted the rationing of consumer goods
C. led a propaganda campaign that contributed to the persecution of German-Americans
D. attempted to limit the Asian immigration into the United States
E. regulated the purchase of industrial resources and halted nonessential production
56. The Albany Congress (1754) was significant because it
A. was the first effort by American women to win equal rights
B. ended the French and Indian War
C. passed a series of resolutions opposing the passage of the Quebec Act
D. formulated the first bill of rights in the colonies
E. proposed a colonial union for defense against the Indians
57. By 1830, which of the following opened the Great Lakes to Eastern commerce?
A. The National Road
B. The Oregon Trail
C. The Erie Canal
D. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
E. The Natchez Trace
58. During Reconstruction, the Freedmen’s Bureau achieved a significant measure of success in
A. redistributing the land of former slave masters
B. promoting educational opportunities for African- Americans
C. stripping power front former Confederate leaders
D. eliminating the influence of the Ku Klux Klan
E. revitalizing the devastated Southern economy
59. All of the following attempted to promoted collective security during the Cold War except
A. NATO
B. SEATO
C. CENTO
D. Kellogg-Briand Pact
E. the United Nations
60. Which of the following statements is true about Shays’s Rebellion, 1787?
A. It was suppressed when President George Washington implemented the powers granted to him under the Constitution.
B. It hurt the Federalist party in the next election.
C. It ended when Daniel Shays was killed by federal troops in a barn in Virginia.
D. It demonstrated the power of the federal government over the states.
E. It alarmed conservatives and landowners in several states.
61. The Lend-Lease Act was designed to
A. help Great Britain in the war against Germany
B. get the nation out of the depths of the Great Depression
C. strengthen Japan against the Soviet Union
D. expand consumer credit
E. improve relations with Middle Eastern nations
62. The following newspaper headline was intended to stir up American hostility toward
A. Germany
B. Spain
C. Great Britain
D. Mexico
E. the USSR
63. The concept of “republican motherhood” emerged after which of the following?
A. The establishment of the Massachusetts Bay colony, 1620
B. The First Great Awakening, 1734 to 1746
C. The American Revolution, 1775 to 1783
D. The end of the Jackson administration, 1837
E. The election of the first Republican president, 1860
64. Which of the following best represents the results of the election of 1976?
A. The Republican party regained control of the executive office after 20 years of Democratic administrations.
B. The Democratic candidate lost support in many Southern states.
C. The Republicans capitalized upon popular unrest over the Vietnam War.
D. The Democratic party portrayed his Republican candidate as a war monger.
E. The Watergate scandal undermined the position of the Republican party.
65. The CIO was founded in order to
A. organize industrial unions
B. “pump prime” the economy during the Kennedy administration
C. achieve diplomatic goals through sabotage and covert operations
D. monitor the economy during World War I
E. support passage of the Equal Rights Amendment
66. The phrase “54°40' or fight” was a rallying cry that referred to
A. the boundary line Confederate soldiers vowed to protect at all costs
B. a dispute between American and Canadian loggers on the Maine border
C. a means of tax relief demanded after the Panic of 1819
D. a border dispute between the United States and Great Britain
E. the conflict between American farmers and the Mexican government in Texas
67. All of the following were powers that the Articles of Confederation granted to Congress except the power to
A. make treaties
B. declare war
C. borrow money
D. organize a post office
E. tax
68. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court
A. reaffirmed the ability of Congress to regulate interstate commerce
B. endorsed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
C. attempted to halt the state’s efforts to remove Indians from their tribal lands
D. upheld President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus
E. freed Clement Vallandigham, who had criticized Lincoln’s war measures
69. The most significant expansion of American highways began during the administration of
A. Richard M. Nixon
B. Franklin D. Roosevelt
C. Harry S. Truman
D. Dwight D. Eisenhower
E. Herbert Hoover
70. In the antebellum period, which of the following contributed to the growth of nativism?
A. Conflicts with Indian tribes along the frontier
B. The political beliefs of the Democratic party
C. The rapid influx of Irish and German immigrants
D. New congressional restrictions on naturalization
E. The feeling that Southerners were trying to spread slavery into the territories
71. In response to mounting Anglo-French tensions and French claims that the United States was bound by the Treaty of Alliance of 1778, which of the following presidents issued a proclamation of neutrality that became the cornerstone of American foreign policy?
A. George Washington
B. John Adams
C. Thomas Jefferson
D. James Madison
E. James Monroe
72. President Lyndon Johnson was able to enact his “Great Society” programs primarily because the
A. nation’s economy had improved dramatically
B. Republican party favored reform
C. Democrats controlled Congress
D. business community supported the program
E. Supreme Court favored Republican policies
73. All of the following statements about the election of 1928 are true except that
A. voters endorsed the pro-business policies of the Republican party
B. the Democratic candidate received support from urban centers
C. the Republican candidate won some support in southern states
D. the Republican candidate supported the repeal of Prohibition
E. it was the first election to feature a Catholic presidential candidate
74. Which of the following statements about life in the colonial South is not true?
A. Life expectancy was lower than in the New England colonies.
B. Gender ratios were relatively equal in the South.
C. Disease took more lives than in the New England colonies.
D. Patriarchal authority exerted far less control than in New England,
E. The rivers were critically important to the regional economy.
75. Which of the following statements is true about the Battle of the Bulge, 1944?
A. It was the first battle American soldiers fought upon French soil.
B. It prevented Japan from invading Australia.
C. It swept all Nazi forces from Italy.
D. It enabled American naval vessels to protect Allied merchants ships as they crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
E. It so weakened the Nazi army that it could no longer stop the Allied advance toward Berlin.
76. Which of the following men was beaten on the floor of the Senate in 1856 because of his “Crime against Kansas” speech in which he scathingly attacked the institution of slavery and insulted fellow senator Andrew Butler?
A. Charles Sumner
B. Thaddeus Stevens
C. Stephen Douglas
D. John Bell
E. William Seward
77. During the late nineteenth century, bimetallism received the support of those who wanted to
A. retire federal hank notes
B. weaken the Populist party
C. promote copper mining in the West
D. inflate the currency and alleviate debts
E. allow state banks to produce their own currency
78. Although Andrew Jackson is credited for the increasing democratization of the United States in the early antebellum period, state governments also expanded democracy by
A. changing the process for the election of senators
B. overturning the restrictive Supreme Court decisions of John Marshall
C. extending manhood suffrage by removing property requirements
D. granting women the right to vote
E. passing “slave codes” that gave slaves certain rights in white society
79. All of the following represented social unrest in the 1960s except
A. the SDS
B. the Black Panthers
C. the Yippies
D. Mario Savio and FSM
E. VISTA
80. “I challenge the warmest advocate of separation to show a single advantage that this continent can reap by being connected with Great Britain. ... But the injuries and disadvantages we sustain by that connection are without number; and our duty to mankind at large, as well as to ourselves, instruct us to renounce that alliance....
Everything that is right or natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, “TIS TIME TO PART.’ “
In an effort to rally popular support for war with Great Britain, which of the following penned these words from Common Sense?
A. Patrick Henry
B. Thomas Paine
C. John Adams
D. Samuel Adams
E. George Washington
END OF SECTION I
Section II
Part A
(Suggested writing time—45 minutes)
Directions: The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of Documents A to H and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question. High scores will be earned only by essays that both cite key pieces of evidence from the documents and draw on outside knowledge of the period.
1. To what extent did the Federalist administrations of the George Washington and John Adams promote national unity and advance the authority of the federal government?
Document A
Source: George Washington’s First Inaugural Address, April 30, 1789
I behold the surest pledges that as on one side no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views or party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over [Congress] so ... that the foundation of our national policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, and the preeminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of the world.
Document B
Source: Virginia Resolutions on the Assumption of State Debts, December 16, 1790
The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia ... represent [that] ... in an agricultural country like this ... to perpetuate a large monied interest, is a measure which ... must in the course of human events produce ... the prostration of agriculture at the feet of commerce, or a change in the present form of federal government, fatal to the existence of American liberty.
Document C
Source: Thomas Jefferson’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank, February 15, 1791
I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this ground—that all powers not delegated to the United States, by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states, or to the people. To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power.
Document D
Source: Alexander Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank, February 23, 1791
This restrictive interpretation of the word necessary is also contrary to this sound maxim of construction; namely, that the powers contained in a constitution of government, especially those which concern the general administration of the affairs of a country, its finances, trade, defense, etc., ought to he construed liberally in advancement of the public good.
Document E
Source: George Washington’s Proclamation on the Whiskey Rebellion, August 7, 1794
Whereas combinations to defeat the execution of the laws laying duties upon spirits distilled within the United States ... have ... existed in some of the western parts of Pennsylvania; and whereas the said combinations, proceeding in a manner subversive equally of the just authority of government and the rights of individuals;... it is in my judgement necessary under the circumstances to take measures for calling forth the militia in order to suppress the combinations of the combinations aforesaid, and to cause the laws to be duly executed.
Document F
Source: Jay’s Treaty, November 19, 1794
His Majesty will withdraw all of his troops and garrisons from all posts and places within the boundary lines assigned by the treaty of peace to the United States. ... His Majesty consents that the vessels belonging to the United States of America, shall be admitted and hospitably received, in all the seaports of the British territories in the East-Indies.
Document G
Source: The Sedition Act, July 14, 1798
That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, any false, scandalous, and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States ... with the intent to defame said government, ... then such person. being convicted before any court of the United Stales hairing jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.
Document H
Source: Kentucky Resolutions, November 16, 1798
Resolved, that the several States composing the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government;... that [the States] retain to themselves the right of judging how far the licentiousness of speech and press may be abridged without lessening their useful freedom ... therefore [the Sedition Act], which does abridge the freedom of the press, is not law but is altogether void.
Section II
Part B and Part C
(Suggested total planning and writing time: 70 minutes)
Part B
Directions: Choose one question from this part. You are advised to spend 5 minutes planning and 30 minutes writing your answer. Cite relevant historical evidence in support of your generalizations and present your arguments clearly and logically.
2. Explain the reaction of the American colonists to two of the following acts of Parliament: Proclamation of 1763
Stamp Act, 1765
Coercive Acts, 1774
3. To what degree were the reform movements of the 1840s liberal or conservative?
Part C
Directions: Choose one question from this part. You are advised to spend 5 minutes planning and 30 minutes writing your answer. Cite relevant historical evidence in support of your generalizations and present your arguments clearly and logically.
4. Discuss the impact of third-party candidates in two of the following elections:
1912, 1948, 1968
5. In what ways did World War II unleash the movements for racial and gender equality?
END OF SECTION II