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PRACTICE EXAM 2 AP U.S. HISTORY
Section I
Time—55 minutes
80 questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and write your answer neatly on the answer sheet.
1. The 1968 presidential campaigns of Richard Nixon and George Wallace were similar in that both candidates
A. actively supported segregation
B. emphasized law and order
C. called for the escalation of American involvement in Vietnam
D. chose running mates from Southern states
E. emphasized their experience in national politics
2. Many colonial assemblies imposed taxes to support official churches. All of the following colonies had established churches except
A. Massachusetts
B. Virginia
C. Georgia
D. New Hampshire
E. Rhode Island
3. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) heightened sectional tensions because it
A. extended suffrage to Trish and German immigrants in the territories
B. repealed a congressional prohibition on the expansion of slavery
C. banned slavery in new territories
D. admitted both territories as slave states which further eroded the political power of the North
E. overturned the controversial Dred Scott decision
4. Hernando Cortes is significant to the history of North America because he
A. explored the Great Lakes region
B. established the first Franciscan mission in California
C. became the first white man to cross the Mississippi River
D. fought and eventually defeated the powerful Aztecs
E. established friendly relations with the Iroquois Confederation
5. The Bank War pitted Nicholas Biddle, Henry Clay, and the National Republicans against President Andrew Jackson and Secretary of the Treasury Roger B. Taney. Ultimately, Jackson and Taney destroyed the bank by
A. revoking the bank charter in 1828
B. proving that the creation of the B.U.S. was unconstitutional
C. placing deposits of federal tax money in state banks
D. failing to enforce Marshall’s decision in Fletcher v. Peck
E. placing Democrats on the board of directors of the bank
6. The Voting Rights Act, which followed the successful protest march from Selma to Montgomery, was passed during the administration of
A. Harry S Truman
B. Dwight D. Eisenhower
C. John F. Kennedy
D. Lyndon B. Johnson
E. Richard M. Nixon
7. In April 1775, “the shot heard round the world” occurred at Lexington when British soldiers clashed with Massachusetts minutemen. The reason that General Gage dispatched troops to Lexington and Concord was to
A. arrest radical leaders and seize stockpiled weapons
B. save Governor Thomas Hutchinson after the Boston Tea Party
C. enlist the support of the colony’s committee of correspondence
D. suppress violent reactions to the Stamp Act
E. help Benedict Arnold escape capture
8. After World War II, a civil war broke out in China between communists and nationalists (Kuomintang). In order to keep a noncommunist ally in power, the Truman administration supported
A. Mao Tse-tung
B. Ngo Dinh Diem
C. Reza Pahlevi
D. Kim Il-Sung
E. Chiang Kai-shek
9. Which of the following benefited most from federal spending during World War II?
A. Cotton states in the South
B. Northeastern industrial cities
C. The West
D. The “Corn Belt,” from Kansas to Ohio
E. Oil states in the Southwest
10. The primary goal of the American Colonization Society was to
A. oppose the activities of Irish Catholic immigrants in Northern industrial cities
B. help freed slaves return to Africa
C. establish religious colonies in the territories west of the Mississippi River during the Second Great Awakening
D. get temperance legislation passed in Congress
E. find new sources of slave labor in the Caribbean colonies of France and Great Britain
11. The “Roosevelt Corollary” empowered the United States to intervene in the governments of nations that were “unable to manage their own affairs.” In response to threats by France, Germany, and Italy, Theodore Roosevelt sent marines to seize control of the customs house in
A. the Dominican Republic
B. Brazil G. Mexico
D. the Philippines
E. Cuba
12. Which of the following presidents pursued detente, a foreign policy aimed at reducing Cold War friction between the United States and Soviet Union?
A. Dwight D. Eisenhower
B. John F. Kennedy
C. Lyndon Johnson
D. Richard Nixon
E. Ronald Reagan
13. John Marshall’s decision in the Marbury v. Madison case was significant because it
A. guaranteed the sanctity of contracts
B. protected property rights by denying a state the ability to confiscate Tory estates
C. established the principle of “judicial review”
D. set the number of Supreme Court justices at nine
E. reversed his earlier decision in Gibbons v. Ogrfen
14. “I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
They’ll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed-
I, too, am America.”
Which of the following was a poet whose work (excerpted above) was a major part of the Harlem Renaissance?
A. Maya Angelou
B. Richard Wright
C. Allen Ginsberg
D. Booker T. Washington
E. Langston Hughes
15. The introduction of the horse to the native tribes of the Great Plains
A. allowed them to make war on the Indians of the Pacific Northwest more easily
B. enabled them to leave their villages and follow the buffalo herds
C. reduced conflict with white settlers
D. forced them to migrate to the Indian Territory along with the Cherokee
E. led to a rapid decline in tribal authority
16. Both Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy employed a Keynesian strategy to manage the nation’s economy. Which of the following best expresses the basic principle of Keynesian economics?
A. The government would manipulate money in circulation to promote or slow the pace of economic growth.
B. The government would regulate the economy through direct involvement in private companies.
C. The government would eliminate the “boom-bust” cycle of the American economy by cutting federal subsidies.
D. The government would stabilize the economy by investing in the nation’s largest companies.
E. The government would socialize only those industries that failed to turn a profit.
17. Which of the following statements was not an argument made by antisuffragists during the Progressive era?
A. Men adequately represented the view’s of women.
B. Women’s suffrage menaced the proper raising of children.
C. Granting women the right to vote would empower immigrants more than natives.
D. Women would advance the causes of temperance and school reform.
E. Women’s suffrage would reverse gender roles in America.
18. During the New Deal, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act to provide relief to elderly Americans. President Lyndon Johnson attempted to achieve similar results by initiating which of the following measures?
A. Medicare
B. Revenue Act
C. Economic Recovery Tax Act
D. Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act
E. Americans with Disabilities Act
19. Reflecting a new focus on individualism, which of the following authors created the character of “Natty Bumppo,” a rugged frontiersman who struggled against the disorders of his society?
A. Frederick Jackson Turner
B. Henry David Thoreau
C. James Fenimore Cooper
D. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
E. Theodore Dwight Weld
20. Which of the following statements is true about John Rolfe and his impact upon the economic development of colonial North America?
A. He defeated the powerful Iroquois Confederation and opened the Great Lakes to white expansion.
B. He developed a highly successful iron works in New Jersey that served as a model for other colonies.
C. He established a profitable shipping company that opened commerce with the West Indies.
D. He introduced a strain of cotton that Southern colonies began to grow.
E. He experimented with tobacco cultivation, which soon became a profitable export.
21. The Scottsboro case symbolized the
A. prevalence of xenophobia and fear of radicalism in the 1920s
B. prevalence of racism and prejudice in the 1930s
C. persecution of domestic communists in the 1940s
D. opposition to New Deal in the 1950s
E. growing liberalism of the Supreme Court in the 1960s
22. Although the Cold War rapidly escalated with the end of World War II, the 1950s were marked by a period of “peaceful coexistence.” Tensions between the Soviet Union and United States were alleviated temporarily. Which of the following reinvigorated Cold War hostilities?
A. Berlin Airlift
B. Iran Hostage Crisis
C. Cuban Missile Crisis
D. U-2 Incident
E. Suez Crisis
23. Which of the following was a scientific advancement made during the first half of the eighteenth century?
A. Inoculations against smallpox
B. Development of commercial fertilizers
C. Discovery of antibiotics
D. Pellagra remedy
E. Steam engine
24. The Freeport Doctrine, which stated that the people of a territory could bar slavery by passing “unfriendly legislation,” alienated Southern Democrats and damaged the presidential aspirations of
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. John C. Calhoun
C. Stephen A. Douglas
D. John C. Breckinridge
E. James Buchanan
25. The onset of the Panic of 1837 and Great Depression shared which of the following causes?
A. Overspeculation on the stock market
B. The lack of standardized currency
C. Overproduction of war goods
D. Unregulated banking systems
E. Overspeculation in western land sales
26. American revolutionaries sought the assistance of France in their war against the British. However, France initially refused to recognize the sovereignty of the States and withheld military aid until the American victory at
A. Bunker Hill, 1775
B. Trenton, 1776
C. Saratoga, 1777
D. Guilford Courthouse, 1780
E. Yorktown, 1781
27. Which of the following was the main factor that prevented a postwar depression under Truman and Eisenhower?
A. The lack of labor strife
B. Federal spending on relief projects
C. Significant repayment by foreign debtors
D. The revival of the Southern agricultural economy
E. High consumer demand
28. The results of the election of 1800 were unique because
A. a Whig president was elected for the first time
B. the election ended in an electoral tie
C. George Washington was the unanimous choice of the Electoral College
D. the president and vice president came from different parties
E. the president failed to win a majority of the popular vote
29. Which of the following reformers attempted to improve the treatment of the mentally ill?
A. Lyman Beecher
B. Neil Dow
C. Lucretia Mott
D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
E. Dorothea Dix
30. The Sixteenth Amendment implemented
A. the first national child labor regulations
B. a federal income tax
C. direct election of senators
D. the first anti-lynching law
E. the first national referendum
31. Which of the following was a slave revolt during the first half of the eighteenth century?
A. Stono Rebellion
B. Culpeper’s Rebellion
C. Dorr Rebellion
D. Leisler’s Rebellion
E. Newburgh conspiracy
32. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
A. banned the closed shop (union members only)
B. required communist organizations to register with the federal government
C. desegregated the armed forces
D. established the Federal Employee Loyalty Program
E. raised tariff rates
33. Which of the following individuals was the Seminole chief who resisted the removal of his people along the “Trail of Tears” by fighting a guerrilla war in the swamps of Florida beginning in 1835?
A. Black Hawk
B. Sequoyah
C. Sitting Bull
D. Osceola
E. Pontiac
34. The Zimmermann Telegram
A. insulted President McKinley by calling him “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”
B. demanded that Great Britain pay reparations for the Alabama claims
C. denied American mining companies access to the rich iron mines of Venezuela
D. demonstrated the level of corruption in the Harding administration
E. angered Americans because Germany encouraged Mexico to make war against the United States
35. The Proclamation of 1763
A. outlawed colonial assemblies
B. empowered colonial governors to imprison smugglers
C. attempted to limit colonial expansion
D. restricted colonial manufacturing
E. attempted to halt trade with the West Indies
36. Which of the following sets of authors reflected a growing sense of alienation from modern society during the 1950s?
A. Claude McKay and Countee Cullen
B. Theodore Dreiser and Jack London
C. J. D. Salinger and Ralph Ellison
D. John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck
E. Helen Hunt Jackson and Ida Wells Barnett
37. The emergence of the Populist party demonstrated
A. the grievances of farmers against the railroad companies
B. the opposition of Northerners to the expansion of slavery into the territories
C. popular approval of the acquisition of colonies
D. greater support for the modern civil rights movement
E. the increasing power of labor unions in the twentieth century
38. Early in the Civil War, the Trent Affair nearly produced a diplomatic crisis when
A. the USS Monitor sank a British ship
B. a British ship broke through the Union blockade around Charleston
C. Union ships seized a delivery of cotton off the coast of Great Britain
D. the HMS Trent sank the Confederate vessel Virginia
E. Union forces seized Confederate diplomats from a British ship
39. The Federalist Papers were
A. a pamphlet written by Patrick Henry to protest passage of the Stamp Act
B. Thomas Jefferson’s argument against the Alien and Sedition Acts
C. a criticism of Chief Justice John Marshall’s decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward
D. essays written to win support for ratification of the Constitution
E. written to expose the weakness of the Federalists after the War of 1812
40. The primary goal of the antebellum Liberty party was to
A. ensure women’s suffrage
B. prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories
C. oppose industrial capitalism and ensure the rights of factory workers
D. limit foreign immigration to Northern cities
E. promote free transportation on the new railroads spreading throughout the nation
41. It began at a Carnegie Steel plant. It involved a clash between Pinkerton guards and strikers. It was finally suppressed by the governor of Pennsylvania, who sent 8000 militiamen to protect strike breakers. Resolution of the strike led to the blacklisting of members of the steelworkers’ union. Which strike of the Progressive era is described above?
A. Great Railway Strike of 1877
B. Haymarket Square Strike, 1886
C. Homestead Strike, 1892
D. Pullman Strike, 1896
E. Anthracite Strike, 1902
42. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent 5000 marines into which of the following nations in order to keep a pro-Western government in power?
A. Iran
B. Lebanon
C. Turkey
D. Vietnam
E. Guatemala
43. The Fifteenth Amendment represented a truly radical part of Radical Reconstruction mainly because it
A. limited the Reconstruction powers of Congress
B. guaranteed property rights for freedmen throughout the Union
C. limited President Johnson’s appointment powers
D. guaranteed suffrage for freedmen
E. extended voting rights to women as well as men
44. Which of the following events damaged President William Howard Taft’s chances for reelection?
A. The beginning of World War I
B. The passage of the Adamson Act
C. His veto of the Clayton Act and Congress’s subsequent override
D. His denunciation of Speaker of the House Joe Cannon
E. Passage of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
45. In order to “pump prime” the stagnant American economy in the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt created the CCC. This agency
A. employed young men to plant trees and develop national park facilities
B. froze prices for consumer goods at the level of the economy in 1925
C. paid writers, artists, and actors to continue to perform
D. drafted young men into the army
E. gave financial aid to local relief programs
46. All of the following statements about the development of railroads in the antebellum period are true except that
A. new towns appeared along the tracks
B. rail lines ran between the North and South as much as between the North and the West
C. the expansion of lines surpassed the construction of canals
D. the federal government gave large land grants to railroad companies
E. the width of track was not standard for all routes
47. Racial violence erupted in New York City in 1863. Angry whites attacked African-Americans and burned an orphanage for black children. What caused this riot?
A. Food shortages
B. The Union defeat at First Manassas
C. President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus
D. Passage of the Conscription Act
E. The assassination of President Lincoln
48. Which of the following best assesses the results of the election of 1824?
A. It marked the end of the Federalist party.
B. John Quincy Adams won an overwhelming majority of the popular votes.
C. The Whig party won its first presidential campaign.
D. Lingering depression from the Panic of 1819 undermined the candidacy of James Monroe.
E. Jacksonians believed a “corrupt bargain” cost their candidate the election.
49. The circumstances surrounding King Philip’s War (1676) suggest that
A. New England settlers clashed with the native tribes over territorial expansion
B. Great Britain had to send troops to protect its colonists against the encroachments of French settlers
C. colonial governors could not protect colonial commerce
D. the colonists refused to share the costs of their own defense
E. British colonists frequently raided Spanish settlements in North America
50. The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s differed from its nineteenth-century predecessor in that it
A. influenced politics and elections
B. no longer opposed African- American suffrage
C. led an anti-immigrant campaign
D. remained active primarily in the South
E. opposed the temperance movement
51. “’Supply-side” economics, which rests on the belief that tax cuts cause economic growth, is associated with which of the following administrations?
A. Reagan
B. Carter
C. Ford
D. Nixon
E. Johnson
52. All of the following statements about the labor movement after World War II are true except
A. the American Federation of Labor (A.F.L.) merged with the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)
B. unionized workers in steel and other industries received significant wage increases
C. some unions were charged with corrupt practices
D. the CIO’s “Operation Dixie” succeeded in enlisting thousands of members in the South
E. Congress attempted to curb the power of unions
53. In the late nineteenth century, European nations established colonies or “spheres of influence” in Asia and Africa. One reason that the United States did not have a vast empire was that it had a weak, coastal navy. The author who promoted the construction of a powerful steel fleet in his book The Influence of Sen Power upon History, 1660-1783 was
A. William Randolph Hearst
B. General John J. Pershing
C. Eugene V. Debs
D. George Creel
E. Alfred Thayer Mahan
54. Which of the following was an incident of the Mexican War?
A. Gaspee Incident
B. Treaty of New Echota
C. Olive Branch Petition
D. Slidell Mission
E. Ostend Manifesto
55. William Penn
A. was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay colony for criticizing church leaders
B. won a pivotal victory when he led colonial troops against the French at Fort Duquesne in 1756
C. founded a colony that extended a significant degree of religious toleration
D. led farmers in a rebellion against a whiskey excise tax
E. wrote the “Fundamental Orders of Connecticut”
56. The 1930s marked which of the following shifts within the electorate?
A. The Southern states increasingly supported Republican candidates for office.
B. African-Americans began to support the Democratic party.
C. The Republican party began to reflect the interests of urban centers.
D. The Democratic party drew more support from business leaders.
E. The Republican party began to capture the votes of organized labor.
57. During the Grant administration, the Credit Mobilier scandal centered upon
A. the distribution of fraudulent state currency, which contributed to the Panic of 1873
B. the misuse of federal subsidies and bribery of government officials
C. the failure of a major oil company to pay federal taxes
D. the misuse of federal funds designed to provide the Freedmen’s Bureau with homesteads to distribute among former slaves
E. inaccurate voting results recorded during the election of 1876
58. Before Pearl Harbor, the nation struggled with unemployment, deflation, and social friction. Although booming wartime production alleviated much of the economic crisis, all divisive tensions were not eliminated. President Roosevelt created the FEPC in order to
A. ensure that companies did not follow discriminatory hiring practices
B. conduct war bond drives
C. convert factories to wartime production
D. remove Japanese-Americans from the West Coast
E. redistribute income to prevent class conflict
59. Wounded Knee was significant because
A. Cherokee Indians helped General Jackson defeat the Creeks
B. Tecumseh died in the battle thus destroying an inter-tribal confederacy
C. it marked the end of Indian resistance on the Great Plains
D. French and Indian forces defeated Colonel George Washington and the Virginia militia
E. Indians of the Southwest helped Texas troops fight General Santa Anna
60. Which of the following had the greatest impact on the American economy in the early 1970s?
A. Drought and erosion
B. Savings and loan failures
C. The end of price freezes
D. North American free Trade Agreement
E. Arab oil embargo
61. In the 1820s, Robert Owen’s community at New Harmony
A. rejected the individualism and materialism of industrial capitalism
B. served as a model for the employment of women in textiles
C. fostered the revivals of the Second Great Awakening
D. established the first refuge for Mormons in the United States
E. was the first settlement of escaped slaves in the Midwest
62. President Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan” was designed to
A. stop Southern states from seceding
B. restore 10 percent of the slave population to Southern loyalists
C. limit westward expansion by requiring an amount of gold for the purchase of land
D. restore Southern states to the Union quickly
E. keep Great Britain from recognizing the Confederacy
63. In 1774, Parliament passed the Intolerable (Coercive) Acts, which were intended to
A. force New York to obey the Quartering Act
B. punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party
C. close the port of Philadelphia until John Hancock and Ben Franklin surrendered
D. empower colonial governors to enforce the Stamp Act
E. close all Eastern ports after Lexington and Concord
64. Margaret Sanger was significant to the 1920s because she
A. was a leading advocate of birth control
B. was the first woman elected to Congress
C. led a spirited campaign in support of Prohibition
D. wrote novels critical of contemporary materialism
E. served as President Coolidge’s Secretary of Commerce
65. Which of the following was not part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society?”
A. Higher Education Act
B. Medicaid
C. Appalachian Regional Development Act
D. Economic Opportunity Act
E. Immigration Reform and Control Act
66. Patrick Henry and James Monroe opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it
A. failed to adequately protect the institution of slavery
B. resembled the British constitution too closely
C. did not include a bill of rights
D. chartered a national bank
E. allowed the states to retain the power to regulate interstate commerce
67. “Jim Crow” laws were written to
A. ensure full citizenship rights for freedmen
B. give investors economic incentive for investing in factories in the South
C. circumscribe the social and legal position of freedmen
D. punish corrupt government officials
E. diversify the Southern economy
68. Which of the following statements best assesses Theodore Roosevelt’s impact on the election of 1912?
A. He won his first election after the assassination of President McKinley.
B. He split the Republican vote.
C. He helped his hand-picked successor, William Howard Taft, win the presidency.
D. He frightened all Socialist candidates from the field with his nationalistic speeches.
E. He won fewer votes than when he ran for president in 1900.
69. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton supported the passage of the Assumption Act because it
A. enabled the federal government to tax the states in order to repay debts accumulated during the Revolutionary War
B. proposed that all war bonds should be repaid at face value
C. empowered the federal government to create a national bank with branch banks in every state
D. eliminated the high tariffs passed during the Confederation period
E. allowed settlers to purchase land near the Great Lakes
70. The Nye Committee report (1936)
A. called for greater regulation of the nation’s financial institutions
B. attacked the complacency of the Coolidge and Hoover administrations
C. countered President Roosevelt’s plan to increase the size of the Supreme Court
D. requested the strengthening of the Interstate Commerce Commission
E. claimed that American bankers and munitions makers had drawn the nation into World War I
71. Which of the following treaties granted the American states the land from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River?
A. Jay’s Treaty, 1794
B. Treaty of Paris, 1783
C. Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
D. Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 1848
E. Treaty of New Echota, 1835
72. The most significant problem plaguing the agricultural economy during the 1920s was
A. a severe drought that destroyed crops from California to Pennsylvania
B. foreign competition from Latin America
C. the lack of technology available to farmers of the Midwest
D. overproduction
E. the lack of farm labor in the West
73. The cartoon on page 372 refers to a peace conference in Portsmouth,
New Hampshire, in 1905. President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for mediating a conflict between which of the following two nations at this meeting?
A. China and Germany
B. Mexico and Spain
C. Nicaragua and Portugal
The political cartoon, “Good Offices,” Harper's Weekly, August 1898; courtesy of Theodore-Roosevelt.com.
D. Great Britain and Persia
E. Japan and Russia
74. Which of the following presidents oversaw the creation of the Federal Reserve Board, which set interest rates and monitored the behavior of government and some state banks?
A. Grover Cleveland
B. William McKinley
C. Teddy Roosevelt
D. Woodrow Wilson
E. Warren G. Harding
75. In the novel Progress and Poverty (1879), which of the following authors prescribed a socialistic “single-tax” strategy on land to address the disparity of wealth between factory owners and workers?
A. Henry George
B. Ida Tarbell
C. Lincoln Steffens
D. Jacob Riis
E. Terence Powderly
76. The Emancipation Proclamation had which of the following effects?
A. It ended slavery throughout the United States.
B. It sparked widespread slave rebellions in the Southern states.
C. It kept Great Britain from recognizing the Confederacy.
D. It destroyed the Democratic party’s chances of winning the election of 1864.
E. It led to the abolition of slavery in the border states.
77. President Calvin Coolidge vetoed the McNary-Haugen bill primarily because he
A. did not want to involve the nation in European affairs
B. supported the continuation of Prohibition
C. supported the interests of World War I veterans
D. rejected federal intervention in the economy
E. believed its provisions restricted stock speculation
78. “In the new code of laws, which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of husbands. ... If particular care is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice, or representation.”
As stated in the preceding quotation, which of the following women called for a more equal position after the American Revolution?
A. Phyllis Wheatley
B. Abigail Adams
C. Dolly Madison
D. Clara Barton
E. Lucretia Mott
79. During the Cold War, the United States experienced strained relations with Cuba. At one point, the CIA trained Cuban exiles to launch an invasion to topple the Castro regime. Their efforts failed miserably. The Bay of Pigs incident weakened the position of the United States abroad and marred the foreign policy record of which of the following administrations?
A. Nixon
B. Truman
C. Eisenhower
D. Johnson
E. Kennedy
80. After the Civil War, the crop-lien system further impoverished farmers, both black and white, by
A. imposing a state excise on the planting of grains often distilled into alcohol in the mountain regions
B. regulating the planting of cash crops such as cotton
C. requiring them to mortgage their crops to local merchants who furnished necessary supplies
D. denying farmers the right to hold land unless their grandfathers owned property
E. raising tariff rates on agricultural products
END OF SECTION I