Appendices
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BISHOPS |
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B.C. |
Rome |
Alexandria |
Jerusalem |
Antioch |
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44 Augustus |
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A.D. |
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14 Tiberius |
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37 Gaius (Caligula) |
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41 Claudius |
James |
(Peter) |
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54 Nero |
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(Paul, Peter) Linus |
Mark I Annianus |
Euodius |
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68 Galba |
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69 Otho, Vespasian |
Symeon |
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79 Titus |
Anencletus |
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81 Domitian |
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Avilius |
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Clement |
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96 Nerva |
Ignatius |
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98 Trajan |
Cerdo |
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Evarestus Alexander |
Primus |
Justus I |
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Zacchaeus |
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Tobias |
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Benjamin |
Hero (Heros) |
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117 Hadrian |
John |
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Xystus I |
Justus |
Matthias |
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Philip |
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Seneca |
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Justus II |
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A.D. |
Rome |
Alexandria |
Jerusalem |
Antioch |
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Telesphorus |
Levi |
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Eumenes |
Ephres |
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Joseph |
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Judas |
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Mark |
Cornelius |
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138 Antoninus Pius |
Hyginus Pius |
Cassian |
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Mark II |
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Publius |
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Maximus I |
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Julian I |
Eros |
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Celadion |
Gaius I |
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Anicetus |
Symmachus Gaius II |
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161 Marcus Aurelius |
Soter |
Agrippinus |
Julian II Capito |
Theophilus |
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Maximus II |
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Antoninus |
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Eleutherus |
Valens |
Maximin |
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Dolichian |
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180 Commodus |
Julian |
Narcissus |
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Serapion |
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Victor |
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Demetrius |
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192 Pertinax |
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193 Severus |
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Zephyrinus |
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211 Caracalla |
Alexander |
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Asclepiades |
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217 Macrinus |
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218 Elagabalus |
Callistus |
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222 Alexander |
Urban |
Philetus |
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Pontian |
Zebennus |
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Heraclas |
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235 Maximin |
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238 Gordian |
Anteros |
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Fabian |
Babylas |
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244 Philip |
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Dionysius |
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249 Decius |
Cornelius |
Mazabanes |
Fabius |
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251 Gallus |
Demetrian |
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Lucius |
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253 Valerian and Gallienus |
Stephen Xystus II |
Hymenaeus |
Paul of Sarnosata |
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Dionysius |
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261 Gallienus only |
Maximus |
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268 Claudius |
Domnus |
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Felix |
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270 Aurelian |
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Eutychian |
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276 Probus |
Zabdas |
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282 Carus |
Theonas |
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Gaius |
Hermo |
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284 Diocletian |
Timaeus |
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286 Maximian also |
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Marcellinus |
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Peter |
Cyril Tyrannus |
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305 Constantius, Galerius, and Maximin |
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306 Galerius, Constantine, Maxentius, and Maximin |
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308 Licinius also |
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311 Galerius dies |
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312 Maxentius dies |
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313 Maximin dies |
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324 Licinius dies |
It is impossible in a few paragraphs adequately to summarize Roman administration in the period covered by Eusebius’ The History of the Church, a period which stretches from the first Roman Emperor, Augustus, to the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, and thus covers more than three centuries and includes the major reorganization of the Empire under the Emperors Diocletian and Constantine. What follows concentrates on the officials who appear in the pages of Eusebius.
The Roman Empire inherited a provincial structure of government which had already existed under the Republic when the provinces had been governed, for a period of years at a time, by a member of the Roman Senate who had already held a Consulship or Praetorship. Under Augustus, these provinces were divided into ‘senatorial’ and ‘imperial’ provinces. The ‘senatorial’ provinces continued to be governed by the Senate, and their governors, who had already held the Consulship, were called Proconsuls; these were the more established and settled provinces on the shores of the Mediterranean, e.g., Asia and Africa. The ‘imperial’ provinces were governed by the Emperor himself through his legati (deputies), also senators, or in the case of Egypt and some of the smaller provinces (e.g., Judaea) a man of equestrian rank called either Prefect or Procurator (the latter was normally the name of the official, also of equestrian rank, in charge of collecting the imperial taxes); these provinces included those on the frontier that needed a standing army to defend it, e.g., Britain, Palestine, Egypt. The Governor was the principal magistrate of the province and alone could order the death penalty (hence his prominence in the Acts of the Martyrs). He held office sometimes for a year, sometimes for longer. Rome (and Italy) was governed by the Senate. In the time of Augustus, the post of Praefectus Urbi (City Prefect) was first established. He was a Senator of consular rank, appointed by the Emperor for a period of years (latterly, for about a year), with special responsibility for the city of Rome itself, including the urban cohorts. Latterly he undertook a great deal of jurisdiction there. The Praetorian Prefects (Praefecti Praetorio) were commanders of the imperial guard (about 10,000 men): there were two of them, and they often exercised powers second only to the Emperor.
During the third century, Senators ceased to be involved in provincial government: all these posts were undertaken by men of equestrian rank. With the reforms introduced by Diocletian, the Empire was governed by four Emperors – two Augusti, under the patronage of the gods Jupiter and Hercules, and two Caesars -each Emperor having a Praetorian Prefect as a kind of second-in-command. Provinces were multiplied and grouped into dioceses, governed by a vicarius (a deputy of the relevant Praetorian Prefect). Originally the administration had united both civil and military functions: the Governor was supreme magistrate and commander-in-chief of his province (in both cases, under the Emperor, or the Senate), but under Diocletian and Constantine civil and military responsibilities were separated, though the old terminology continued to be used, so that, for instance, the Prefect of Egypt in the fourth century had no longer any military responsibilities, despite his title.
For further details for the later period (which is the period Eusebius himself knew personally), see A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 284–602, (Oxford, 1964), Chaps. XI, XII, XVI, XVII.
Eusebius himself hardly ever dates anything (we have seen in the Introduction that he is very little interested in events). His Martyrs of Palestine, however, dates the Great Persecution month by month: there he uses the Macedonian calendar, and equates the months of this calendar with corresponding months in the Roman (Julian) calendar, familiar to us as we still use them. The only example of this in The History of the Church occurs at VIII. 2, where he records that the first edict of the persecution was published in ‘the month Dystrus, called March by the Romans’ (this perhaps reveals the dependence of Book 8 on Martyrs of Palestine, because such dating is characteristic of the latter work but not of The History of the Church). In Book 7, in Anatolius’ canons on the Easter Festival, Dystrus is again mentioned, and identified with the Roman March (VII. 32. 14). Twice in Book 3, Eusebius repeats dates given by Josephus. Josephus also used the Macedonian calendar, but he reflects an earlier stage in the development of the calendar. He makes the months of the Macedonian calendar correspond with those of the Jewish calendar. Xanthicus, for instance, is identified with Nisan, the first month of the Jewish year, which always included the Spring Equinox. The Jewish year was made up of lunar months, running from new moon to new moon, so Nisan (and Xanthicus identified with it) could sometimes begin as early as the end of February and, lasting twenty-nine or thirty days, sometimes end as late as towards the end of April. The other month mentioned in the passage from Josephus cited by Eusebius (III. 8) is the next month in the Macedonian calendar, Artemisius, which thus corresponds to Iyyar in the Jewish calendar (and so fell sometime between the end of March and the end of May).
The basic unit of currency mentioned by Eusebius is the Roman denarius. He also mentions the Greek drachma (and several times specifies the Attic, i.e., Athenian, drachma), which seems to have been of roughly equivalent value. It is impossible in times of unstable currency, such as our own (and indeed those of Eusebius), to give any real equivalent in modern money. Even if one could, it would be misleading, as the relative value of commodities is not the same now as it was then: a book, for instance, then would have been so costly as to be beyond most people’s means, domestic service (usually in the form of slaves) was relatively cheap. In the parable of the labourers in the vineyard (Matt. xx. 1–16), the labourers are engaged for a denarius a day, so we may take it that in the first century a denarius represented a day’s pay for a labourer at a pretty basic rate. At the other end of our period, after the enormous inflation of the third century, a legionary’s stipendium of 600 denarii a year had become quite nominal, and even supplemented by donatives to the tune of perhaps 7,500 denarii a year, a legionary’s pay still remained poor.
Other units of currency mentioned or referred to by Eusebius include the obol, which was a sixth of a drachma (so Origen lived on two thirds of a drachma a day, somewhat less than the labourers in the parable), the follis, which meant a bag (of gold), and in the early fourth century was the equivalent of 12,500 denarii, and the sesterce (implied in the term (procurator) ducenarius, meaning a Procurator with a salary of 200,000 sesterces a year), which was a quarter of a denarius.
Other measures are rare: Eusebius refers to the plethron (III. 20), a Greek unit of area roughly equivalent to a quarter of an acre, but used to represent the Latin iugerum, which was somewhat more than half an acre.
Eusebius uses various Latin words, usually the names of Roman officials, which have not been translated.
beneficiarii (IX. 9a): a soldier granted special privileges; here, probably, the officers in the entourage of a provincial Governor.
confector (IV. 15): the official in the games whose duty it was to dispatch the fatally wounded.
corrector (X. 5): title introduced by Diocletian for the governor of certain old proconsular provinces (including Sicily), usually held by a man of senatorial rank. (From it derives the corregidor of Old Spain.)
ducenarius (VII. 30): a procurator ducenarius was a Procurator paid the large sum of 200,000 sesterces a year: it is with such a wealthy (and overbearing) official that Paul of Samosata, as a bishop, is compared.
dux (IX. 5): a commander of frontier troops, a military rank introduced by Diocletian, later to become very important. (The title duke derives from it.)
evocatus (III. 20): this term was used for a veteran of the Praetorian or Urban cohorts, and may mean that here. Rufinus, however, could make nothing of it, and in his translation took it to be a mistake for Revocatus, a personal name.
frumentarius (VI. 40): a member of a special corps of soldiers employed in various ways, here as a military policeman.
magistratus (VIII. 11): (here) the office of the magister rei privatae, the official who controlled all imperial property, either on a central or on a provincial basis.
praepositi (IX. 1): those in charge; senior officials.
repudium (IV. 17): divorce.
secretum (VII. 30): a magistrate’s private chamber – part of the comparison of Paul of Samosata’s behaviour as a bishop with that of a high-ranking Procurator.
vicarius (X. 6): literally ‘deputy’. As a result of Diocletian’s reform, provinces were grouped together into dioceses: a vicarius (the ‘deputy’ of the Praetorian Prefects) was in charge of a diocese.
1. I Tim. vi. 20.
2. Acts xx. 29.
1. In Lev. iv. 5, 16 and vi. 22 the high priest is described as anointed. It must be remembered that while in English this does not suggest the name Christ, in Greek the two words are the same. Similarly in Hebrew Messiah = anointed.
2. Num. xxvii. 15–20: Jesus in the Greco-Latin transliteration of Joshua.
3. Num. xiii. 16.
4. Lam. iv. 20.
1. 1 Cor. iii. 10.
2. 1 Tim. iv. 5.
3. A reminiscence of Rom. xv. 20–21.
1. Against Heresies, V. 33. 4.
1. A reminiscence of 1 Peter 1. 23.
1. Named by Papias as the wife of Manaen.
2. Acts i. 23.
1. e.g. Appian and Dio Cassius.
1. Ps. ii, 1–2, 7–8.
1. Defence, 1. 29.
2. Ibid., I. 31.
3. Ibid., II. 12.
1. Ibid., I. 68.
2. Ibid.
1. Against Heresies, III. 4. 2.
2. Ibid., I. 14.
1. Ibid., I. 14.
2. Defence, I. 26.
1. Ibid., I. 1.
1. Titus iii. 10.
2. Against Heresies, III. 3. 4.
1. Is. lxi. i (Luke iv. 18).
2. Ps. xlv. 6–7 (Heb. i. 8–9).
1. Defence, II.8.
2. Against the Greeks, 18.
1. Ibid., 19.
1. Defence, II. 2.
1. Dialogue, 17.
1. Against Heresies, IV, 11. 2.
2. Ibid., V. 26. 3.
1. Ps. cx. i, 3–4 (Heb. v–vii passim).
1. Acts xvii. 34.
1. Matt, xxiii. 4 and Acts xv. 28.
2. I Thess. ii. 11.
1. Matt. xiii. 25.
2. Rev. xxii. 18–19.
1. Gen. i. 27.
2. Against Heresies, I. 26. 1.
1. 2 Peter i. 1–2.
2. 2 Thess. ii. 7–9.
3. Gal. ii, 9 and 1 Tim. iii. 15.
4. Rom. viii. 18.
1. Is. lxvi. 8.
2. Is. lxv. 15–16.
1. Luke i. 6.
2. Rom. x. 2.
3. Rom xii. 11 and Acts xviii. 25.
4. Paraclete: John xiv. 16.
5. Luke i. 67.
6. 1 Thess. ii. 8, 1 John iii. 16.
7. Rev. xiv. 4.
1. John xvi. 2.
2. 1 Tim. iii. 15.
3. A reminiscence of 1 Cor. i. 28.
1. A reminiscence of John vii. 38 and xix. 34.
2. A reminiscence of 1 John iv. 18.
3. 2 Cor. viii. 23.
4. 1 Peter v. 8.
5. 2 Tim. ii. 26.
6. Matt. xxv. 46.
7. Acts xv. 29.
1. A reminiscence of John ii. 11.
2. An allusion to 1 Tim. vi. 13.
1. Ps. xiv. 13.
2. 2 Cor. ii. 15.
1. 1 Cor. iv. 9.
2. Is. xxvii. 1; cf. Gen. iii. 14.
3. Gal. iii. 27.
4. 2 Peter i. 8.
5. The Church.
6. A synthesis of Ex. xxxiii and 2 Peter iii. 9.
1. Matt. xxii. 11.
2. Acts xix. 9 and 2 Peter ii. 2.
3. John xvii. 12.
4. Acts ii, 47 and v. 14.
5. Acts iv. 29.
1. 2 Macc. vii. 21–41.
2. Rev. xix. 9.
3. The devil.
4. Rev. xxii. 11, reworded.
5. Ps. xlii. 3.
1. Matt. xix. 28.
2. Dan. iii. 15.
3. Phil. ii. 6.
4. A conflation of Rev. i. 5 and iii. 14 with Acts iii. 15.
1. Peter v. 6.
2. Matt. xvi. 19.
3. Acts vii. 60.
4. 1 Peter v. 8.
5. Ps. xxi. 4.
6. The Church.
7. The Donatists and Novatianists.
1. i.e. Jacob.
2. Ps. cv. 15.
1. Tim. iv. 3–4.
2. Rev. i. 9.
1. Defence, 5.
2. 2 Tim. iv. 21.
1. Against Heresies, III. 3. 2f.
2. The adherents of Simon and Carpocrates.
3. Against Heresies, II, 49. 3, the last phrase adapted from Matt. x. 8.
1. Against Heresies, V. 6. 1, the last phrase adapted from 1 Cor. xii. 7–10 and xiv. 25.
2. John xxi. 20.
3. Against Heresies, III. 1. 2.
4. Ibid., V. 30. 1,3.
1. Ibid., IV. 34. 2 (quoting Hermas, Mondates, 1).
2. Ibid., IV. 63. 2 (quoting Wisdom vi. 18–19).
3. The Septuagint (LXX).
1. Against Heresies, III. 24. 1.
1. Miscellanies, I. 1. 11.
1. Gen. xv. 6 and Rom. iv. 3.
2. Gen. xii. 3.
3. Gen. xviii. 18.
1. Gal. iii. 15, Phil. i. 27, Rev. ii. 18–19.
1. 1 John iv. 6.
2. Matt. vii. 15.
1. See Matt, xxiii. 31, 34, 37 and 3 John 7.
2. Matt, xxvii. 5.
3. 1 Cor. ii. 4.
1. Luke xxi. 9.
1. Acts xi. 28, xv. 32, xxi. 8–10.
1. Cf. Didache, 11. 6.
1. Matt. x. 9–10.
2. Matt. xii. 33.
1. 2 Tim. iv. 1.
1. 1 John i. 1.
1. Luke ii. 2.
2. Matt. ii. 1, 5–6.
3. Acts v. 7.
4. Antiquities XVIII, 1, 4.
1. Acts v. 29.
2. Rom. xiv. 19.
1. Matt. xi. 23.
1. John iii. 31.
1. Coponius.
2. Jewish War, p. 133.
3. Gen. xlix. 10.
1. Matt. x. 10.
2. Matt. vi. 34.
1. Matt. v. 34.
2. Baptism.
1. Antoninus is better known as Caracalla.
1. See Jewish War, pp. 47, 61.
2. Antiquities, various passages.
1. See Col. ii. 23.
1. Probably the author’s teacher, Pantaenus.
1. Elagabalus.
1. Selections from the Prophets.
2. Daniel ix. 25–6.
3. Cf. Matt. xxii. 24.
1. 1 Peter i. 13.
1. Rom. xv. 19.
2. Matt. xvi. 18.
3. John xxi. 25.
4. Rev. x. 3–4.
5. 2 Cor. xi. 6.
1. Is. xxx. 6.
1. Matt. i. 15–16.
2. Luke iii. 23–4, 31.
3. Luke iii. 38.
1. Heb. x. 34.
2. A slight misquotation of Matt. xxiv. 24.
1. An allusion to Matt. xix. 23.
2. A variant form of the first word of each Beatitude.
1. A reminiscence of Hebrews xi. 38.
1. Antipas.
2. Judith v. 5 and xiv. 10.
3. Ex. xii. 38.
4. Ex. xii. 19.
1. 2 Tim. ii. 25.
2. Deut. xix. 14.
1. Rev. xiii. 5, slightly misquoted.
1. The demons.
2. Greek ‘catholic’; one of a series of puns.X
3. Ez. xiii. 3 (LXX).
4. A conflation of Eph. iv. 6 and Col. i. 17.
5. Macrian somewhat resembles a Greek word for ‘far off’.
6. Is. lxvi. 3–4.
1. Ex. xx. 5.
2. Tobit xii. 7.
3. Acts v. 29.
1. ‘Sleeping-places’, a word used only by Christians.
2. 1 Cor. v. 3.
3. Col. iv. 3.
1. Matt, ii, 1–16.
1. 2. Cor. vi. 2, quoting Is. xlix. 8.
1. See Josephus: Jewish War, p. 230f.
1. Mark v. 24–34.
1. Gen. ii. 10–14; the Fathers identified Gihon with the Nile.
1. Thucydides, describing the plague of Athens (II. 64. 1).
1. Is. xlii. 9.
1. 2 Tim. ii. 25.
2. Mark xiii. 27 and 1 John iii. 2.
1. For the murder of Mariamme, Alexander, and Aristobulus see Jewish War, pp. 86–102.
2. Antiquities XVII, vi, 5.
3. Book I in our texts.
1. Rev. xxii. 7–8.
2. Rev. i. 1–2.
3. Rev. i. 4.
4. 1 John i. 1.
5. Matt. xvi. 17.
1. Rev. i. 9.
2. Acts xii. 25.
3. Acts xiii. 5.
4. Acts xiii. 13.
1. 2 Cor. xii. 1–4, Eph. iii. 3, and Col. i. 26.
1. 1 Tim. vi. 5.
2. A reminiscence of Demosthenes.
3. Demosthenes again.
1. Eccles. ix. 8–9.
2. Acts i. 17.
3. A reminiscence of Lucian.
1. Mani.
1. Antipater.
2. Jewish War, p. 118.
3. Matt. ii. 19–22.
1. See 2 Cor. iii. 15–18.
2. Heb. v. 8.
3. The uncanonical book quoted in Jude 14.
4. Theodotus means ‘God-given’.
1. Greek ‘the honey (meli) of Attica’.
1. A conflation of parts of Lam. ii. 1–2 with Ps. lxxxix. 40.
1. A free adaptation of Ps. lxxxix. 39–45.
2. Ps. cvii. 40.
3. A reminiscence of 1 Tim. i. 19.
1. Antipas.
2. Jewish War, pp. 119, 129f., 131, 143.
3. XVIII, ii, 2, and iv, 2.
4. An inaccurate paraphrase of Luke iii. 1.
5. Luke iii. 23.
6. Luke iii. 2.
1. Veturius.
2. Reminiscent of Heb. xii. 4.
1. Euethius.
2. Diocletian and Galerius.
3. Freely adapted from Heb. xi. 26.
1. Cf. Plato, Republic, 533D.
2. Phil. ii. 6–8, slightly abridged.
3. 1 Cor. xii. 31.
1. 1 John iv. 18.
1. Ex. xxii. 20.
2. Ex. xx. 3.
1. Domnina.
1. Annas.
2. Antiquities XVIII, ii, 2.
3. Matt, xi and Luke vi. 13.
4. Luke x. 1.
1. Diocletian.
2. Maximian.
1. Dorothea.
2. Sophronia.
1. Galerius.
2. Paraphrased from Luke xvii. 1.
1. Mark vi. 14–29.
2. According to Antiquities XVIII, vii, 2, Lyons; according to Jewish War, p. 139, Spain.
3. Antiquities XVIII, v, 2.
1. Diocletian and Maximian.
2. Diocletian.
3. Galerius.
1. Galerius.
2. Maximin, Constantine, and Licinius.
1. Theotecnus means ‘God’s child’.
1. Cf. Matt. xxiv. 24.
2. A very free paraphrase of Luke xxi. 26.
1. Antiquities XVIII, ii, 3.
2. Gal. ii. 1,9, 13.
3. 1 Cor. i. 1.
4. Gal. ii. 11.
1. Maximin.
1. Ex. xv. 4–5.
2. Ps. vii. 15–16.
3. Ex. xv. 10.
4. Ex. xv. 1–2.
5. Ex. xv. 11.
1. Ps. xxxiii. 16–19.
1. Acts xiv. 15 and Jas v. 17.
2. Is. liii. 8.
3. Matt. xi. 27.
4. John i. 1, 2, 9 and Prov. viii. 23.
5. Col. i. 15–16.
6. Josh. v. 14.
7. Is. ix. 4.
8. Rev. v. 12–13.
9. John i. I, 3.
1. Joseph Barsabbas.
1. A reminiscence of Zeph. iii. 2.
2. Ps. cxlvi. 3–4.
1. Ps. xcviii. 1–2.
2. Adapted from Matt. xiii. 17.
3. See 2 Cor. xii. 4.
1. Ps. xlvi. 8–9.
2. Ps. xxxvii. 33–6.
1. Ez. xxxvii. 7. Eusebius has added the ‘joints’ to secure the play upon words.
2. Acts iv. 32.
1. Eusebius here writes not presbyteroi but hiereis, equivalent to Latin sacerdotes; he uses the corresponding adjective just below.
2. Ex. xxxv. 30.
3. Hag. ii. 9.
4. Ps. xliv. 1.
1. Ps. xlviii. 8.
2. 1 Tim. iii. 15.
3. Ps. Ixxxvii. 3.
4. Ps. cxxii. 1 and xxvi. 8.
5. Ps. xlviii. 1.
6. Baruch iii. 24 and Ps. xlv. 2.
7. Ps. lxxii. 18 and Job ix. 10.
8. Dan. ii. 21 and Ps. cxiii. 7.
1. Luke i. 52–3 and Job xxxviii. 15.
2. Ps. cxxxvi. 4, 17–18, 23–4.
3. Hippocrates, Breaths, 1.
4. Adapted from Is. liii. 4–5.
5. A reminiscence of John v. 28 and xi. 39.
1. Joshua v. 14.
1. Similar to, but not identical with, the list in Matt. xi. 5 and Luke vii. 2.
2. The bracketed passages are wanting in some MSS.
3. See John xx. 29.
1. Ps. xxxiii. 9 and cxlviii. 5.
2. 1 Peter ii. 4.
3. Eph. ii. 20–1.
1. Heb. iv. 14.
2. Heb. vii. 1, 3.
3. John v. 19.
1. Heb. xiii. 20.
2. Ps. lviii. 6.
3. Ps. xxxvii. 13–14.
4. Ps. ix. 6, 5.
5. Ps. xviii. 41, xx. 8.
1. Ps. lxxiii. 20.
2. A reference to the Greek legend, but cf. Gen. vi. 1–4 (LXX).
3. Is. xxxv. 1–7.
4. Prov. iii. 12 and Hcb. xii. 6.
1. Dan. xii. 11 and Matt. xxiv. 15.
2. Hag. ii. 9.
1. Ps. civ. 16.
1. 1 Cor. xv. 42.
2. An allusion to Heb. xi. 39–40.
3. Is. lxi. 10–11.
1. Is. liv. 4–8, li. 17–23, Hi. 1–2, xlix. 18–21.
2. 2 Cor. vi. 16; a conflation of Lev. xxvi. 12 and Ez. xxxvii. 27.
1. Gen. i. 27.
2. Ps. lxxx. 13.
3. A reminiscence of Eph. vi. 16.
4. Ps. lxxiv. 7.
5. Is. liv. 11–14.
1. Acts ii. 3.
2. Paulinus.
3. Heb. ii. 4.
1. Luke i. 11.
2. Heb. iv. 14.
3. Rom. viii. 34 and Heb. vii. 25.
4. Gal. iv. 26.
5. 1 Cor. ii. 9, slightly modified.
6. Ps. ciii. 3–5, 10–13, slightly modified.
1. The Edict of Galerius.
1. Maxentius and Maximin.
1. 1 Tim. ii. i.
1. of the Seleucid era – apparently A.D. 30, the probable year of the Ascension.
1. Acts i. 15–26.
2. Acts vi. 1–6.
3. Acts vii. 59.
4. In Greek ‘Stephen’ and ‘crown’ are identical.
1. Matt. i. 18.
2. Acts xii. 2.
3. Gal. i. 19.
1. Acts viii. 1.
2. Acts xi. 19.
3. Acts viii.
4. Summarized from Acts viii. 5–23.
1. Ps. lxviii. 31.
2. Acts ix. 3–4 and Gal. i. 1.
1. Defence, 5.
2. Ps. xix. 4.
1. Gen. i. 26.
2. A conflation of Ps. xxiii. 9 and Pi. cxlviii. 5.
3. Gen. xviii. 1–2, 25.
1. Acts x.
2. Acts xi. 19–30.
3. Caligula.
4. Jewish War, pp. 139–40.
1. Antiquities XVIII, viii, 1.
1. The elder Gaius being Julius Caesar.
2. Jewish War, p. 138.
1. John xix. 15, reworded.
2. See Mark vii. 11, where ‘Corban’ is retained in English Bibles, and Matt xxvii. 6, where it is translated ‘treasury’ or ‘temple fund’.
3. Jewish War, p. 139.
4. Four-year periods, the basis of Greek chronology.
1. Tacitus and Dio Cassius.
2. Acts xi. 28–9.
3. Condensed from Acts xii. 3–10.
1. Compressed from Acts xii. 19–23.
1. Antiquities XIX, viii, 2.
2. Compressed from Acts v. 34–6.
1. Acts xi, 29–30.
2. i.e. ‘to Simon the Holy God’.
3. Defence 1. 26.
1. A reminiscence of 2 Tim. iii. 6.
2. 2 Cor. x. 5.
1. Acts viii. 18–23.
2. A loose reference to Eph. vi. II.
1. Ps. cvii. 20.
2. Gen. xix. 24.
3. Gen. xxxii. 28, 30.
1. 1 Peter v. 13.
2. Greek therapeuo.
3. Greek therapeia.
1. Loosely quoted from Acts iv. 34–5.
2. Lake Mariut, adjoining Alexandria on the south.
3. ‘Monastery’ means a place of seclusion.
4. The word from which ‘ascetic’ is derived.
1. Rom. xv. 9; see also Acts xx. 2.
2. See Acts xviii. 2, 18–19, 23; xix. 1–7.
3. Loosely quoted from Jewish War, p. 144.
4. Loosely quoted from Jewish War, p. 146.
1. Antiquities XX, viii, 8.
2. Jewish War, p. 147.
3. Jewish War, p. 147.
1. Acts xxi. 38.
2. See Acts xxiv. 27 to xxv. 27.
3. Col. iv. 10.
4. 2 Tim. iv. 18.
1. 2 Tim. iv. 16–17.
2. 2 Tim. iv. 6.
1. See Num. iv. 1–5, where the Nazirite rules are laid down; see also Luke i. 15.
2. A Hebrew or Aramaic word, as yet unexplained.
3. Reference unknown.
4. John x. 9.
5. Rev. xxii. 12.
6. John xii. 42.
1. Josh. v. 13–15.
2. Ex. iii. 4–6.
1. Matt. xxvi. 64; Acts vii. 56.
2. Is. iii. 10 (LXX).
3. Luke xxiii. 34.
4. Jer. xxxv.
1. Antiquities XX, ix. I.
1. Defence, 5.
1. 1 Cor. i. 12.
2. Jewish War, p. 152.
3. Jewish War, p. 150.
1. Jewish War, p. 169.
1. Cf. I Peter i. I.
2. Romans xv. 19.
3. 2 Tim. iv. 21.
1. Phil. ii. 25, Philem. 2.
2. Luke i. 2–3.
3. Rom. ii. 16, xvi. 25; 2 Tim. ii. 8.
4. 2 Tim. iv. 10.
5. Phil. iv. 3.
6. Acts xvii. 34.
1. Matt, xxviii. 19.
1. Jewish War, pp. 355–60.
2. Jewish War, p. 371f.
1. Prov. viii. 12–31 (with omissions).
1. Jewish War, pp. 323–4, 331, 335.
1. Jewish War, pp. 352–4.
2. Matt. xxiv. 19–21.
1. Jewish War, p. 371f.
2. Luke xix. 42–4.
3. Luke xxi. 23–4.
4. Luke xxi. 20.
1. Acts iii. 14–17.
1. Jewish War, pp. 360–62.
2. Jewish War, p. 362f.
1. Ps. ii. 8.
2. Ps. xix. 4.
3. Jewish War, p. 27.
4. The author’s own title; we have unfortunately adopted the Latin substitute Antiquities.
5. The author’s own title is The Jewish War.
6. Jewish War, p. 27.
7. Needlessly renamed in Latin Against Apion.
1. Against Apion I, 8.
2. Antiquities, last sentence.
1. Vespasian and Titus, on whom in The Jewish War he had lavished compliments.
2. Herod Agrippa II.
3. Life of Josephus, 65.
4. John xix. 25; perhaps Luke xxiv. 18.
1. Phil. iv. 3.
1. Rev. xiii. 18.
2. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, V. 30. 3.
3. Matt. ii. 3–4.
1. Defence, 5.
1. Against Heresies, II. 33. 2.
2. Ibid., III. 3. 4.
1. Smyrna.
1. A reminiscence of John xviii. 37.
2. The Rich Man who finds Salvation, 42.1–15.
1. See 1 Cor. ii. 4.
2. See 2 Cor. xii. 2–4.
1. Matt. iv. 12.
2. Mark i. 14.
3. Luke iii. 19–20.
4. John ii. 11.
5. John iii. 23–4.
1. Luke i. 1.
2. Luke i. 3–4.
1. Dan. vii. 9–10, 13–14.
2. Ex. xxv. 40 (Heb. viii. 5).
1. Justin Martyr, Defence, 1.26.
2. 1 Tim. iii. 16.
3. Cf. Luke ii. 52.
1. Titus iii. 3.
1. Rev. ii. 16.
2. Acts vi. 5.
1. Miscellanies, III. 4. 25f.
2. Phil. iv. 3; though ‘yoke-fellow’ (syzygos) would naturally mean ‘wife’, it could mean ‘comrade’.
3. Cf. 1 Cor. ix. 5.
4. Miscellanies, III. 6. 52f.
5. Miscellanies, VII. n. 63f.
1. Acts xxi. 8–9.
1. Defence, 2.
2. Luke i. 2.
1. 1 Cor. iv. 4.
2. Ignatius, Romans, 5.
1. Ignatius, Smyrnaeans, 3.
2. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, V. 28. 3 quoting Ignatius, Romans, 4.
3. Phil. ii. 26.
4. 2 Tim. iv. 10.
5. Polycarp, Philippians, 10, 13.
1. See Timothy Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1981), p. 81 ff., and the whole of chapter VI.
1. A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (Cambridge, 1929), p. 484f. For Eusebius’ political theology, see Norman Baynes’s important essay, reprinted in his Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London, 1955), pp. 168–72. More generally on Eusebian political theology and its influence, see Erik Peterson, ‘Der Monotheismus als politisches Problem’, reprinted in Theologische Traktate (Munich, 1950), pp. 45–147.
1. Photius, Bibliotheca 13 (ed. W. Henry, Paris, 1959, vol. 1, p. 11).
2. See, for instance, the anthology of Origenian material put together by St Basil the Great and St Gregory of Nazianzus in 358: Philocalia, xxiv (ed. J. A. Robinson, 1893, pp. 212–26). The selection of this passage, incidentally, tells a cautionary tale, the moral of which is the importance of ‘verifying one’s references’. It is certainly not by Origen; in his Preparation for the Gospel, whence Basil and Gregory cite it, Eusebius ascribes it to Maximus (q.v.). On this see, most recently, T. D. Barnes, ‘Methodius, Maximus and Valentinus’ in Journal of Theological Studies, New Series, 30 (1979), pp. 47–55.
1. See Édouard des Places, S. J., Eusèbe de Césarée, Commentateur. Platonisme et Écriture Sainte (Théologie Historique, 63; Paris, 1982), esp. chapter 1.
1. See A. Momigliano’s ‘Pagan and Christian Historiography in the Fourth Century A.D.’ in The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century (Oxford, 1963), ed. by him, pp. 79–99. esp. 89–91.
1. As W. Telfer suggested: see his The Office of a Bishop (London, 1962), p. 104.
1. So H. J. Lawlor, Eusebiana (Oxford, 1912), pp. 243–91, esp. 285ff., and id. and J. E. L. Oulton, Eusebius… The Ecclesiastical History and the Martyrs of Palestine (London, 1928), vol. II, p. 9ff.
2. So T. D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1981) p. 149ff., based on his article, ‘The Editions of Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History’ in Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 21 (1980), pp. 191–201.
1. Melito of Sardis, quoted by Eusebius, IV. 26
2. Defence, 5: quoted II. 2, 25; III. 20; V. 5.
1. On the grounds for the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, see the articles by G. E. M. de Ste Croix and A. N. Sherwin-White reprinted from Past and Present (1963–4) in Studies in Ancient Society, ed. M. I. Finley (London, 1974), pp. 210–62.
1. See J. Quasten, S. J., Patrology, vol. 3 (Utrecht, 1966), p. 315; and more emphatically Frances Young, From Nicaea to Chalcedon (London, 1983), p. 4 (‘whatever the original date of publication, it seems highly likely that much of the work was conceived and accomplished before persecution broke out…’).
2. See his article ‘The Editions of Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History’ in Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 21 (1980).
3. For a more detailed discussion, see my forthcoming article in Journal of Theological Studies (April 1990).
4. See the table for the composition of Book 6 that D. S. Wallace-Hadrill gives in his Eusebius of Caesarea (London, 1960), pp. 161–5.
1. It may, indeed, not have been all that ‘great’ in its dimensions: see G. E. M. de Ste Croix. ‘Aspects of the “Great” Persecution’ in Harvard Theological Review 47 (1954), pp. 75–109, though he is probably wrong in regarding Martyrs of Palestine as intended to give an exhaustive account of the Great Persecution in Palestine.
2. B. F. Westcott, quoted by J. B. Lightfoot in his article ‘Eusebius’ in the Dictionary of Christian Biography, ed. W. Smith and H. Wace, vol. 2 (1880), p. 323.
3. T. D. Barnes, ‘Some Inconsistencies in Eusebius’ in journal of Theological Studies, New Series, 35 (1984), p. 471.
1. See Norman Baynes’ lecture, ‘The Hellenistic Civilization and East Rome’, reprinted in Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London, 1955) pp. 1–23.
1. Such Latin words are explained in Appendix E.
1. From G. A. Williamson’s original introduction.