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1. The energy in ATP is released by cleaving the bond between: c. The third phosphate group and the second phosphate group
2. Cellular respiration is the process where cells convert the stored energy of glucose into the useable form, ATP.
3. Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction because energy released as a molecule of glucose is broken down into smaller molecules of carbon dioxide.
4. The overall purpose of fermentation is to re-create NAD+ from NADH in order to keep glycolysis running in the absence of oxygen. The purpose of fermentation is NOT to create lactic acid or ethanol.
5. In photosynthesis, the light reactions create ATP (a source of energy) and NADPH (a source of hydrogens).
6. The high concentration of hydrogen ions are stored in the inner membrane space of the mitochondrion, or the thylakoid space of the chloroplast.
7. If adenosine triphosphate is analogous to a battery, the fully charged form is ATP and the dead battery form is ADP.
8. In glycolysis, two ADP are converted into two ATP, two NAD+ are reduced to form two NADH, and glucose is oxidized into two molecules of pyruvate.
9. The role of oxygen is to grab the low-energy electron at the end of the electron transport chain. Once the oxygen also combines with a couple hydrogen ions, it turns into water.
10. Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction because energy is required in order to build a molecule of glucose from smaller molecules of carbon dioxide.
11. The Calvin cycle creates glucose from carbon dioxide. In order to do so, it needs a source of hydrogens (provided by NADPH) and energy in order to create new covalent bonds (provided by ATP). Both NADPH and ATP are provided by the light reactions occurring on the thylakoid membranes.