CHAPTER 1
1 Oration of Celtis in L.W.SPITZ (ed.): The Northern Renaissance.
2 K.H.DANNENFELDT (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: The Renaissance, p. vii.
3 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: The Renaissance, Ch. XVII, Part III.
4 E.F.RICE: The Foundations of Early Modern Europe 1460–1559, Ch. 3.
5 ERASMUS:Praise of Folly, trans. B.Radice (Penguin edition), p. 153.
6 LEONARDO DA VINCI: Treatise on Painting, trans. A.P.McMahon, Part II, Section 248.
7 N.PEVSNER: An Outline of European Architecture, Ch. 5.
8 MACHIAVELLI:The Prince, trans. G.Bull (Penguin edition), XIV.
9 MACHIAVELLI:The Discourses, trans. B. Crick (Penguin edition), II, 2.
10 Ibid., I, 9.
11 The Prince, Letter to Lorenzo de’ Medici.
12 Ibid., XXI.
13 Ibid., XXVI.
CHAPTER 2
1 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: The Reformation, Ch. XIV.
2 G.R.ELTON:Reformation Europe, Ch. VII.
3 P.JANELLE: in W.STANFORD REID (ed.): The Reformation.
4 G.STRAUSS: Manifestations of Discontent in Germany on the Eve of the Reformation, extracts from Martin Mair's letter.
5 R.H.BAINTON:Here I Stand, Ch. 4.
CHAPTER 3
1 LUTHER: Friendly Admonition to Peace Concerning the Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants, in H.H.HILLERBRAND (ed.): The Protestant Reformation: Selected Documents.
2 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: The Reformation, Ch. XX.
3 E.F.RICE: The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, Ch. 6.
4 G.RUPP: ‘Luther and Government’, in H.G. KOENIGSBERGER (ed.): Luther: A Profile.
5 H.HOLBORN: A History of Modern Germany, Vol. 1, The Reformation, Ch. 9.
6 A.J.GRANT: A History of Europe 1494–1610, Ch. IV.
CHAPTER 4
1 H.J.HILLERBRAND (ed.): The Protestant Reformation’, from CALVIN: Institutes of the Christian Religion.
2 R.W.GREEN (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: Protestantism and Capitalism, p. 30.
3 L.W.SPITZ (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: The Reformation, p. 31.
CHAPTER 5
1 H.J.HILLERBRAND (ed.): The Protestant Reformation; from Calvin's reply to Sadoleto.
2 E.M.BURNS: The Counter Reformation; from Loyola: Spiritual Exercises.
3 H.J.HILLERBRAND (ed.): op. cit.; from Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion.
4 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: The Reformation, Ch. XXXVIII.
CHAPTER 6
1 E.M.BURNS: The Counter Reformation; from The Propositions of Wycliffe.
2 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: the Reformation, Ch. XXVIII.
3 E.M.BURNS: op. cit.; from Decree Frequens (1417).
4 Ibid.; from: Council of Constance (1415).
5 Ibid.; from: Bull Execrabilis.
6 W.DURANT: op. cit., Ch. XXXIX.
7 E.F.RICE: The Foundations of Early Modern Europe 1460–1559, Ch. 1.
CHAPTER 7
1 A.J.GRANT: A History of Europe 1494–1610, Ch. 1.
2 J.H.ELLIOTT: Imperial Spain 1469–1716, Ch. 3.
3 New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. I, p. 332.
4 W.C.ATKINSON: A History of Spain and Portugal, Ch. 7.
5 J.H.ELLIOTT: op. cit., Ch. 5.
CHAPTER 8
1 GUICCIARDINI:The History of Italy (1561), Book I, Prologue.
2 MACHIAVELLI:The Prince, XXVI.
CHAPTER 9
1 J.C.RULE and J.J.TE PASKE (eds): Problems in European Civilisation: the Character of Philip II; ‘Apologia’.
2 J.LYNCH: Spain under the Habsburgs, p. 216.
3 J.LYNCH: op. cit., p. 271.
4 P.PIERSON:Philip II of Spain, p. 167.
5 C.PETRIE: Philip II of Spain, p. 195.
6 J.LYNCH: op. cit, p. 322.
CHAPTER 11
1 W.YALE: The Near East: A Modern History, p. 23.
2 D.W.MILLER and C.D.MOORE (eds): The Middle East Yesterday and Today, Part III.
3 W.YALE: op. cit., p. 24.
CHAPTER 12
1 W.H.MCNEILL:Plagues and Peoples, Ch. 4.
2 Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV, Ch. 1, Part II.
3 Ibid., Ch.1, Part III.
4 C.M.CIPOLLA (ed.): The Fontana History of Europe, Vol. 2, The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Ch. 1.
5 H.G.KOENIGSBERGER and G.L.MOSSE: Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Ch. III.
6 Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV, Ch. 1, Part IV.
7 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: The Age of Reason Begins, Ch. XXI.
8 Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV, tables (pp. 63–7).
9 Ibid., Ch. 1, Part VI.
10 M.S.ANDERSON: Europe in the Eighteenth Century, Ch. IV.
11 J.GODECHOT: France and the Atlantic Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, Ch. 1.
12 New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. III, Ch. 1, table on p. 19.
13 D.OGG: Europe in the Seventeenth Century, Ch. XI.
14 W.H.MCNEILL: op. cit., Ch. V.
15 J.D.FAGE: An Introduction to the History of West Africa, Ch. V.
CHAPTER 13
1 H.HOLBORN: A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation, Ch. 3.
CHAPTER 14
1 C.V.WEDGWOOD: Richelieu and the French Monarchy, Ch. 5.
2 L.BATTIFOL in T.K.RABB (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: The Thirty Years’ War.
3 Ibid.; from Statements of Intent by Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstierna.
4 D.OGG: Europe in the Seventeenth Century, Ch. IV.
5 C.J.FRIEDRICH: The Age of the Baroque 1610–1660.
CHAPTER 15
1 T.K.RABB (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: The Thirty Years’ War, extract by G.Freytag.
2 S.H.STEINBERG in History, Vol. XXXII, 1947.
3 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: The Age of Reason Begins, Ch. XXI.
4 C.V.WEDGWOOD:The Thirty Years’ War, Ch. 12.
5 Ibid., Ch. 8.
6 New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. V, Ch. XVIII.
7 D.OGG: Europe in the Seventeenth Century, Ch. IV.
CHAPTER 16
1 H.HOLBORN: A History of Modern Germany, Vol. 1, Ch. 14.
2 C.V.WEDGWOOD:The Thirty Years’ War, Ch. 12.
3 G.PAGES: The Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648, Ch. I.
CHAPTER 17
1 H.G.KOENIGSBERGER and G.L.MOSSE: Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Ch. IX.
CHAPTER 18
1 J.H.PARRY: The Spanish Seaborne Empire, Ch. 12.
2 J.H.ELLIOTT: Imperial Spain 1469–1716, Ch. 5.
3 C.M.CIPOLLA (ed.): The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. 2, Ch. 5.
4 V.H.H.GREEN: Renaissance and Reformation, Ch. XIII.
5 L.W.COWIE: Seventeenth Century Europe, Ch. IX.
6 H.G.KOENIGSBERGER and G.L. MOSSE: Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Ch. III.
7 L.W.COWIE: op. cit., Ch. IX.
CHAPTER 19
1 M.ROBERTS: Sweden as a Great Power 1611–1697, Document XVII.
2 Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV, tables (pp. 63–7).
3 M.ROBERTS: op. cit., Document XXIX.
4 Ibid., Document XXXIX.
CHAPTER 20
1 E.N.WILLIAMS: The Ancien Régime in Europe,Ch. 2.
2 H.H.ROWEN (ed.): The Low Countries in Early Modern Times, Document 32.
3 C.WILSON: The Dutch Republic, Ch. 1.
4 H.H.ROWEN: op. cit., Document 16.
5 Ibid., Document 46.
6 Ibid., Document 40.
CHAPTER 21
1 W.F.CHURCH : Richelieu and Reason of State, p. 26.
2 C.V.WEDGWOOD: Richelieu and the French Monarchy, Ch. 3.
3 M.PRESTWICH: The Making of Absolute Monarchy (1559–1683), in J.M. WALLACE HADRILL and J.MCMANNERS: France: Government and Society.
4 W.E.BROWN: The First Bourbon Century in France, Part II.
5 W.F.CHURCH: op. cit., p. 189.
6 Ibid., p. 487.
7 W.F.CHURCH: Richelieu and Reason of State, p. 178.
8 C.V.WEDGWOOD: op. cit., Ch. 8.
9 W.F.CHURCH: Richelieu and Reason of State, p. 339.
CHAPTER 22
1 W.F.CHURCH (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: The Greatness of Louis XIV, from Bossuet.
2 J.B.WOLF: ‘Formation of a King’, in J.B.WOLF: Louis XIV: a Profile.
3 LOUIS XIV: Memoires, 1661.
4 W.E.BROWN: The First Bourbon Century in France, Part IV.
5 W.F.CHURCH (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: The Greatness of Louis XIV, from Voltaire.
6 F.NUSSBAUM: The Triumph of Science and Reason 1660–1685, Ch. 3.
7 New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. V, Ch. 10.
8 G.N.CLARK: The Seventeenth Century, Ch. V.
CHAPTER 23
1 C.V.WEDGWOOD: Richelieu and the French Monarchy, Ch. 5.
2 L.BATIFFOL in T.K.RABB (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: The Thirty Years’ War.
3 LOUIS XIV: Memoires.
4 G.R.R.TREASURE : Seventeenth Century France, Ch. 16.
5 VOLTAIRE:Age of Louis XIV, Ch. XXVIII.
6 G.R.R.TREASURE: op. cit., Ch. 22.
7 Ibid., Ch. 27.
CHAPTER 24
1 Much of the information in this chapter is derived from the works of F.L. CARSTEN, listed in the Bibliography.
2 C.A.MACARTNEY (ed.): The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties, Part II, Document 3, The Brandenburg Recess’.
CHAPTER 25
1 E.N.WILLIAMS: The Ancien Régime in Europe, Ch. 14.
2 P.GAXOTTE: Frederick the Great, Ch. XI.
3 W.HUBATSCH: Frederick the Great: Absolutism and Administration, Ch.V.
4 H.C.JOHNSON: Frederick the Great and His Officials, Ch. II.
5 W.HUBATSCH: op. cit., Ch. II.
6 W.L.DORN in P.PARET (ed.): Frederick the Great: A Profile, p. 69.
7 W.HUBATSCH: op. cit., Ch. VI.
CHAPTER 26
1 J.MARRIOTT and C.G.ROBERTSON: The Evolution of Prussia, Ch. III.
2 G.A.MACARTNEY (ed.): The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties, Part II, Document 18, ‘Political Testament (1752)’.
3 G.P.GOOCH:Frederick the Great, Ch. XIII.
4 Ibid., Ch.I.
5 Ibid., Ch.II.
6 P.GAXOTTE: Frederick the Great, Ch. X.
7 E.J.FEUCHTWANGER:Prussia: Myth and Reality, Ch. III.
8 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: Rousseau and Revolution, Ch. II.
CHAPTER 27
1 N.BERDYAEV: The Origin of Russian Communism, Introduction.
2 M.RAEFF (ed.): Problems of European Civilisation: Peter the Great, from Soloviev.
3 Ibid., p. xvii.
4 POBEDONOSTSEV: in Problems in European Civilisation: Imperial Russia after 1861.
CHAPTER 28
1 Extract from Herzen in JAY OLIVA (ed.): Catherine the Great: Great Lives Observed.
2 E.N.WILLIAMS: The Ancien Régime in Europe, Ch. 10.
3 Extracts from the Nakaz of Catherine II in B.DMYTRYSHYN (ed.): Imperial Russia: A Source Book 1700–1917, Document 10.
4 Interview with Diderot; extract in JAY OLIVA: op. cit.
5 B.DMYTRYSHYN: op. cit., Document 14.
6 G.P.GOOCH:Catherine the Great, Ch. VII.
7 A.RADISHCHEV: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, trans. Leo Werner. Empress Catherine's notes.
CHAPTER 29
1 D.OGG: Europe in the Seventeenth Century, Ch. XI.
2 A.LENTIN: Russia in the Eighteenth Century, Ch. I.
3 S.V.BAKRUSHIN AKRUSHIN and s. D. SKAZKIN: ‘Diplomacy’ in M.RAEFF: Catherine the Great: A Profile, Part III.
4 G.P.GOOCH : Catherine the Great, Ch. VII.
CHAPTER 30
1 C.A.MACARTNEY (ed.): The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties, Part I, Document 12.
2 Ibid., Document 13B.
3 L.GERSHOY: From Despotism to Revolution, Ch. IV.
4 E.N.WILLIAMS; op. cit., Ch. 18.
5 T.C.W.BLANNING: Joseph II and Enlightened Despotism, Ch. 2.
6 Ibid., Document 1.
7 C.A.MACARTNEY: op. cit., Document 14.
8 K.ROIDER:Maria Theresa, p. 115.
9 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: Rousseau and Revolution, Ch. XIII.
CHAPTER 31
1 R.W.HARRIS: Absolutism and Enlightenment, Ch. 8.
2 T.C.W.BLANNING: Joseph II and Enlightened Despotism, Document 7.
3 Ibid., Ch. 5.
4 Ibid. Ch. 3.; E.N.WILLIAMS: The Ancien Régime in Europe, Ch. 19.
5 C.A.MACARTNEY:The Habsburg Empire 1790–1918, p. 127; E.N. WILLIAMS: op. cit., Ch. 5.
6 T.C.W.BLANNING: op. cit, Ch. 3.
7 C.A.MACARTNEY: The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties, Part I, Document 15B.
8 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: Rousseau and Revolution, Ch. XIII.
9 E.WANGERMANN:From Joseph II to the Jacobin Trials.
10 T.C.W.BLANNING: op. cit., Document 17.
CHAPTER 32
1 R.DESCARTES: in A.D.LINDSAY (ed.), Discourse on Method, Part II.
2 J.LOCKE: in R.K.LIBANSKY (ed.), Epistola de Tolerantia, p. 65.
3 Ibid., p. 91.
4 D.OGG: Europe of the Ancien Régime 1715–1783, Ch. XII.
5 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: The Age of Voltaire, Ch. XXI.
6 S.POLLARD: The Idea of Progress, Ch. 3.
7 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: Rousseau and Revolution, Ch. XXXV.
8 W.DURANT: The Age of Voltaire, Ch. XIX.
9 VOLTAIRE: Philosophical Dictionary.
10 MONTESQUIEU:The Spirit of the Laws, trans. T.Nugent; Ch. I, Part i.
11 J.BOWLE: Western Political Thought, Ch. VIII.
12 D.HUME: On Human Nature and Understanding, ed. A.FLEW; ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding’, Section 4.
13 HUME:Treatise of Human Nature, ed. L.A.SELBY BIGGS, Book II, Part III, Section III.
14 W.DURANT: Rousseau and Revolution, Ch. I.
15 J.J.ROUSSEAU:The Social Contract, ed. E.BARKER, Ch. I.
16 J.J.ROUSSEAU:Emile, Book I, Ch. VII.
17 C.PARKIN: The Moral Basis of Burke's Political Thought, Ch. II.
18 Ibid., Ch.VI.
19 Ibid., Ch.V.
CHAPTER 33
1 M.RAEFF (ed.): Catherine the Great: A Profile, from Miliukov.
2 R.WINES (ed.): Problems in European Civilisation: Enlightened Despotism, from Voltaire.
3 G.P.GOOCH:Frederick the Great, Ch. VII.
4 C.A.MACARTNEY (ed.): The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties, Part II, Document 18, ‘Political Testament’ (1752).
5 G.P.GOOCH: Catherine the Great, Ch. 7.
6 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: Rousseau and Revolution, Ch. XIII.
7 T.C.W.BLANNING : Joseph II and Enlightened Despotism, Ch. 6.
8 G.P.GOOCH: Frederick the Great, Ch. 8.
9 L.GERSHOY: From Despotism to Revolution.
10 W.DURANT: op. cit., Ch. XVIII.
11 L.KRIEGER: Kings and Philosophers, Ch. 9.
CHAPTER 34
1 J.B.PERKINS: France Under the Regency, Ch. XVI.
2 J.LOUGH: An Introduction to Eighteenth Century France, Ch. IV.
3 P.ROBERTS: The Quest for Security 1715–1740, Ch. III.
4 J.B.PERKINS: op. cit., Ch. X.
5 Ibid., Ch. XIII.
6 P.ROBERTS: op. cit., Ch. VIII.
7 G.P.GOOCH:Louis XV, Ch. 3.
8 A.SOREL: Europe and the French Revolution, Book II, Ch. 1.
CHAPTER 35
1 W.DURANT: The Story of Civilisation: Rousseau and Revolution, Ch. XXXIV.
2 J.LOUGH: An Introduction to Eighteenth–Century France, Ch. I.
3 E.N.WILLIAMS: The Ancien Régime in Europe, Ch. 8.
4 J.LOUGH: op. cit., Ch. V.
5 G.P.GOOCH:Louis XV, Ch. 12.
6 A.SOREL: Europe and the French Revolution, trans. in G.P.GOOCH: Louis XV, Ch. 4.
7 G.P.GOOCH: op. cit., Ch. 11.
8 J.LOUGH: op. cit., Ch. VI.
CHAPTER 37
1 A.DE TOCQUEVILLE: The Ancien Régime.
2 J.C.DAVIES: ‘Toward a Theory of Revolution’, in J.C.DAVIES (ed.), When Men Revolt and Why.
3 J.LOUGH: An Introduction to Eighteenth–Century France, Ch. III.
4 E.N.WILLIAMS: The Ancien Régime in Europe, Ch. 8.
5 P.GOUBERT:The Ancien Régime, Ch. I, Part 2.
6 K.KUMAR:Revolution, Introduction, Part 6.