Chapter 1: On the Edge
1. Joseph Goebbels, quoted in People’s Century: Master Race, produced by Peter Pagnamenta (WGBH, 1997).
2. Airship Over “The Eternal City”! (newsreel, British Pathé, 1933).
3. Claudio Segrè, Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), 345.
4. Balbo, quoted in Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 143.
5. Clarence K. Streit, “Civilian Air Parley Starts at Geneva: Experts of 13 Nations Gather Under League’s Auspices,” New York Times, July 9, 1930.
6. Segrè, Italo Balbo, 180.
7. Ibid., 203.
8. R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy: Life under the Dictatorship 1915–1945 (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), 295.
Chapter 2: White City
1. Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 492.
2. Ibid., 498.
3. Leonard Mosley, Disney’s World: A Biography (New York: Stein & Day, 1985), 25–26.
4. Patrick Meehan, “The Big Wheel,” UBC Engineer (1964), reprinted in Hyde Park Historical Society Newsletter, Spring, 2000.
Chapter 3: Black Shirt
1. Claudio Segrè, Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), 5.
2. G. Ward Price, quoted in Segrè, Italo Balbo, 5.
3. Max Gallo, Mussolini’s Italy: Twenty Years of the Fascist Era (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1973), 9.
4. Segrè, Italo Balbo, 16.
5. Ibid., 22.
6. Gallo, Mussolini’s Italy, 53, 86.
7. Segrè, Italo Balbo, 27.
8. Margaret Macmillan, Paris: 1919 (New York: Random House, 2002), 294–95, 304.
9. Robert Wohl, The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination 1920–1950 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 55.
10. Gallo, Mussolini’s Italy, 177.
11. Ignazio Silone, Bread and Wine (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937), 30.
12. Ibid., 145.
13. Wohl, The Spectacle of Flight, 3.
14. Segrè, Italo Balbo, xiii.
15. Guido Mattioli, quoted in Wohl, The Spectacle of Flight, 51.
16. Schneider Trophy History: 9th édition, November 1926, https://www.hydroretro.net/race1926.
17. Wohl, The Spectacle of Flight, 69.
18. Segrè, Italo Balbo, 208.
19. Wohl, The Spectacle of Flight, 46.
20. The Aviators: Fellowship of the Air, directed by Tim Kirby (BBC Two, 1998).
21. Segrè, Italo Balbo, 223–25.
22. Lo Stormo Atlantico (Cinematografia sonora dell’Instituto Nazionale, 1931).
23. Azas Italianas sob os céos do Brasil (newsreel, Ottorino Pietras, 1931).
24. Wohl, The Spectacle of Flight, 74.
Chapter 4: Zeppelin
1. Douglas Botting, Dr. Eckener’s Dream Machine: The Great Zeppelin and the Dawn of Air Travel (New York: Henry Holt, 2001), 41.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 37.
4. Hugo Eckener, My Zeppelins (London: Putnam & Company, 1958), 12.
5. Ibid., 14.
6. Eckener quoted in Botting, Dr. Eckener’s Dream Machine, 62.
7. Ibid., 18.
8. The Aviators: Fellowship of the Air, directed by Tim Kirby (BBC Two, 1998).
9. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 23.
10. Ibid., 25–26.
11. Ibid., 27.
12. Ibid., 30.
13. Botting, Dr. Eckener’s Dream Machine, 106–7.
14. Wolfgang Lambrecht, “New York to Berlin Via Zeppelin,” American Traveler’s Gazette, June 1933.
15. “To Europe in 3 Days: Regular Zeppelin Services for Passengers, Mail, and Cargo,” circa 1933, University of Illinois Chicago Special Collections.
16. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 36–37.
17. Ibid., 39.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 40–41.
20. “Notes, News and Notions,” The Practical Clock and Watchmaker, November 15, 1929.
21. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 79.
22. Botting, Dr. Eckener’s Dream Machine, 167.
23. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 86–87.
24. Ibid., 91.
25. Ibid., 106.
26. Charles Lindbergh, “Future of Air Transport: By Three Leaders,” New York Times, May 4, 1930.
27. Hugo Eckener, statement to League of Nations’ Committee on Communications and Transit, in Clarence K. Streit, “Civilian Air Parley Starts at Geneva: Experts of 13 Nations Gather Under League’s Auspices,” New York Times, July 9, 1930.
28. Italo Balbo, statement to League of Nations’ Committee on Communications and Transit, in Streit, “Civilian Air Parley Starts at Geneva.”
29. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 124–25.
30. Ibid., 128–29.
31. Ibid., 143.
Chapter 5: Up!
1. Bertrand Piccard (chairman, Solar Impulse Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland), personal interview.
2. Lena Young de Grummond and Lynn de Grummond Delaune, Jean Felix Piccard: Boy Balloonist (New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1968), 81.
3. Ibid., 107.
4. Ibid., 118.
5. Ibid., 190–91.
6. Ibid., 131.
7. Jason Kelly, “Jeannette Piccard, SM’19 (1895–1981): A ‘Pioneer of the Skies,’” University of Chicago Magazine, May–June 2011.
8. Mary Louise Piccard (Los Angeles, California), personal interview.
9. Ibid.
10. Jeannette Piccard, quoted in Young de Grummond and de Grummond Delaune, Jean Felix Piccard, 142–43.
11. Ibid., 145.
12. Tom Cheshire, The Explorer Gene: How Three Generations of One Family Went Higher, Deeper, and Further Than Any Before (New York: Marble Arch Press, 2013), 17.
13. Ibid., 12.
14. Michael G. Smith, “A Race to the Stratosphere in 1933: Long before the Cold War, Soviets and Americans Dueled to Reach the Top of the Atmosphere,” Air & Space Magazine, August 24, 2015.
15. Cheshire, The Explorer Gene, 32.
16. Auguste Piccard, quoted in “Ten Miles High in an Air-Tight Ball,” Popular Science Magazine, August 1931.
17. Cheshire, The Explorer Gene, 48.
18. 10 Miles Above the Earth (newsreel, British Pathé, 1931).
19. Cheshire, The Explorer Gene, 62.
20. Bertrand Piccard, personal interview.
Chapter 6: Crash
1. Cheryl R. Ganz, The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair: A Century of Progress (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 42.
2. Ibid., 46.
3. Lauro de Bosis letter, in Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 144.
4. Ibid.
5. Brendon, The Dark Valley, 144.
6. Ibid., 143.
7. Ganz, The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair, 39–40.
Chapter 7: A Single Beam of Starlight
1. “The Star Arcturus,” 1933, University of Illinois Chicago Special Collections.
2. Lisa D. Schrenk, Building a Century of Progress: The Architecture of Chicago’s 1933–34 World’s Fair (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 13–14.
3. Ibid., 87–88.
Chapter 8: Rainbow City
1. Lisa D. Schrenk, Building a Century of Progress: The Architecture of Chicago’s 1933–34 World’s Fair (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 44.
2. Joseph Urban Collection: New York Series, Columbia University, n.d., http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/archives/rbml/urban/.
3. Cheryl Ganz, The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair: A Century of Progress (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 61.
4. Ibid.
5. Charles Collins, “World’s Fair Colorist and Follies’ Designer Was Genius of Decoration,” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1933.
6. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), 662–63.
7. Robert Abbott, “The Week,” Chicago Defender, June 24, 1933.
8. Ganz, The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair, 9.
9. Ibid., 10.
10. The Sign of the Cross, directed and produced by Cecil B. DeMille (Paramount, 1932).
Chapter 9: Chief Flying Eagle
1. Michael Pratt, Italo Balbo’s Transatlantic Flight (1933): 24 Italian Seaplanes in America (Montreal: Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2019), 13.
2. Claudio G. Segrè, Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 240–41.
3. Robert Wood, “Proud to Bring Friendship Message, Says Balbo,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 16, 1933.
4. “Balbo’s Own Story of Amazing Flight,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 16, 1933.
5. Robert Wohl, The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination 1920–1950 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 93.
6. “Safe in American Waters,” Chicago American, July 14, 1933.
7. Fred H. Glasby, “Balbo Fleet Flies 800 Miles; Ready for Montreal Honors,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 14, 1933.
8. Ibid.
9. Pratt, Italo Balbo’s Transatlantic Flight (1933), 45.
10. Ibid.
11. Radiograms reporting the progress of Italo Balbo’s squadron of seaplanes from Montreal to Chicago, July 15, 1933.
12. “24 Italian Planes Land on Lakefront to End 7,000 Mile Flight,” Chicago American, July 15, 1933.
13. “Chicago Welcome for Fascist Leader,” Chicago Tribune, July 15, 1933.
14. Gus Lazzarini, quoted in The Aviators: Fellowship of the Air, directed by Tim Kirby (BBC Two, 1998).
15. Marie Nardulli-Doody, quoted in The Aviators: Fellowship of the Air.
16. “Flight a Lesson to U.S.,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 16, 1933.
17. Wood, “Proud to Bring Friendship Message, Says Balbo.”
18. Ibid.
19. “Scramble for Launches,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 16, 1933.
20. “General Gives Fascist Salute to Throng,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 16, 1933.
21. Ibid.
22. “General Gives Fascist Salute to Throng.”
23. “24 Plane Armada Lands, Completes Daring 6,100-mile Mission on Lakefront,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 16, 1933.
24. “Italian Airmen Given Rousing Welcome in Soldier Field,” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1933.
25. “Italian Flyers,” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1933.
26. “Who Is Balbo,” pamphlet of the Italian Socialist Federation Italian League for the Rights of Man, University of Illinois Chicago Special Collections, 1933.
27. Giuseppe Castruccio, “Italian Consul Sees Peace Link in Balbo Flight,” Chicago Daily Times, July 16, 1933.
28. India Moffett, “Society Folk Meet Balbo at Saddle and Cycle,” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1933.
29. Ibid.
30. Italo Balbo, telegram to Dr. Giuseppe Castruccio, Italian Consul General in Chicago, reprinted in the Chicago Daily Times, July 14, 1933.
31. Moffett, “Society Folk Meet Balbo at Saddle and Cycle.”
32. Segrè, Italo Balbo, 243.
33. “Fliers Arise to Explore City,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 16, 1933.
34. “Rose of Victory,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, July 17, 1933.
35. Cheryl R. Ganz, The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair: A Century of Progress (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 135.
36. “5,000 Acclaim Balbo Flyers at Italian Dinner; Throngs Mass on Michigan Ave. to See Airmen,” Chicago Tribune, July 17, 1933.
37. Ibid.
38. Marie Nardulli-Doody, quoted in Chicago Stories—A Break in the Clouds: Chicago’s 1933 World’s Fair, produced and written by Mike Leiderman (WWTT, 2000).
39. Bruce Grant, “Balbo Proclaimed 2nd Columbus at Statue Unveiling,” Chicago Daily Times, July 17, 1933.
40. Segrè, Italo Balbo, 244.
41. “General Balbo Plays Hookey to Ride Scooter at Fair,” Chicago News, July 18, 1933.
42. Ibid.
43. Franklin D. Roosevelt letter to Italo Balbo, May 16, 1935, courtesy of Gregory Alegi.
44. Gregory Alegi, Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali “Guido Carli” (LUISS), Rome, personal interview.
Chapter 10: Waking from the Dream
1. Hugo Eckener, My Zeppelins (London: Putnam & Co., 1958), 92.
2. Ibid, 161.
3. Chicago News, October 25, 1933.
4. Dorothea Momsen, “Graf Zeppelin Due at Miami Today,” New York Times, October 23, 1933.
5. “Graf Zeppelin Leaves Miami, Chicago Bound,” Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1933.
6. “Gale Keeps Graf Cruising Around Akron All Night,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, October 25, 1933.
7. Hugo Eckener, quoted in “Zep Due to Reach Chicago in Morning on Fair Flight,” Chicago News, October 25, 1933.
8. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 152–53.
9. Cheryl Ganz, The Graf Zeppelin and the Swastika: Conflicting Symbols at the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair (Dayton, OH: National Aerospace Conference Proceedings, Wright State University, 1998), 59.
10. William Toll, “Club Movement in the United States,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia (Brookline, MA: Jewish Women’s Archive, 2009).
11. Ganz, The Graf Zeppelin and the Swastika, 59.
12. “50,000 Jews Unite in Chicago Protest,” New York Times, May 10, 1933.
13. Ibid.
14. Hugo Eckener, note to Dr. Edgar Salin, July 17, 1931, Basel University Library, Switzerland.
15. Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets (New York: Harper, 1942), 219.
16. “Prominent Persons on the German Committee of the International Radio Forum,” Abendpost, April 19, 1932.
17. “Is Mischief Starting Again?” Völkischer Beobachtner, June 23, 1926.
18. Ganz, The Graf Zeppelin and the Swastika, 60.
19. Robert Wood, “Fair Honors Eckener, Graf on Brief Visit,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, October 27, 1933.
20. Hugo Eckener to Willy von Meister, from a 1976 interview of Willy von Meister by Cheryl Ganz, quoted in Ganz, The Graf Zeppelin and the Swastika, 56. Also, Hugo Eckener to Willy von Meister, from a 1973 interview of Willy von Meister, quoted in Henry Cord Mayer, Airshipmen: Businessmen and Politics 1890–1940 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 203.
21. Wood, “Fair Honors Eckener, Graf on Brief Visit.”
22. “Graf Flies Over City Salutes Fair,” Chicago News, October 26, 1933.
23. Chicago Tribune, October 26, 1933.
24. Francis Healy, “Graf Lands Here Goes Back East,” Chicago Daily Times, October 26, 1933.
25. Ibid.
26. “Graf Flies Over City Salutes Fair.”
27. Wood, “Fair Honors Eckener, Graf on Brief Visit”; “Graf Flies Over City Salutes Fair.”
28. “Friedrichshafen to Chicago,” Chicago News, October 26, 1933.
29. “Graf Flies Over City Salutes Fair.”
30. Healy, “Graf Lands Here Goes Back East”; “Graf Flies Over City Salutes Fair.”
31. Grant Smith, letter to Rufus Dawes, August 30, 1933, University of Illinois Chicago Special Collections.
32. Ganz, The Graf Zeppelin and the Swastika, 60.
33. Carl R. Latham, vice president, Union League Club of Chicago, invitation to Rufus Dawes, October 23, 1933, University of Illinois Chicago Special Collections.
34. “Rufus Dawes to Hugo Eckener,” in Hugo Eckener, Im Zeppelin, 473, in Ganz, The Graf Zeppelin and the Swastika, 61.
35. “Luther Backs Nazi Policies,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, October 27, 1933.
36. “German Envoy Expounds Nazi Aims in Chicago,” Chicago Tribune, October 27, 1933.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. “Nazi Clash Greets Eckener in Chicago,” New York Times, October 27, 1933.
41. Ganz, The Graf Zeppelin and the Swastika, 61.
42. “Nazi Clash Greets Eckener in Chicago.”
43. Theodore Light to Cheryl R. Ganz, October 25, 1993, in Cheryl R. Ganz, The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair: A Century of Progress (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 147.
44. Ibid.
45. Hugo Eckener, letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, October 26, 1933.
46. God’s Fiddler: Jascha Heifetz, directed by Peter Rosen (EuroArts, 2011).
47. “Heifetz Brings Strad, Acclaim to Chicago,” Chicago American, October 30, 1933.
48. Ibid.
Chapter 11: Space Race
1. Mark Wolverton, “How the First American Science Writer Found (Then Lost) God in the Cosmic Ray,” Distillations, October 8, 2019.
2. David H. DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere: Manned Scientific Ballooning in America (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1989), 50.
3. Professor Piccard (newsreel, Pathé, 1933).
4. Gordon J. Vaeth, Graf Zeppelin: The Adventures of an Aerial Globetrotter (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), 62.
5. DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 57–58.
6. Ibid., 58.
7. Muskat quoted in DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 71.
8. “Here for World’s Highest Hop,” Chicago News, July 14, 1933.
9. Dempster MacMurphy, “Pilot of Stratosphere Balloon Admits Professor May Be Dumped,” Chicago News, July 17, 1933.
10. Dempster MacMurphy, “Settle to Go Aloft Alone in Piccard Flight,” Chicago News, July 25, 1933.
11. DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 81.
12. “Russians Claim Balloon Mark,” Chicago Tribune, October 1, 1933.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 108.
16. Mrs. Jean Piccard to William Rosenfeld, November 28, 1933, in DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 91.
17. Ibid.
18. Jason Kelly, “Jeannette Piccard, SM’19 (1895–1981): A ‘Pioneer of the Skies,’” University of Chicago Magazine, May–June 2011.
19. Jeannette Piccard, quoted in Ian A. Moule and David J. Shayler, Women in Space—Following Valentina (Berlin and Heidelburg, Germany: Springer, 2005), 25.
20. DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 113.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 119.
23. “Why Explore the Stratosphere?” Popular Mechanics, October 1933.
24. Ibid.
25. Lena Young de Grummond and Lynn de Grummond Delaune, Jean Felix Piccard: Boy Balloonist (New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1968), 160.
26. Auguste Piccard to Jean Piccard, in DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 109.
27. Piccards in Cloud Hop (Universal Newsreel, 1934).
28. Kelly, “Jeannette Piccard, SM’19 (1895–1981).”
29. “Jeannette Piccard—First Woman to Reach the Stratosphere,” NASTAR Center, n.d., www.nastarcenter.com/jeannette-piccard-first-woman-to-reach-the-stratosphere.
30. Jeannette Piccard, quoted in Paul Sorenson, “Looking Back,” AEM Magazine, University of Minnesota Institute of Technology, 1998–1999.
31. “Mrs. Piccard Tells of Flight Thrills,” New York Times, October 24, 1934.
32. Albert W. Stevens to W. F. G. Swann, in DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 123.
33. Ibid., 124–25.
Chapter 12: City of Tomorrow
1. “Walt Disney and the World’s Fairs, Part 1,” Bureau International des Expositions, September 18, 2013, https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/blog/entry/walt-disney-and-world-s-fairs-part-1.
2. “1933 All Star Game,” Baseball Almanac, n.d., https://www.baseball-almanac.com/asgbox/yr1933as.shtml.
3. Jean Shepherd, In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash (New York: Broadway Books, 1966), 104–5.
4. Ibid., 106.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 110.
7. Producer Robert H. Justman to Mary Louise Piccard, in 1991; Mary Louise Piccard, personal interview.
8. David Alexander, “Interview of Gene Roddenberry,” The Humanist, March–April 1991.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Cheryl Ganz, The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair: A Century of Progress (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 115.
13. Ibid., 112–13.
14. “Sets Fair’s Women’s Day,” New York Times, October 21, 1933.
15. “Serpent Dancer with Python,” Chicago Tribune, October 29, 1933.
Chapter 13: Lost Horizon
1. Aviators: Fellowship of the Air, directed by Tim Kirby (BBC Two, 1998).
2. Guglielmo Emanuel, “Il Duce ‘Exiles’ Balbo to Post in Africa,” Chicago American, November 6, 1933.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Hugo Eckener, My Zeppelins (London: Putnam & Co., 1958), 158.
6. Ibid., 153.
7. “What is Going to Happen to Eckener?” Pariser Tagblatt, April 5, 1936.
8. “Eckener Refuse Election Plea from Hitler; Name Banned from the Press as a Result,” New York Times, April 3, 1936.
9. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 149.
10. “Aboard the Airship Hindenburg: Louis Lochner’s Diary of Its Maiden Flight to the United States,” May 6–14, 1936; postscript May 30, 1937 (Wisconsin Historical Society).
11. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 165.
12. Ibid, 167.
13. Vaeth, Graf Zeppelin: The Adventures of an Aerial Globetrotter (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), 108.
14. Eckener, My Zeppelins, 180–81.
15. Vaeth, Graf Zeppelin, 196–98.
Chapter 14: Into the Abyss
1. Claudio Segrè, Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), 356–58.
2. Ibid., 346.
3. Ibid., 358.
4. Gregory Alegi, “Ninety Seconds over Tobruk,” The Aviation Historian, no. 13, October 15, 2015.
5. Eckener, My Zeppelins (London: Putnam & Co., 1958), 178.
6. Michael J. Neufeld, “Mittelbau Main Camp: In Depth,” in Holocaust Encyclopedia (Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2021).
Epilogue
1. Gayla Marty, “Heaven and Earth,” CE + HD Connect, July 2019.
2. David H. DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere: Manned Scientific Ballooning in America (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1989), frontispiece.
3. Don Piccard, quoted in Marty, “Heaven and Earth.”
4. John F. Kennedy, “Rice University Speech,” September 12, 1962.
5. J. Gordon Vaeth, Graf Zeppelin: The Adventures of an Aerial Globetrotter (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), 222.
6. Ibid., 129.
7. Ibid., 225.
8. Robert Gilruth, quoted in DeVorkin, Race to the Stratosphere, 109.
9. Lena Young de Grummond and Lynn de Grummond Delaune, Jean Felix Piccard: Boy Balloonist (New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1968), 192.
10. Mary Louise Piccard (Los Angeles and Santa Monica, California), personal interview.
11. Ibid.
12. “Jeannette Piccard—First Woman to Reach the Stratosphere,” NASTAR Center, n.d., www.nastarcenter.com/jeannette-piccard-first-woman-to-reach-the-stratosphere.