Introduction
The lyric in the chapter title is from Sir Mix-A-Lot’s “Posse on Broadway” (Seattle: NastyMix Records, 1987).
1.Quintard Taylor, The Forging of a Black Community: Seattle’s Central District from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 5.
Chapter 1. Seattle, the Central District, and the Arrival of Hip Hop
The lyric in the chapter title is from Boom Bap Project, “Welcome to Seattle” (Minneapolis: Rhymesayers Entertainment, 2005).
1.City of Seattle, “Seattle Municipal Archives: Brief History of Seattle.” www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/seattle-facts/brief-history-of-seattle (accessed April 2, 2014).
2.Daudi Abe and Quintard Taylor, “From Memphis & Mogadishu: The History of African Americans in Martin Luther King County, Washington, 1858– 2014,” October 3, 2014,BlackPast.org, www.blackpast.org/memphis-and-mogadishu-history-african-americans-martin-luther-king-county-washington-1858-2014.
3.George Tamblyn, “Grose, William (1835–1898),” BlackPast.org, January 26, 2007, www.blackpast.org/aaw/grose-william-1835-1898.
4.Abe and Taylor 2014.
5.Greg Lange, “Billboard Reading ‘Will the Last Person Leaving SEATTLE— Turn Out the Lights’ appears near Sea-Tac International Airport on April 16, 1971,” Essay 1287, June 8, 1999,HistoryLink.org.
6.Abe and Taylor 2014.
7.Dale Soden, “Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Seattle Chapter (1961– 1970),” January 27, 2010,www.blackpast.org/aaw/seattle-chapter-core-congress-racial-equality-1961-1970.
8.Quintard Taylor, The Forging of a Black Community: Seattle’s Central District from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994).
9.David Wilma, “Seattle City Council Approves Open Housing Ordinance on April 19, 1968,” Essay 1384, April 2, 2001,HistoryLink.org.
10.Anne LaGrelius Siqueland, Without a Court Order: The Desegregation of Seattle Schools (Seattle: Madrona Press, 1981).
11.Nikolaus Wirth, “Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960–1973),” December 16, 2007,www.blackpast.org/aah/student-nonviolent-coordinating-committee-1960-1973.
12.Priscilla Long, “Stokely Carmichael Speaks to 4,000 at Seattle’s Garfield High School on April 19, 1967,” Essay 3715, March 2, 2002, HistoryLink.org.
13.David Wilma, “Riots Erupt in Seattle’s Central Area after Franklin High Protestors Are Sentenced on July 1, 1968,” Essay 1515, June 4, 2000, HistoryLink.org.
14.Alan J. Stein, “Bobby Seale Names Aaron Dixon Head of Seattle Black Panthers on April 13, 1968,” Essay 1382, June 4, 1999, HistoryLink.org.
15.Alan J. Stein, “Seattle Police Raid Black Panther Office in Central Area, Setting Off Riots, on July 29, 1968,” Essay 1530, January 1, 2000, HistoryLink.org.
16.Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, “Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project,” University of Washington, http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP.htm (accessed January 9, 2014).
17.Taylor 1994.
18.Henry McGee Jr., “Gentrification: Integration or Displacement? The Seattle Story,” August 19, 2007,www.blackpast.org/perspectives/gentrification-integration-or-displacement-seattle-story.
19.Taylor 1994.
20.Paul de Barros, Jackson Street after Hours: The Roots of Jazz in Seattle (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1993).
21.Ray Charles and David Ritz, Brother Ray: Ray Charles’ Own Story (New York: Dial Press, 1978).
22.Quincy Jones, The Autobiography of Quincy Jones (New York: Doubleday, 2001).
23.Mary Willix, “Hendrix, Jimi (1942–1970),” January 17, 2007,www.blackpast.org/aah/hendrix-jimi-1942-1970.
24.Murray Forman in “Represent: Race, Space, and Place in Rap Music,” in That’s the Joint! The Hip-Hop Studies Reader, edited by Murray Forman and Mark Anthony Neal (New York: Routledge, 2004), 217.
25.Pavitt as quoted in Forman 2004: 218.
26.Jonathan Raban, Bad Land: An American Romance (New York: Vintage Books, 1996).
27.Charles Mudede, “Beyond the Sea,” The Stranger, September 19, 2002.
28.Steven Hager, “Afrika Bambaataa’s Hip-Hop,” in And It Don’t Stop: The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 years, edited by Raquel Cepeda, 12–26 (New York: Faber and Faber, 2004).
29.Craig Castleman, “The Politics of Graffiti,” in Forman and Neal 2004: 21–29.
30.Sacha Jenkins, “The Writing on the Wall: Graffiti Culture Crumbles into the Violence It Once Escaped,” in Cepeda 2004: 288–99.
31.Juan Flores, “Puerto Rican and Proud, Boyee!: Rap, Roots and Amnesia,” in The Hip-Hop Reader, edited by Tim Strode and Tim Woods, 30–40 (New York: Pearson, 2008).
32.Sally Banes, “Breaking,” in Forman and Neal 2004: 13–20.
33.Nelson George, “Hip-Hop’s Founding Father’s Speak the Truth,” in Forman and Neal 2004: 45–55.
34.Russell Simmons, Life and Def: Sex, Drugs, Money, and God (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001), 37.
35.David Toop, Rap Attack 3 (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2001).
36.Simmons 2001: 52.
37.Sugarhill Gang, “Rapper’s Delight,” Sugar Hill Records, 1979.
38.Sugarhill Gang, “Rapper’s Delight,” Sugar Hill Records, 1979.
39.Ice-T as quoted in Daudi Abe, 6 ’n the Morning: West Coast Hip-Hop Music 1987–1992 and the Transformation of Mainstream Culture (Los Angeles: Over the Edge Books, 2013), 31.
40.Eddie Wells, personal communication with the author, June 2008.
41.Vince Canby, “ ‘Wild Style,’ Rapping and Painting Graffiti,” New York Times, March 18, 1983.
42.Charlie Ahearn, dir. Wild Style (Los Angeles: Rhino Home Video, 1982).
43.Robert Newman, personal communication with the author, March 2015.
44.Seattle Times, October 30, 1983.
Chapter 2. Seattle Hip Hop in the 1980s
The lyric in the chapter title comes from Sir Mix-A-Lot, “Posse on Broadway” (Seattle: NastyMix Records, 1987).
1.Eddie Wells, personal communication with the author, June 2008.
2.James Croone, personal communication with the author, March 2008.
3.David Wilma, “Seattle Becomes the Emerald City in 1982,” Essay 3622, October 24, 2001,HistoryLink.org.
4.Peter Blecha, “Seattle’s ‘Underground’ Hip-Hop Scene Breaks Out with Big Exhibition Hall Gig on August 17, 1984,” Essay 9778, May 1, 2011, HistoryLink.org.
5.Robert Newman, “Armory Rap-Up,” The Rocket, February 15, 1982.
6.Karl Kotas, “Notable Examples of Local Mixes,” The Rocket June 1982, p. 37.
7.Johnny Renton, “Lip Service,” The Rocket, December 1982, p. 9.
8.Nes Rodriguez, personal communication with the author, June 2007.
9.Robert Newman, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
10.Tony B, personal communication with the author, May 2015.
11.Robert Newman, “They’re Fresh!!!” The Rocket, September 1984, p. 34.
12.Eddie Wells, personal communication with the author, June 2008.
13.Newman 1984.
14.Steve Sneed, personal communication with the author, March 2015.
15.Sheila Anne Feeney, “Break Dancing: Waves and Tics and Baby Rolls Keep Body and Soul Together,” Seattle Times, February 19, 1984, p. F1.
16.Belafonte as quoted in John Hartl, “Belafonte Backs Film on ‘Hip-Hop’ Culture,” Seattle Times, June 8, 1985, p. D3.
17.John Vorhees, “NBC Is Hoping for a News Start on Sunday Nights,” Seattle Times, June 30, 1984, p. D8.
18.Maysha Watson, “The History of the Seattle Center,” Seattle Magazine, February 2012.
19.Blecha 2011.
20.ZiggyFan2012, “4 Generations of B-Boys Come Out To Celebrate 30 Years of Hip-Hop Culture at the ‘Seattle City Breaker’s Reunion,’ ” King County News, August 5, 2012, http://kingcountynews.org/2012/08/05/4-generations-of-b-boys-come-out-to-celebrate-30-years-of-hip-hop-culture-at-the-seattle-city-breakers-reunion.
21.Mandalit Del Barco, “Style Wars: Documenting Graffiti Artists,” NPR Morning Edition, April 25, 2003, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1242898.
22.JP Scratches, “Deepest Roots: 30 Years of Hip Hop in Seattle,” King County News, November 11, 2014, http://kingcountynews.org/2014/11/11/deepest-roots-30-years-of-hip-hop-in-seattle.
23.David Toledo, personal communication with the author, June 2015.
24.Nes Rodriguez, personal communication with the author, March 2007.
25.Glen Boyd, “The Northwest’s Hottest Funk DJs Square Off,” The Rocket, May 1985, p. 9.
26.“Boss Cross,” The Rocket, November 1986, p. 9.
27.Glen Boyd, “The Big Chill: Seattle Funk DJs and MCs Square Off,” The Rocket, March 1985, p. 9.
28.Boyd 1986.
29.Glen Boyd, personal communication with the author, November 2014.
30.Mary Henry, “African American History Museum,” Essay 8602, April 21, 2008, HistoryLink.org.
31.Daudi Abe, 6 ’n the Morning: West Coast Hip-Hop Music 1987–1992 and the Transformation of Mainstream Culture (Los Angeles: Over the Edge Books, 2013).
32.Earl Debnam, personal communication with the author, March 2015.
33.Roberta Penn, “The Monastery,” The Rocket, June 1985, p. 14.
34.Penn 1985: 14.
35.“Parents In Arms,” The Rocket, June 1985, p. 35.
36.Ben Jacklet, “The Return of the Demon,” The Stranger, September 2, 1999.
37.“Teen Dance Club Regulations Proposed,” The Rocket, June 1985, p. 35.
38.Amy Jenniges, “Black Listed,” The Stranger, September 21, 2000.
39.Seattle Teen Dance Ordinance Project, https://seattletdoproject.wordpress.com (accessed June 8, 2014).
40.Dennis P. Eichhorn, “Third Avenue Freeze Out,” The Rocket, February 1986, p. 17.
41.Krist Novoselic, “City, Artists Crafted Ordinance to Assure Safe, All-Ages Events,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 6, 2002.
42.Carlton Smith, “Crack—Cheap Form of Cocaine Spreading across Nation, into Seattle Area,” Seattle Times, May 28, 1986, p. A1.
43.Smith 1986: A1.
44.Dan Satterberg, personal communication with the author, November 2014.
45.Daudi Abe 2013.
46.“Washington State Cocaine/Crack Crimes,” Violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, www.vucsa.com/cocaine-crack (accessed January 4, 2014).
47.Carrie Johnson, “Justice Dept. Backs Changes Affecting Cocaine Sentencing,”Seattle Times, April 30, 2009, p. A9.
48.Gabe Morales, “Overview of Gang History in the Pacific Northwest,” Gang Prevention Services, www.gangpreventionservices.org/ganghistory.asp (accessed January 26, 2014).
49.Don Duncan, “Gangs Increasing in Seattle—L.A. Toughs Leave Slums for New Turf,” Seattle Times, June 28, 1987, p. A1.
50.“Seattle Gang Territory,” www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zAH7tI3pUGmw.ka-c-NuLJ88I (accessed February 26, 2014). This disclaimer runs alongside the map: “The Seattle gang territory map gives a rough estimate of where certain gangs hang out and operate. By no means are the gangs listed here bounded by the colored area. Seattle gangs are very transient and often are allies with other gangs, therefore it is common to find gangs outside of their so-called area. Gang territories in Seattle are nothing like what you might come across in Los Angeles or Chicago.”
51.Seattle Police Department, “The Number of Homicides in Seattle between 1985–1995,” Public Disclosure Request # P2014-3688.
52.Glen Boyd, personal communication with the author, November 2014.
53.Glen Boyd, “Tacoma DJ Battle Mixmasters,” The Rocket, November 1983, p. 12.
54.Tacoma DJ Bobby “Galaxy” Lewis and Phillip “G-Man” Gonzales as quoted in Glen Boyd, “Tacoma DJ Battle Mixmasters,” The Rocket, November 1983, p. 12.
55.Glen Boyd, “Par-Tay in T-Town,” The Rocket, August 1984, p. 13.
56.Glen Boyd, “The Royal Court of N.W. Rap,” The Rocket, November 1987, p. 23.
57.“Miztah Zelle: Band History,” Sound Click, www.soundclick.com/bands/default.cfm?bandID=171867 (accessed November 19, 2014).
58.Josh Rizeberg, “Tacoma’s Own Miztah Zelle’s Hip-Hop Journey Is Legendary,” NorthwestMilitary.com, June 2012, www.northwestmilitary.com/music-and-culture/features-and-columns/2012/06/Tacomas-own-Miztah-Zelles-hip-hop-journey-is-legendary/.
59.Glen Boyd, “Born to Run,” The Rocket, January 1986, p. 17.
60.Boyd 1987.
61.Mr. Supreme, personal communication with the author, July 2014.
62.Silver Shadow D, personal communication with the author, February 2015.
63.Davey D., “Jam on the Groove,” Hip-Hop Daily News, May 20, 1997, www.daveyd.com/jamgroovenews.html.
64.Fever One, personal communication with the author, June 2014.
65.Glen Boyd, “Rap on the Map,” The Rocket, June 1987, p.10.
66.Mike Clark, “DI-RA,” The Flavor, May 1994, no. 14, p. 18.
67.Mix-A-Lot quotations in the following paragraphs are all from Glen Boyd, “To Sir with Funk,” The Rocket, September 1986, p. 20.
68.Mix-A-Lot as quoted in Glen Boyd, “To Sir with Funk,” The Rocket, September 1986, p. 20.
69.Mickey Hess, Hip-Hop in America: A Regional Guide (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press, 2010).
70.Sir Mix-A-Lot, personal communication with the author, November 2014.
71.Hess 2010.
72.“He’s Dreaming of a Gold Christmas,” The Rocket, January 1989, p. 7.
73.Peyton Whitely, Dave Dirkland, and Patrick MacDonald, “Clues Hazy in Drive-By Shootings—Was Rap Music a Factor?” Seattle Times, October 8, 1988, p. A1.
74.John Peoples, “Mighty Metro! Rams Stun Juanita in OT,” Seattle Times, November 12, 1988, p. D1.
75.Glen Boyd, “Wanted Badly: Public Enemy #1,” The Rocket, July 1988, p. 29.
76.M. K. Asante, “Don’t Believe the Hype,” New York Times, February 17, 2012.
77.Steve Christilaw, “ ‘Don’t Believe the Hype’—Ingraham in Kingbowl— Lightly Regarded Rams Top Ferris in Semifinals,” Seattle Times, November 27, 1988, p. C2.
78.John Peoples, “Ingraham Wins It All—Rams Blank Kentwood for AAA Title,”Seattle Times, December 4, 1988, p. C1.
79.Andrew Matson, “Friday Favorites: Ice Cold Mode, DMS, Chelly Chell,”Seattle Times, April 30, 2010.
80.Johanna Somers, “A Fast-Food Joint That’s Heaven-sent,” Seattle Times, August 5, 2012.
81.Matson 2010.
82.Glen Boyd, “Rap’s Class of 1990: Straight Outta Seattle,” The Rocket, June 1990, p. 12.
83.Roberta Penn, “Post Graduate Studies: Seminar Puts Sir Mix-A-Lot at the Head of the Class,” The Rocket, December 1989, p. 29.
84.“Slice ‘n Dice with Mix ‘n Rice,” The Rocket, February 1990, p. 6.
85.Roberta Penn, “Beyond Beepers and Boom,” The Rocket, September 1990, p. 23.
86.Peter Blecha, “NastyMix Records Hosts Fifth Anniversary Party on November 29, 1990,” Essay 9794, 2011,HistoryLink.org.
87.Patrick Macdonald, “A Mix Bag—Seattle’s NastyMix Records Is Becoming a Key Player in the Highly Competitive, Rap-and-Rock Sound Business,” Seattle Times, June 3, 1990.
88.Grant Alden, “Criminal Nation,” The Rocket, April 1990, p. 20.
89.Greg Barbrick, “High Performance,” The Rocket, September, 1989 p. 16.
Chapter 3. Seattle Hip Hop in the 1990s
The lyric in the chapter title comes from The Ghetto Children, “N’s Don’t L” (Seattle: Tribal Music Inc., 1996).
1.David Wilma, “Rioting Erupts in Seattle Following Verdicts in Rodney King Beating on May 1, 1992,” Essay 3054, March 6, 2001, HistoryLink.org.
2.Seattle Police Department, “Weed and Seed Seattle: A Community Report,” 2006,www.seattle.gov/police/publications/Community/2006_WeedSeed_AR.pdf (accessed October 25, 2014).
3.Terence Dunworth and Gregory Mills, “National Evaluation of Weed and Seed,” National Institute of Justice: Research in Brief, US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1999, www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/175685.pdf (accessed February 8, 2014).
4.Brian King, “Weed & Seed Three Years On,” Washington Free Press (October/ November 1994), http://wafreepress.org/12/Weed.html.
5.Dick Lily, “Seattle Wins Grant for ‘Weed and Seed’ Program,” Seattle Times, April 6, 1992.
6.Elizabeth Grant, “Gangsta Rap, the War on Drugs, and the Location of African American Identity in Los Angeles, 1988–92,” in The Hip-Hop Reader, edited by T. Strode and T. Wood, 159–72 (New York: Longman Publishing Group, 2008).
7.Alan Light, “About a Salary or Reality?” in That’s the Joint: The Hip-Hop Studies Reader, edited by M. Forman and M. A. Neal, 137–45 (New York: Routledge, 2004), 138.
8.Barbara Serrano, “Bill Would Ban Sales of ‘Dirty Music’ to Minors— Some Stores Label Effort Censorship,” Seattle Times, February 18, 1992.
9.Ricardo Frazer, personal communication with the author, July 2014.
10.Roberta Penn, “Money, Guns, & Lawyers,” The Rocket, February 1992, p. 17.
11.Patrick Macdonald, “NastyMix Records to Close,” Seattle Times, October 6, 1992.
12.Tad, “Missed Information,” Spin, July 1991, p. 32.
13.Ed Christman, “Exclusive: Rick Rubin Brings American Recordings to Universal Republic,” Billboard, August 22, 2012.
14.Roberta Penn, “Money, Guns, & Lawyers,” The Rocket, February 1992, p. 17.
15.David Toop, Rap Attack 3 (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2001).
16.Daniel McDermon, “ ‘Baby Got Back’ Story: Sir Mix-A-Lot Was an Early Interactive Success,” New York Times, June 10, 2014.
17.Casey McNerthney, “Sir Mix-A-Lot’s ‘Baby Got Back’: Seattle’s Last No. 1 Hit,”Seattle Post-Intelligencer, February 25, 2010.
18.As quoted in Charles Mudede, “Seattle Saves Hip-Hop Again,” The Stranger, January 30, 2012.
19.Jane Birnbaum, “Sir Mix-A-Lot Defends ‘Baby Got Back,’ ” Entertainment Weekly, June 12, 1992.
20.Patrick Macdonald, “An Odd Night at the Grammys,” Seattle Times, February 25, 1993.
21.Matthew Jacobs, “ ‘Baby Got Back’ Turns 21,” Huffington Post, May 7, 2013.
22.Jessica T., “Sir Mix-A-Lot Explains How Publishing Beats Out Royalties,”VladTV, June 6, 2015, www.vladtv.com/article/212464/sir-mix-a-lot-explains-how-publishing-beats-out-royalties.
23.Vladimir Bogdanov, ed., All Music Guide to Hip-Hop: The Definitive Guide to Rap & Hip-Hop (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2003), 546.
24.Scott Griggs, “Hangin and Talkin Shit with Mix,” The Rocket, July 6–20, 1994, p. 18.
25.Greg Barbrick, “NXNW: E-Dawg,” The Rocket, September 1993.
26.“Beavis and Butthead: About the Show,” www.beavisandbutthead.net/about.html (accessed October 25, 2014).
27.Chris Willman, “TV Reviews: ‘Marker,’ ‘Watcher’ Latest UPN Premieres,”Los Angeles Times, January 17, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-17/entertainment/ca-20809_1_kcop-tv-channel.
28.Joanne Weintraub, “UPN Lives, Dies by ‘Marker’ and ‘Watcher,’ ” Chicago Tribune, March 18, 1995, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-03-18/entertainment/9503180068_1_off-road-vehicles-hawaiian-andy-bumatai.
29.Scott Griggs, “Hangin and Talkin Shit with Mix,” The Rocket, July 6–20, 1994, p. 17.
30.Associated Press, “Melee Erupts after Rap Concert,” Spokane Spokesman-Review, December 28, 1992, p. A10.
31.“Summer Jam Rosters (1992–2010),” KUBE 93 FM, www.kube93.com/photos/summerjam/summer-jam-rosters-19922010-236750/14000992/#/0/14000992 (accessed July 30, 2014).
32.“History,” Central Area Youth Association, http://seattle-caya.org/about-us (accessed August 18, 2014).
33.Mary Elizabeth Cronin, “Program Teaches Teens to Work for Their Dreams— CAYA Helps Youth Put Lives into Focus,” Seattle Times, November 1, 1993.
34.DJ B-Mello, “Seattle Regional,” The Flavor, November 1995, p. 25.
35.Payton Carter, “Seattle Hip-Hop Forum Trips the Beat Tip,” The Rocket, December 6–20, 1995, p. 9.
36.University of British Columbia, “The History of Radio at UBC,” 2002, http:// bcradiohistory.radiowest.ca/Biographies/TheUBCRadioStory.htm (accessed April 1, 2014).
37.Mike Clark, “Cross the Globe: Seattle,” The Flavor, December 1994, p. 28.
38.Quoted in Brian Coleman, Check the Technique (New York: Villard, 2007), 161.
39.Coleman 2007.
40.Greg Braxton, “Hip-Hop TV’s Leading Edge: Along with Its Emmy Awards and Enviable Ratings, ‘In Living Color’ Has Attracted Criticism That the Show Deals in Negative Stereotypes,” Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1990.
41.Coleman 2007.
42.Coleman 2007: 171.
43.Simon Vozick-Levinson, “Digable Planets Reissue ‘Blowout Comb’: Butterfly Looks Back,” Rolling Stone, June 19, 2013.
44.Topher Sander, “Ishmael Butler: Cherrywine,” AllHipHop, October 1, 2003, http://allhiphop.com/2003/10/01/ishmael-butler-cherrywine.
45.Bill Reader, “Did You Know Griffey Raps Too?” Seattle Times, April 5, 2009.
46.Brian Floyd, “Sir Mix-A-Lot’s ‘Not in Our House’ Music Video Resurrected from the Dead.” SBNation, May 25, 2011, http://seattle.sbnation.com/seattle-nba/2011/5/25/2190001/sir-mix-a-lot-not-in-our-house-music-video.
47.Eric Diep, “15 of the Best NBA Rappers,” XXL, October 28, 2013, www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/10/15-best-nba-rappers/2.
48.Cynthia Rose, “Sharpshooters—Duo Adds a Hot New Chapter to Seattle’s Jazz History,” Seattle Times, August 17, 1995.
49.Payton Carter, “Northwest Interview: Sharpshooters,” The Rocket, September 27–October 11, 1995, p. 12.
50.Mr. Supreme, personal communication with the author, July 2014.
51.Rich Marin, “Grunge: A Success Story,” New York Times, November 15, 1992.
52.Jonathan Cohen, “Pearl Jam: Biography,” Rolling Stone, 2001, www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/pearl-jam/biography (accessed June 17, 2014).
53.“Alice In Chains: Biography,” Rolling Stone, www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/alice-in-chains/biography (accessed September 5, 2014).
54.Karen Ganz, “Soundgarden: Biography,” Rolling Stone, www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/soundgarden/biography (accessed June 10, 2014).
55.“Nirvana Timeline,” www.nirvana.com/bio (accessed November 1, 2014).
56.Charles Cross, Here We Are Now: The Lasting Impact of Kurt Cobain (New York: Harper Collins, 2014).
57.El Mafioso as quoted in Specs, “El Mafioso,” The Flavor, April–May 1993, no. 6, p. 22.
58.Zola Mumford, “Langston Hughes Performing Arts Institute (Seattle),” Essay 10909, August 6, 2014,HistoryLink.org.
59.Jonathan Moore, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
60.Mickey Hess, Hip-Hop in America: A Regional Guide (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press, 2010), 294.
61.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Hip-Hop Ya Don’t Stop,” The Stranger, August 18, 2005.
62.Novocaine, “Conscious Party,” The Rocket, August 13–27, 1997, p. 17.
63.Steve Stav, “Pain in the Grass 2000 Previews: Beyond Reality,” The Rocket, August 2000.
64.Hess 2010.
65.Frannie Kelley, “Singled Out: E-40’s ‘Function’,” NPR: The Record, March 30, 2012, www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/03/30/149570066/singled-out-e-40s-function.
66.Hess 2010.
67.Jason Birchmeier, “E-40: Biography,” 2014, www.billboard.com/artist/276018/e-40/biography (accessed January 21, 2014).
68.B-Mello, “Local Flavor: Silver Shadow D,” The Flavor, April 1994, no. 13, p. 22.
69.Dove, “Tales of Anger: Black Anger,” Davey D’s Hip-Hop Corner, www.daveyd.com/blackangerinterview.html.
70.Dan Johnson, “Black Anger,” The Rocket, October 9–23, 1996, p. 12.
71.Lynne K. Varner, “Race Has a Role in the 37th—Black, White, Asian and Native Candidates Vie,” Seattle Times, September 3, 1998, p. B4.
72.Sara Jean Green, “4 Seek 2 Seats in Diverse District 37—Santos Again Faces Garrett,” Seattle Times, October 23, 2004, p. B4.
73.David Bowermaster, “Democrats Dominate 37th, 43rd Legislative Districts,”Seattle Times, October 7, 2006.
74.Vitamin D, personal communication with the author, December 2014.
75.Hess 2010: 301.
76.Vanessa Ho, “Ghetto Children: Relax, Kick Back, Gyrate If You Want To,”Seattle Times, January 7, 1994.
77.Novocaine, “Seattle Hip-Hop Underground’s Ready for Prime Time Players,”The Rocket, November 20–December 4, 1996, p. 20.
78.Novocaine 1996.
79.Jason Sutherland, “Prose & Concepts: Clip the Six,” The Rocket, December 21–January 18, 1995, p. 19.
80.Strath Shepard, “Planet Rock: Prose Close Up,” The Rocket, May 14–28, 1997, p. 28.
81.Tom Scanlon, “For Evil Tambourines, Things Are Starting to Shake Out,”Seattle Times, May 27, 1999.
82.“Sir Mix-A-Lot: Bio,” http://sirmixalot.com/bio-3 (accessed March 19, 2014).
83.S. Duda, “The Beat Writers: A Seattle Hip-Hop Roundtable,” The Rocket, July 9–23, 1997, p. 9.
84.Strath Shepard, “Planet Rock: This Is Progress? Is Seattle Hip-Hop Really Moving Forward?” The Rocket, August 27–September 10, 1997, p. 28.
85.Strath Shepard, “Post-Nes Mess,” The Rocket, October 22–November 5, 1997, p. 38.
86.Charles Mudede, “Can You Hear Street Sounds?” The Stranger, October 21, 1999.
87.Tina Potterf, “Jam on The KUBE,” The Rocket, May 28–June 11, 1997, p. 9.
88.Potterf 1997: 9.
89.Tony B, personal communication with the author, May 2015.
90.Chad Kangas, “Ralph McDaniels Celebrates 30 Years of Video Music Box,”Village Voice, March 15, 2013.
91.Gordon Curvey, “Music Inner City: About,” 2008,http://music.sportsinnercity.com/?page_id=2 (accessed September 5, 2014).
92.City of Seattle Office of Arts & Culture, “Mayor Nickels Announces Fifth Annual Awards for Excellence in Hip-Hop,” 2006, www.seattle.gov/arts/news/press_releases.asp?prID=6592&deptID=1 (accessed April 2, 2014).
93.Georgio Brown, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
94.City of Seattle Office of Arts & Culture, “Mayor Greg Nickels Announces Third Annual Award for Excellence in Hip-Hop to Georgio Brown and The Coolout Network,” 2004,www.seattle.gov/arts/news/press_releases.asp?prID=4476&deptID=1 (accessed January 9, 2014).
95.Alison Pember and Rachel Crick, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
96.Mission Statement, The Flavor, March 1992, no. 1, p. 3.
97.Pember and Crick, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
98.Cynthia Rose, “Hip-Hop’s Changing Flavor—Seattle’s 3-Year-Old Rap Mag Has an Audience That’s Both Global and National,” Seattle Times, July 14, 1995.
99.Pember and Crick, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
100.Rose 1995.
101.Pember and Crick, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
102.Payton Carter, “Where’s the Flavor?” The Rocket, December 4–18, 1996, p. 42.
103.DJ Kun Luv, personal communication with the author, July 2014.
104.Jake Batsell and Vikki Ortix, “Videotape May Yield Riot Clues—Camera Recorded Looters at Downtown Shoe Store,” Seattle Times, September 22, 1997.
105.Charles Mudede, “Beyond the Sea,” The Stranger, September 19, 2002.
106.Erin Franzman, “Skratching to the Top: Skratchcast.com Brings Hip-Hop to the Cybermasses,” The Stranger, September 2, 1999.
107.Jonathan Zwickel, “High Rolling,” The Stranger, June 7, 2007.
108.Jake Ellison, “The ’90s: When Seattle Hip-Hop Broke Out on Public Access TV,” Seattle P-I, November 26, 2013.
109.Cynthia Rose, “The Mecca Guys Are Back to Launch a New, Urbane Line,”Seattle Times, February 28, 1997.
110.Tony Shellman and Abby Ellin, “Executive Life: The Boss; Forget the Uniform,” New York Times, October 13, 2002.
111.Rose 1997.
112.Liz Black, “Enyce Sold to Sean John,” Huffington Post, November 22, 2008.
113.Nikki Duckworth, “Tony Shellman: Hip-Hop Trendsetter, Fashion Innovator and Parish Nation,” Clutch Magazine, December 2007, www.clutchmagonline.com/2007/12/tony-shellman-hip-hop-trendsetter-fashion-innovator-parish-nation.
114.Jonathan Moore, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
115.Larry Mizell Jr., “Hip-Hop People,” The Stranger, March 23, 2006.
116.S. K. Honda and Strath, “DVS Floor rockers,” The Flavor, October 1995, no. 29, p. 14.
117.Payton Carter, “Planet Rock: Droppin’ Vicious Styles,” The Rocket, March 26– April 9, 1997, p. 30.
118.Fever One, personal communication with the author, June 2014.
119.Jeromeskee, personal communication with the author, July 2014.
Chapter 4. 206/2K
The lyric in the chapter title is from Jake One, “Home” (Minneapolis: Rhymesayers Entertainment, 2009).
1.Associated Press, “Hip-hop Blamed for Club Shooting,” Eugene Register-Guard, September 24, 2000, p. 5C.
2.Melanie McFarland, “Hip-Hop Enthusiasts Stage Peaceful Protest,” Seattle Times, October 1, 2000.
3.Seattle City Council, “Mayor to Present Hip Hop Awards at MUSICA Festival, Oct. 7,” 2006,www.seattle.gov/council/newsdetail.asp?ID=6545&Dept=28 (accessed April 13, 2014).
4.Tina Potterf, “Mr. Benjamin Goes with ‘Flow’ While Directing Energy to Youth,” Seattle Times, October 26, 2003.
5.Brian Goedde, “9/11 as Muse: Local Rappers Respond with Posturing, Poetry,” April 18, 2002.
6.Dorit Kalev, “Rick James Joins Nocturnal Rage on Remix,” All Hip-Hop.com, October 14, 2002, http://allhiphop.com/2002/10/14/rick-james-joins-nocturnal-rage-on-remix.
7.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: SportN’ Life Records: Ten Years of Seattle Hip-Hop Greatness,” The Stranger, November 21, 2012.
8.Geologic, personal communication with the author, August 2014.
9.“The Blue Scholars,” Billboard, July 10, 2006.
10.Charles Mudede, “We Got Next: Mass Line’s Multiculti Boom Bap,”The Stranger, June 22, 2006.
11.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, December 1, 2005.
12.“Rhymesayers Entertainment: A Written History,” www.rhymesayers.com/about (accessed November 19, 2013).
13.Joe Lynch, “50 Cent Admits Retirement Threat Was Just to Sell Records,” Fuse, September 12, 2012, www.fuse.tv/2012/09/50-cent-admits-retirement-threat-was-just-to-sell-records.
14.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, September 15, 2005.
15.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, September 15, 2005.
16.Charles Aaron, “What the White Boy Means When He Says Yo,” in And It Don’t Stop: The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 Years, edited by Raquel Cepeda (New York: Faber and Faber, 2004), 218.
17.Rowald Pruyn, “Beyond Reality: A Souls Journey,” Rap Reviews.com, October 2, 2007, www.rapreviews.com/archive/2007_10_asoulsjourney.html.
18.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, August 18, 2005.
19.Robert Jamieson Jr., “Mr. Mayor, Do You Hear Our Cries for Change?”Seattle P-I, August 20, 2008.
20.Marian Liu, “Seattle Spoken-Word Artist Has Music in Her Blood, Poetry on Her Soul,” Seattle Times, March 19, 2009.
21.Street Smarts: The Story of a True School B-Girl: A One Woman Show by Laura “Piece” Kelley Jahn,” Brown Paper Tickets, 2007, www.brownpapertickets.com/event/14188 (accessed January 26, 2014).
22.“#TBT Breaking Battles: Red Bull Lords of the Floor (2001–2002),” www.redbullbcone.com/en/blog/tbt-breaking-battles-red-bull-lords-floor-2001-2002 (accessed March 15, 2014).
23.Tina Potterf, “Seattle Breakdance Crew Earns World Title—Massive Monkees Call London Competition ‘Fun,’ ” Seattle Times, February 13, 2004, p. E3.
24.Gabrielle Nomura, “Massive Monkees Share Success with Community— 2013 Visionary Award Recipient,” Northwest Asian Weekly, October 17, 2013, www.nwasianweekly.com/2013/10/massive-monkees-share-success-community-2013-visionary-award-recipient.
25.Jeromeskee, personal communication with the author, July 2014.
26.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, December 1, 2005.
27.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, February 1, 2007.
28.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Hip-Hop Ya Don’t Stop,” The Stranger, October 30, 2008.
29.“Battle of Burien Breakdancing Drew Huge Crowd Friday Night,” Highline Times, February 12, 2012, www.highlinetimes.com/2012/02/12/news/update-battle-burien-breakdancing-drew-huge-crowd.
30.Quibuyen as quoted in Dove, “Hip-Hop Commentary: Are Backpackers Really Conscious?” The FNV Newsletter, 2002, www.daveyd.com/backpacker.html (accessed March 19, 2014).
31.Samuel Chesneau, personal communication with the author, December 2014.
32.Nolan Strong, “Man Shot and Killed at Seattle’s KUBE Summer Jam,” All Hip-Hop.com, July 22, 2002, http://allhiphop.com/2002/07/22/man-shot-and-killed-at-seattles-kube-summer-jam/.
33.Kim Nowacki, “Ludacris, Chingy Heat Up the Summer Jam Crowd,” Seattle Times, July 22, 2003.
34.Charles Mudede, “Secret of Its Success,” The Stranger, March 6, 2003.
35.Charles Mudede, “Panic on the Streets of Belltown,” The Stranger, April 23, 2009.
36.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, February 3, 2005.
37.Quibuyen as quoted in Tina Potterf, “The Spin on Asian-American Hip-Hop,” Seattle Times, July 20, 2003.
38.Interview of Paul Javier by George Quibuyen, May 12, 2003.
39.Marian Liu, “Asian Hip-Hop Summit Headed to Seattle,” Seattle Times, August 20, 2008.
40.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, May 18, 2006.
41.CD News Staff, “Dope Emporium Brings Best in Seattle Hip-Hop to Washington Hall,” Central District News, November 10, 2010, www.centraldistrictnews.com/2010/11/dope-emporium-brings-best-in-seattle-hip-hop-to-washington-hall/.
42.Larry Mizell Jr., “Pharmacy Direct,” The Stranger, October 20, 2005.
43.Charles Mudede, “Make Music for My People,” The Stranger, November 1, 2007.
44.Charles Mudede, “Vanguard or Vandalism?” The Stranger, March 30, 2000.
45.Leah Baltus, “Getting Up,” City Arts, April 27, 2015, www.cityartsonline.com/articles/getting.
46.Jonah Spangenthal-Lee, “Tag Team: Seattle Graffiti Gang 3A: Artists or Assholes?” The Stranger, September 6, 2007.
47.Clout, “Tred BTM 3A Interview,” Clout Magazine, March 17, 2012, www.cloutonline.com/2012/03/tred-btm-3a-interview/.
48.Jonah Spangenthal-Lee, “Lone Ranger,” The Stranger, August 23, 2007.
49.Ericka Berg, “Wiping Out Graffiti: South End Citizens Focus on Persistent Street Vandals,” Beacon Hill News & South District Journal, January 26, 2005, p. 1.
50.Andrew Matson, “The Visual Art of Seattle Abstract-Rap Pioneer SPECSONE 08/12/10 at Throwbacks NW,” Seattle Times, July 16, 2010.
51.Brian Goedde, “End of Flight, Please Disembark: R.I.P. The Rocket,”The Stranger, November 2, 2000.
52.Davey D, “Seattle’s The Stranger Publishes a Racist Hip-Hop Article,” Davey D’s Hip-Hop Corner, May 17, 2004, http://hiphopandpolitics.com/2004/05/17/seattles-the-stranger-publishes-a-racist-hip-hop-article.
53.Larry Mizell Jr., personal communication with the author, October 2014.
54.Charles Mudede, “Gimme a Beat! I Want Hip-Hop Radio,” The Stranger, December 14, 2000.
55.Charles Mudede, “Gimme a Beat! I Want Hip-Hop Radio,” The Stranger, December 14, 2000.
56.“City of Mercer Island: Mercer Island Demographic Information,” www.mercergov.org/Page.asp?NavID=592 (accessed February 5, 2014).
57.City of Seattle, Office of Arts & Culture, “Mayor Greg Nickels Announces Fourth Annual Awards for Excellence in Hip Hop,” 2005,www.seattle.gov/arts/news/press_releases.asp?prID=5369&deptID=1 (accessed July 5, 2014).
58.Seattle Times Staff, “A&E Briefs: Source of Labor Singer Wins Mayor’s Hip-Hop Award,” Seattle Times, July 24, 2003.
59.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, July 7, 2005.
60.Quoted in Larry Mizell Jr., “Pharmacy Direct,” The Stranger, October 20, 2005.
61.Charles Mudede, “A New Morning of America,” The Stranger, December 18, 2008.
62.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, November 2, 2006.
63.Jonathan Zwickel, “Love Raindrop Hustla,” The Stranger, June 5, 2007.
64.Tumblin’ Erb, “What Are the Best Blogs for Regional Rap?” 2013, http://tumblinerb.com/post/44201264285/what-are-the-best-blogs-preferably-curated-for (accessed June 8, 2014).
65.Chul Gugich, personal communication with the author, January 2015.
66.Casey Carter, personal communication with the author, February 2015.
67.Charles Mudede, “Up & Coming: Saigon, Dyme Def,” The Stranger, May 14, 2009.
68.Andrew Matson, “Right Now, Seattle Is Making Hip-Hop History,” Seattle Times, August 6, 2009.
69.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Seattle: All the Hip-Hop You Need,” The Stranger, May 21, 2009.
70.Charles Mudede, “Separating the Music from the Murder: Why Chop Suey Should Keep Hosting Hip-Hop Shows,” The Stanger, January 8, 2009.
71.Charles Mudede, “Separating the Music from the Murder: Why Chop Suey Should Keep Hosting Hip-Hop Shows,” The Stanger, January 8, 2009.
72.Daudi Abe, “A Seattle Black Life That Almost Mattered in 1938,” The Stranger, June 21, 2016.
73.Mike Romano, “Death by Pepper Spray?” Seattle Weekly, October 9, 2006.
74.Parrish Geov and Rick Anderson, “Death on Union,” Seattle Weekly, October 9, 2006.
75.Jonah Spangenthal-Lee, “DV One Sentenced,” The Stranger, December 14, 2007.
76.Nick Perry, “Evergreen State College Divided after Riot,” Seattle Times, March 6, 2008.
77.“HSAN,” Rush Communications, www.rushcommunications.com/community-affairs/hip-hop-summit-action-network (accessed May 5, 2015).
78.“About,” Seattle Hip-Hop Summit Youth Council, https://seattlehiphopsummit.wordpress.com/about-2 (accessed June 24, 2014).
79.Brian Goedde, “Afterschool Special,” The Stranger, February 28, 2002.
80.“What Is the Universal Zulu Nation?” Universal Zulu Nation, www.zulunation.com/about-zulunation (accessed May 25, 2014).
81.206 Zulu, “About 206 Zulu,” www.206zulu.com/about.html (accessed June 15, 2014).
82.206 Zulu, “About 206 Zulu,” www.206zulu.com/about.html (accessed July 3, 2014).
83.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, September 29, 2005.
84.Larry Mizell Jr., “Here Comes the Neighborhood: Despite What You’ve Heard, Hip-Hop Is Saving America,” The Stranger, December 13, 2007.
85.Julie Chang Schulman, “Seattle Hip-Hop Community Tackles Tough Issues at NW Hip-Hop Leadership Conference,” Reclaim the Media, March 7, 2009, www.reclaimthemedia.org/arts/activism/seattle_hip_hop_community_tack0710.
86.Mizell 2007.
87.Andrew Matson, “Seattle Hip-Hop Career & Business Expo 10/09/10 at VERA,” Seattle Times, October 7, 2010.
88.“About/History,” The Vera Project, http://theveraproject.org/about/history (accessed August 15, 2014).
89.Marian Liu, “Fresh and Local: It’s the Live @ Hidmo Series at Central Area Restaurant,” Seattle Times, August 13, 2009.
90.Daudi Abe, “Hip-Hip and the Academic Canon,” Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 4, no. 3 (2009): 7.
91.UWHHSA, personal communication with the author, March 2015.
92.“Multi-Ethnic Programs: Student Groups,” Seattle Pacific University,http://spu.edu/depts/mep/student-groups.asp (accessed July 30, 2014).
93.Jollee Pullig, “Promoting Hip-Hop at SPU,” The Falcon, November 13, 2013, www.thefalcononline.com/2013/11/promoting-hip-hop-at-spu.
94.“Young Northwest: Trailblazers,” DList Magazine, September 2011, http://issuu.com/dlistmagazine/docs/sept_2011/44 (accessed November 19, 2014).
95.Larry Mizell Jr., “Hip-Hop People: Meli Darby’s Obese Productions Promotes Artists on the Verge,” The Stranger, March 23, 2006.
96.Charles Mudede, “Street’s Disciples: Sportn’ Life Records, Voice of the Central District,” The Stranger, August 16, 2007.
97.Manier as quoted in Charles Mudede, “Street’s Disciples: Sportn’ Life Records, Voice of the Central District,” The Stranger, August 16, 2007.
98.Charles Mudede, “Panic on the Streets of Belltown,” The Stranger, April 23, 2009.
99.Charles Mudede, “Blue Scholars Presents: The Program,” The Stranger, 2007, www.thestranger.com/seattle/special/theprogram (accessed April 20, 2014).
100.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, February 21, 2008.
101.Andrew Matson, “Seattle’s Hip-Hop Scene Comes into Its Own,” Seattle Times, November 7, 2007.
102.Lalario as quoted in Andrew Matson, “Seattle’s Hip-Hop Scene Comes into Its Own,” Seattle Times, November 7, 2007.
103.Geologic as quoted in Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Blue Scholars Stop Chasing That Big Record-Deal Unicorn,” The Stranger, August 6, 2009.
104.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Blue Scholars Stop Chasing That Big Record-Deal Unicorn,” The Stranger, August 6, 2009.
105.Humberto Martinez, “Photos and Review: Blue Scholars, Macklemore and Others Pack the Showbox,” Seattle P-I, March 29, 2010.
106.Andrew Matson, “Native Hip-Hop at Folklife: Komplex Kai Raps a Rez Reality,” Seattle Times, May 26, 2008.
107.Tom Breihan, “Nas’s ‘Where Are They Now’ Remixes: Publicity-Stunt Greatness,” Village Voice, February 2, 2007.
108.Andrew Matson, “Best Seattle Hip-Hop Video Ever: Jake One—‘Home,’ ”Seattle Times, May 28, 2009.
109.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger June 4, 2009.
110.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, November 6, 2008.
111.As quoted in Charles Mudede, “Where I’m From,” The Stranger, June 7, 2001.
112.Matson 2009.
113.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, October 1, 2009.
114.Tricia Romano, “Sci-Fi Beats with a Pacific Flavor,” New York Times, August 1, 2014.
115.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, July 2, 2009.
116.Andrew Matson, “Shabazz Palaces Conjures Nighttime in Seattle’s Central District, Invents Boho-Gangster Rap,” Seattle Times, November 1, 2009.
117.Cortney Harding, “Grynch Sounds Off on Seattle Hip-Hop,” Billboard, September 3, 2009.
Chapter 5. Traditions Change and Continue
The lyric in the chapter title is from Draze’s self-released single “The Hood Ain’t the Same,” Seattle, 2014.
1.“SXSW History,” South by Southwest Music Conference and Festival,www.sxsw.com/about/sxsw-history (accessed June 26, 2014).
2.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Seattle Hip-Hop at SXSW: A Good Look.”The Stranger, March 18, 2010.
3.Andrew Matson, “The Year in Local Hip-Hop: Double-Header Concert Go! Machine Wraps up 2009,” Seattle Times, November 30, 2009.
4.Andrew Matson, “Adam Swan Explains ‘Kevin Collabo,’ Truckasaurus with 30+ Rappers,” Seattle Times, August 3, 2010.
5.Andrew Matson, “ ‘Stop Biting’ Night at Lo-Fi Now an Album, Mini Doc,”Seattle Times, December 31, 2012.
6.Andrew Matson, “Grand Groove: New Monthly Night by Seattle’s Rap Vanguard,” Seattle Times, August 1, 2011.
7.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Ladies Night 2.0,” The Stranger, June 10, 2010.
8.206 Zulu, “206 Zulu Helps Promote Awareness for Hip-Hop Issues and Culture,” November 1, 2010,http://1st.206zulu.org/archive_12_10.html.
9.Michael F. Berry, “The Top 10 Moments in Seattle Hip-Hop History,” Seattle Weekly, November 4, 2014.
10.50 Next: Seattle Hip-Hop Worldwide, www.50nextseattle.com (accessed August 18, 2014).
11.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, February 19, 2014.
12.“The Legacy of Seattle Hip-Hop,” Museum of History and Industry, 2014,www.mohai.org/component/content/article/730-the-legacy-of-hip-hop (accessed March 19, 2015).
13.“Our Story,” Northwest Folklife, www.nwfolklife.org/about/our-story (accessed May 28, 2014).
14.“Cultural Focus: Beats Rhymes & Rhythms,” Northwest Folklife Festival,www.nwfolklife.org/festival2015/cultural-focus/beats-rhymes-rhythms (accessed May 28, 2015).
15.Gwendolyn Elliot, “The Seattle Breakers Reunion—and Sir Mix-A-Lot’s DJ Nes Rodriguez—This Friday at the WSCC,” Seattle Weekly, May 12, 2011.
16.ZiggyFan2012, “4 Generations of B-Boys Come out to Celebrate 30 Years of Hip-Hop Culture at the ‘Seattle City Breaker’s Reunion,’ ” King County News, August 5, 2012, http://kingcountynews.org/2012/08/05/4-generations-of-b-boys-come-out-to-celebrate-30-years-of-hip-hop-culture-at-the-seattle-city-breakers-reunion.
17.Charles Lam, “Massive Monkees Light a Beacon—Seattle Dance Crew Builds Dreams,” Northwest Asian Weekly,” January 24, 2013, www.nwasianweekly.com/2013/01/massive-monkees-light-a-beacon-seattle-dance-crew-build-dreams.
18.Jevon Phillips, “What You’re Watching,” Los Angeles Times, September 24, 2009.
19.Charles Lam, “Massive Monkees Light a Beacon—Seattle Dance Crew Builds Dreams,” Northwest Asian Weekly,” January 24, 2013, www.nwasianweekly.com/2013/01/massive-monkees-light-a-beacon-seattle-dance-crew-build-dreams/.
20.Richter as quoted in Julie Pham, “B-Boy Crew Massive Monkees Build a Break Dancing Business,” Forbes Magazine, April 23, 2013.
21.“New Class: Way of the B-Girl,” Massive Monkees, www.facebook.com/massivemonkees/posts/10152974501485464 (accessed October 4, 2013).
22.Gabrielle Nomura, “Reign Supreme Brings International Break Dancing Talent to Seattle Competition,” Northwest Asian Weekly, December 6, 2013, www.nwasianweekly.com/2013/12/reign-supreme-brings-international-break-dancing-talent-seattle-competition.
23.Kate Smith, “UW Hip-Hop Club Dances for Paul Lee,” The Falcon, November 19, 2014, www.thefalcononline.com/2014/11/uw-hip-hop-club-dances-for-paul-lee.
24.Stephanie Klein, “Seattle’s Iconic Eyesore Tubs Is Demolished,” My Northwest, March 14, 2014, http://mynorthwest.com/11/2475025/Seattles-iconic-eyesore-Tubs-is-demolished.
25.Lily Cutler, “Seattle’s Secretive Graffiti World Steps out of the Shadows,” Crosscut, October 28, 2013.
26.Charles Mudede, “Rap Urbanism,” The Stranger, February 22, 2012.
27.Kevin Capp, “206 Hip-Hop: Still about to Be Big,” Seattle Weekly, January 5, 2010.
28.Charles Mudede, “Leave Home: Does Making It in Hip-Hop Mean Leaving Seattle?” The Stranger, August 26, 2010.
29.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, March 16, 2011.
30.Frannie Kelley, “Crowd Funding for Musicians Isn’t the Future; It’s the Present,” NPR Music, September 25, 2012, www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/09/25/161702900/crowd-funding-for-musicians-isnt-the-future-its-the-present.
31.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, July 13, 2011.
32.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: On Watch the Throne and the State of Rap,” The Stranger, August 17, 2011.
33.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, December 28, 2011.
34.Megan Jasper, personal communication with the author, December 2014.
35.Charles Mudede, “Taste That Crown: Shabazz Palaces’ Monumental Hometown Debut,” The Stranger, January 7, 2010.
36.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, September 16, 2010.
37.Eric Grandy, “The Geniuses: 2010 Stranger Music Genius Shabazz Palaces,”The Stranger, September 16, 2010.
38.Jon Caramanica, “Left-Field Hip-Hop Coherently Disjointed,” New York Times, October 17, 2010.
39.Sasha Frere-Jones, “Organized Confusion: Shabazz Palaces’ Sounds and Symbols,” New Yorker, August 29, 2011.
40.Andrew Matson, “Concert Preview: THEESatisfaction at Neumos,” Seattle Times, February 2, 2010.
41.Carrie Battan, “THEESatisfaction: awE naturalE,” Pitchfork, March 29, 2012, http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16444-awe-naturale.
42.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Get Heard out of the Hood,” The Stranger, March 21, 2012.
43.Larry Mizell Jr., “Cloud Burst,” The Stranger, December 21, 2011.
44.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, January 9, 2013.
45.Jeff Weiss, “Nacho Picasso,” Pitchfork, November 8, 2011, http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/15976-for-the-glory.
46.Paul de Barros, “Grammy Makes Few Nods to the Northwest,” Seattle Times, December 7, 2012.
47.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, January 27, 2011.
48.Andrew Matson, “Concert Review: Macklemore and Ryan Lewis at the Showbox 03/05/11,” Seattle Times, March 6, 2011.
49.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Tech N9ne, Black Star, and Frat Rap,”The Stranger, November 2, 2011.
50.Megan Buerger, “How Macklemore Tapped Major Label Muscle to Market an Indie Album,” Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/01/28/how-macklemore-tapped-major-label-muscle-to-market-an-indie-album.
51.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Macklemore & Ryan Lewis’s #1 LP, Lots of City Arts Fest Hip-Hop,” The Stranger, October 17, 2012.
52.Rauly Ramirez, “Macklemore & Ryan Lewis’ ‘Thrift Shop’ Sets Record on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart,” Billboard, April 5, 2013.
53.RIAA, “Gold & Platinum News: Record Month for RIAA Digital Awards,” June 2013, www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?content_selector=riaa-news-gold-and-platinum&news_month_filter=6&news_year_filter=2013&id=EE58FB59-98D3-423E-E1F4-EA274533B3B4.
54.Gary Trust, “Macklemore & Ryan Lewis’ ‘Can’t Hold Us’ Makes Hot 100 History,” Billboard, May 8, 2013.
55.Macklemore as quoted in Larry Mizell Jr., “Fear and Loving,” The Stranger, August 1, 2012.
56.Keith Caulfield and Gary Trust, “Macklemore & Ryan Lewis’ ‘Same Love’ & Other No. 11 Hits,” Billboard, September 17, 2013. James Montgomery, “Macklemore Weighs in on Teacher Suspended for Playing ‘Same Love’,” MTV News, November 30, 2012, www.mtv.com/news/1698189/macklemore-same-love-teacher-suspended. Alan Duke and Joe Sutton, “Teacher Suspended for Showing Class Macklemore’s ‘Same Love’ Video,” CNN, September 12, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/09/12/showbiz/same-love-teacher-suspended.
57.Alan Duke, “Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Get Grammy Respect,” CNN, December 7, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/12/07/showbiz/56-grammy-nominations.
58.Charles Mudede, “Seattle Saves Hip-Hop, Again,” The Stranger, January 30, 2013.
59.“We Are the 99 Percent,” http://wearethe99percent.tumblr.com (accessed December 15, 2014).
60.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: An Interview with Julie C of Hip-Hop Occupies,” The Stranger, November 16, 2011.
61.Daudi Abe and Quintard Taylor, “From Memphis & Mogadishu: The History of African Americans in Martin Luther King County, Washington, 1858– 2014,” October 13, 2014,www.blackpast.org/memphis-and-mogadishu-history-african-americans-martin-luther-king-county-washington-1858-2014.
62.Naomi Ishisaka, “Changes in the Central District Affect the African-American Community,” Seattle Magazine, March 2014.
63.Prometheus Brown, “Despite Flaws, OWS Deserves Our Participation,” Al Jazeera. November 27, 2011, www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/20111123162621715786.html.
64.Prometheus Brown, “Blue Scholars Prometheus Brown Writes a Song for the City,” Seattle Times, June 9, 2012.
65.Washington State Liquor Control Board, “Fact Sheet: Initiative 502’s Impact on the Washington State Liquor Control Board,”www.liq.wa.gov/marijuana/fact_sheet (accessed February 4, 2014).
66.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy: Ten Years of My Philosophy,” The Stranger, June 18, 2014.
67.Larry Mizell Jr., “206 Zulu Turns 10: Spreading Social Consciousness and the Transformative Elements of Hip-Hop,” The Stranger, February 12, 2014.
68.Sean Jewell, “Roots and Branches: The Maraire Family,” Northwest Folklife Festival 2015, www.nwfolklife.org/festival2015/cultural-focus/maraire-family (accessed June 18, 2015).
69.Daudi Abe and Quintard Taylor, “From Memphis & Mogadishu: The History of African Americans in Martin Luther King County, Washington, 1858– 2014,” BlackPast.org, 2014, www.blackpast.org/memphis-and-mogadishu-history-african-americans-martin-luther-king-county-washington-1858-2014.
70.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, August 22, 2012.
71.Quoted in Olivia Fuller, “Militia MaliMob Rapper Voices Somali American Struggles,” Seattle Globalist, May 12, 2015, http://seattleglobalist.com/2015/05/12/malitia-malimob-somali-rapper-stereotypes-seattle/36515.
72.Dan Buyanovsky, “The New New: 15 Seattle Rappers You Should Know,”XXL, May 23, 2013, www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/05/the-new-new-15-seattle-rappers-you-should-know.
73.Charles Mudede, “The Hip-Hop List That Made 206 Butthurt,” The Stranger, June 12, 2013.
74.XXL Staff, “The New New: 15 Female Rappers You Should Know,” XXL. December 2, 2013, www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/12/new-new-15-female-rappers-know/6.
75.Melissa Locker, “The 7 Female Rappers You Should Be Listening to Right Now,” Time, May 19, 2014.
76.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, December 5, 2012. Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, April 2, 2014.
77.Larry Mizell Jr., “My Philosophy,” The Stranger, May 15, 2013.
78.Clayton Holman, “Album of the Month: ‘RSE GLD/WHT GLD’ by Porter Ray,”City Arts, August 29, 2013, www.cityartsonline.com/articles/album-month-rse-gldwht-gld-porter-ray.
79.Charles R. Cross, “Mike McCready, Seattle Symphony Team up for Annual Sonic Evolution,” Seattle Times, January 30, 2015.
80.Charles R. Cross, “Sir Mix-A-Lot Had a Lot of Fun with Seattle Symphony,”Seattle Times, June 7, 2014.
81.James Oestreich, “Dutilleux and Ravel Mingle with Sir Mix-A-Lot,” New York Times, June 8, 2014.
82.Daudi and Taylor 2014.
83.Lisa Loving, “ ‘The Hood Ain’t the Same’: Draze Brings Seattle Together on Gentrification,” The Skanner, March 6, 2014, www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/20909-the-hood-ain-t-the-same-draze-brings-seattle-together-on-gentrification.
84.Andrew Matson, “Download This: ‘Hip-Hop Kitchen’ by Seattle’s Vitamin D,”Seattle Times, August 24, 2011.
85.Larry Mizell Jr., “Enough about Their Rapping, How about Their Food?”The Stranger, August 27, 2014.
86.Charles Mudede, “Holistic Hip-Hop: The New Black Diet at Hillside Quickie’s,”The Stranger, January 15, 2004.
87.Andrew Matson, “At the Corner of Hip-Hop and Dinner: Seattle’s Thuggin’ Chef,” Seattle Times, July 20, 2010.
88.Larry Mizell Jr., “Enough about Their Rapping, How about Their Food?”The Stranger, August 27, 2014.
89.Jenise Silva, “Food and Sh!t Pop-Up Returns to Beacon Hill Monday,” The Examiner, January 18, 2014, www.examiner.com/article/food-and-sh-t-pop-up-returns-to-beacon-hill-monday.
90.Allison Austin Scheff, “A Filipino Food Movement Is Rising in Seattle,” Seattle Magazine, February 2015.
91.Ryan Van Bibber, “Marshawn Lynch Wins Super Bowl Media Day,” SB Nation, January 28, 2014, www.sbnation.com/lookit/2014/1/28/5354480/marshawn-lynch-wins-super-bowl-media-day.
92.Adam Schefter, “Marshawn Lynch Not Facing Discipline,” ESPN, February 4, 2015, http://espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs/2014/story/_/id/12278859/marshawn-lynch-seattle-seahawks-complied-super-bowl-media-obligations.
93.“Jalen Testerman: Bio,” www.jalentesterman.com/bio.html (accessed August 18, 2014).
94.Tricia Romano, “For 8-year-old Seattle Artist, Hip-Hop and Hoopla,”Seattle Times, February 7, 2015.
95.Benjamin Sutton, “Yung Lenox, with Meme’s Hip-Hop Portraitist, Is a Six-Year-Old Boy from Seattle,” Blouin ArtInfo Blogs, May 10, 2013, http://blogs.artinfo.com/artintheair/2013/05/10/yung-lenox-wish-memes-hip-hop-portraitist-is-a-six-year-old-boy-from-seattle.
96.Quoted in Sarah Bennett, “Yung Lenox, a 7-year-old Artist Who Draws Rap Albums,” LA Weekly, May 2, 2014.
97.Romano 2015.
Conclusion
The chapter title is inspired by Laura Kelley, “Central District,” Russell Simmons Def Poetry, Episode #4.6, 2004.
1.Quintard Taylor, The Forging of a Black Community: Seattle’s Central District from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 158.