Endnotes

INTRODUCTION

1World Health Organization (2019). Tobacco explained: the truth about the tobacco industry … in its own words. Available at: https://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/TobaccoExplained.pdf

2R. Matthews (2000) Storks deliver babies (p= 0.008). Teaching Statistics, 22(2): 36–38.

3Snopes (2016). Does this map show mad cow disease prevalence vs. Brexit voters? Available at: https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/mad-cow-versus-brexit

CHAPTER 1

1M. McKenna and D. Pereboo (2016). Free Will (Routledge Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy). New York: Routledge.

2R. Pippin (2012). Introductions to Nietzsche. Cambridge University Press.

3A. Vilenkin and M. Tegmark (2011). The case for parallel universes. Scientific American, 19 July.

4B. Gholipour (2019). Philosophers and neuroscientists join forces to see whether science can solve the mystery of free will. Science, 21 March. Available at: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/03/philosophers-and-neuroscientists-join-forces-see-whether-science-can-solve-mystery-free

5B. Libet et al. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain, 106: 623–642.

6W.R. Klemm (2010). Free will debates: simple experiments are not so simple. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 6: 47–65.

7R.H. Anderberg (2016). The stomach-derived hormone ghrelin increases impulsive behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41: 1199–1209.

8J. Skrynka and B.T. Vincent (2019). Hunger increases delay discounting of food and non-food rewards. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 26: 1729–1737.

9M. Reynolds (2014). When you should never make a decision. Psychology Today, 17 April.

10A. Vyas et al. (2007). Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the USA, 104: 6442–6644.

11J. Flegr (2007). Effects of toxoplasma on human behavior. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33: 757–760.

12A. Stock (2017). Humans with latent toxoplasmosis display altered reward modulation of cognitive control. Scientific Reports, 7: 10170.

13C. Dixon (2018). How much control do we really have over how we think and act? Irish Examiner, 11 January.

14J. Lindova et al. (2006). Gender differences in behavioural changes induced by latent toxoplasmosis. International Journal for Parasitology, 36: 1485–1492.

15Better Explained (n.d.). Understanding the birthday paradox. Available at: https://betterexplained.com/articles/understanding-the-birthday-paradox/

16V. Jessop (2007). Titanic Survivor: The Memoirs of Violet Jessop, Stewardess. History Press.

17G. Adams (2006). How to live your life by numbers. The Independent, 26 November.

18R. Gillett and I. De Luce (2019). Science says parents of successful kids have these 23 things in common. Business Insider, 23 May. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/how-parents-set-their-kids-up-for-success-2016-4?r=US&IR=T

19Harvard Business School (2015). Having a working mother is good for you. 18 May. Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/news/releases/Pages/having-working-mother.aspx

20E.J. Dixon-Roman et al. (2013). Race, poverty and SAT scores: modeling the influences of family income on black and white high school students’ SAT performance. Teachers College Record, 115(4).

21T.R. Mitchell et al. (2003). ‘Motivation’ in Walter C. Borman et al. (eds), Handbook of Psychology, Vol. 12. John Wiley & Sons.

22T.N. Robinson et al. (2007). Effects of fast-food branding on young children’s taste preferences. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 161: 792–797.

23L. Donnelly (2019). Junk food giants must stop marketing to children – or see their ads banned entirely, says health chief. The Telegraph, 14 March.

24D. Campbell (2017). Children seeing up to 12 adverts for junk food an hour on TV, study finds. The Guardian, 28 November.

25World Health Organization (2019). Reducing the impact of marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages on children. Available at: https://www.who.int/elena/titles/food_marketing_children/en/

26S. Boseley (2016). Junk food ads targeting children banned in non-broadcast media. The Guardian, 8 December.

27J. Shannon (2018). Majority favour ban on junk food advertising to kids. Irish Heart Foundation Newsletter, 7 November.

28E. Ring (2018). Junk food adverts have become a monster. Irish Examiner, 8 November.

29C.C. Steele et al. (2017). Diet-induced impulsivity: effects of a high-fat and a high-sugar diet on impulsive choice in rats. PLOS One 12, e0180510.

30D. Lynkova (2019). Key smartphone addiction statistics. Leftronic. Available at: https://leftronic.com/smartphone-addiction-statistics/

31S.C. Matz (2017). Psychological targeting as an effective approach to digital mass persuasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the USA, 114: 12714–12719.

32R. Verkaik (2018). Cambridge Analytica: inside the murky world of swinging elections and advising dictators. iNews, 23 March (updated 6 September 2019). Available at: https://inews.co.uk/news/technology/cambridge-analytica-facebook-data-protection-312276.

33J. Doward and A. Gibbs (2017). Did Cambridge Analytica influence the Brexit vote and the US election? The Guardian, 4 March.

34N. Lomas (2018). Facebook finally hands over Leave campaign Brexit ads. Techcrunch, 26 July.

35J. Doward and A. Gibbs.

CHAPTER 2

1K. Mills and D. Ahlstrom (2019). Vaccines: a life-saving choice. Royal Irish Academy Expert Statement, Life and Medical Sciences Committee.

2World Health Organization (2019). Immunization. 5 December. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization

3J.L. Goodson. and J.F. Seward (2015). Measles 50 years after use of measles vaccine. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 29(4):725–743.

4World Health Organization (2019) Ten threats to global health in 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019

5M. Ferren et al. (2019). Measles encephalitis: towards new therapeutics. Viruses, 11(11).

6H. Wang et al. (2016). Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 388(10053): 1775–1812.

7N. Nathanson and O.M. Kew (2010). From emergence to eradication: the epidemiology of poliomyelitis deconstructed. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172(11):1213–1229.

8Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Polio elimination in the United States. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/polio/what-is-polio/polio-us.html

9I. Grundy (2019). Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.

10J.R. Smith (2006). Jesty, Benjamin. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.

11G. Williams (2019). The original anti-vaxxers. The Economist 1843, 30 August.

12M. Arbyn et al. (2018). Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5: CD009069.

13J. Zheng et al. (2019). Prospects for malaria vaccines: pre-erythrocytic stages, blood stages, and transmission-blocking stages. BioMed Research International, 2019:9751471.

14D. Malvy et al. (2019). Ebola virus disease. Lancet, 18: 936–948.

15F. Amanat and F. Krammer (2020). SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: status report. Immunity. pii: S1074-7613(20)30120. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32259480

16A.J. Young (2019). Adjuvants: what a difference 15 years makes! Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 35(3): 391-403. doi: 10.1016/j. cvfa.2019.08.005.

17S. Marsh (2018). Take-up of MMR vaccine falls for fourth year in a row in England. The Guardian, 18 September.

18National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Health Resources and Services Administration. Available at: https://www.hrsa.gov/vaccine-compensation/index.html

19Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Report shows 20-year US immunization program spares millions of children from disease. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0424-immunization-program.html

20Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Q&As about vaccination options for preventing measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/vacopt-faqs-hcp.html

21Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Measles, mumps, and rubella diseases and how to protect against them. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/mmr-vaccine.html

22N.P. Klein et al. (2012). Safety of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine administered routinely to females. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 166(12):1140–1148. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.1451

23D. Gorski (2010). The fall of Andrew Wakefield. Science-Based Medicine, 22 February. Available at: https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-fall-of-an-drew-wakefield/

24American Academy of Pediatrics (n.d.). American Academy of Pediatrics urges parents to vaccinate children to protect against measles. Available at: https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/American-Academy-of-Pediatrics-Urges-Parents-to-Vaccinate-Children-to-Protect-Against-Measles.aspx

25L.E. Taylor et al. (2016). Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine 34: 3223–3224.

26T. Leonard (2019) Rewards for the High Priest of MMR hysteria. Daily Mail, 10 October. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7556279/Andrew-Wakefield-struck-anti-MMR-science-millionaire-lifestyle.html

27S. Pollak (2019). Number of Irish measles cases more than triples between 2017 and 2018. Irish Times, 25 April. Available at: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/number-of-irish-measles-cases-more-than-triples-between-2017-and-2018-1.3871238

28H. Holzmann (2016). Eradication of measles: remaining challenges. Medical Microbioogy and Immunology, 205(3):201–208. doi: 10.1007/s00430-016-0451-4.

29F. Rahimi and Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi (2020). Practical strategies against the novel coronavirus and COVID-19 – the imminent global threat. Archives of Medical Research, S0188-4409(2) 30287–3. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0188440920302873#!

30Z. Horne et al. (2015). Countering anti-vaccination attitudes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 112: 10321–10324.

31C.A. Bonville et al. (2017). Immunization attitudes and practices among family medicine providers. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 13: 2646–2653.

32M.F. Daley and J.M. Glanz (2011). Straight talk about vaccination. Scientific American, 1 September.

CHAPTER 3

1D. Stipp (2013). Is fasting good for you? Scientific American, 308(1): 23–24.

2W.F. Pirl and A.J. Roth (1999). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in cancer patients. Cancer Network, 13(9): 1293–1301.

3S. Rezaei et al. (2019). Global prevalence of depression in HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care, 9: 404–412.

4T. Sullivan (2019). A tough road: cost to develop one new drug is $2.6 billion; approval rate for drugs entering clinical development is less than 12%. Policy and Medicine, 21 March.

5A. Nieto-Rodriguez (2017). Is the iPhone the best project in history? CIO. Available at: https://www.cio.com/article/3236171/is-the-iphone-the-best-project-in-history.html

6S. Held et al. (2009). Impact of big pharma organizational structure on R&D productivity. Schriften zur Gesundheitsoekonmie 17.

7UK Medical Research Council (n.d.). Facts & figures. Available at: https://mrc.ukri.org/about/what-we-do/spending-accountability/facts/

8E.J. Emanuel (2019). Big pharma’s go-to defense of soaring drug prices doesn’t add up. Just how expensive do prescription drugs need to be to fund innovative research? The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/03/drug-prices-high-cost-research-and-development/585253/

9Blass, B. (2015). Basic Principles of Drug Discovery and Development. Elsevier.

10Hilt, P.J. (2003). Protecting America’s Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation. Random House.

11DTS Language Services (2018). How much does it cost to run a clinical trial? Available at: https://www.dtstranslates.com/clinical-trials-translation/clinical-trial-cost/

12I. Torjesen (2015). Drug development: the journey of a medicine from lab to shelf. Pharmaceutical Journal. Available at: https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/publications/tomorrows-pharmacist/drug-development-the-journey-of-a-medicine-from-lab-to-shelf/20068196.article?firstPass=false

13Biotechnology Innovation Organization (n.d.). Clinical Development Success Rates 2006–2015. Available at: https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/legacy/bioorg/docs/Clinical%20Development%20Success%20Rates%202006-2015%20-%20BIO,%20Biomedtracker,%20Amplion%202016.pdf

14R. Imai Takebe, S. Ono et al. (2018). The current status of drug discovery and development as originated in United States academia: The influence of industrial and academic collaboration on drug discovery and development. Clinical and Translational Science, 11(6).

15C. Hale (2018) New MIT study puts clinical research success rate at 14 percent. CenterWatch. Available at: https://www.centerwatch.com/articles/12702-new-mit-study-puts-clinical-research-success-rate-at-14-percent

16R. Bazell (1998). Her-2: The Making of Herceptin, a Revolutionary Treatment for Breast Cancer. Random House.

17P.D. Risse (2017). Bet on biomarkers for better outcomes. Life Science Leader, 6 April.

18Leber congentical amaurosis. Genetics Home Reference.

19A.M. Maguire et al. (2008). Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber’s congenital amaurosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 358: 2240–2248.

20Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (2018). Final Report: Broader benefits of Voretigene Neparvovec to affected individuals and society provide reasonable long-term value despite high price. Available at: https://icer-review.org/announcements/voretigene-final-report/

21M.E Condren and M. Bradshaw (2013). Ivacaftor: a novel gene-based therapeutic approach for cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 18: 8–13.

22L.B. Feng et al. (2018). Precision medicine in action: the impact of Ivacaftor on cystic fibrosis-related hospitalizations. Health Affairs (Millwood), 37: 773–779.

23D. Cohen and J. Raftery (2014). Paying twice: the ‘charitable’ drug with a high price tag. British Medical Journal, 348: 18–21.

24J. Fauber (2013). Cystic fibrosis: charity and industry partner for profit. MedPage Today. Available at: https://www.medpagetoday.com/pulmonology/cysticfibrosis/39217

25B. Fidler (2014). CF Foundation cashes out on Kalydeco in $3.3B sale to Royalty Pharma. Xconomy. Available at: https://xconomy.com/boston/2014/11/19/cf-foundation-cashes-out-on-kalydeco-in-3-3b-sale-to-royalty-pharma/

26D. Sharma et al. (2018). Cost-effectiveness analysis of Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor combination for the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis in the United States. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 13: 172.

27Orkambi monograph. Drugs. Available at: https://www.drugs.com/monograph/orkambi.html

28T. Ferkol and P. Quinton. (2015). Precision medicine: at what price? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 196, 15 September.

29S.M. Hoy. (2019). Elexacaftor/Ivacaftor/Tezacaftor: first approval. Drugs, 79: 2001–2007.

30Advisory Board (2019). FDA approves drug to treat cystic fibrosis in patients 12 and older – and it will cost $311,503. Available at: https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2019/10/28/cf-drug

31P. Cullen (2019). HSE agrees to reimburse cost of new cystic fibrosis treatment. Irish Times, 13 December.

32I. Shahid (ed.) (2018). Hepatitis C: From Infection to Cure. InTechOpen.

33M. Goozner (2014). Why Sovaldi shouldn’t cost $84,000. Modern Healthcare, 44(18): 26.

34E. Hafez (2018). A new potent NS5A inhibitor in the management of hepatitis C virus: Ravidasvir. Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 15(1): 24–31.

35World Health Organization (2017). Close to 3 million people access hepatitis C cure. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/31-10-2017-close-to-3-million-people-access-hepatitis-c-cure

36M. Costanzo et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2: recent reports on antiviral therapies based on Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Darunavir/Umifenovir, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Favipiravir and other drugs for the treatment of the new coronavirus. Current Medicinal Chemistry. doi: 10.2174/092986732766620 0416131117.

37R.G. Frank and L.M. Nichols (2019). Medicare drug-price negotiation – why now … and how. New England Journal of Medicine 381: 1404–1406.

38Drugs.com (2018). EpiPen costs and alternatives: what are your best options? Available at: https://www.drugs.com/article/epipen-cost-alternatives.html

39S. Gordon (2016). Cost of insulin rises threefold in just a decade: study. HealthDay. Available at: https://consumer.healthday.com/diabetes-information-10/insulin-news-414/cost-of-insulin-rises-threefold-in-just-a-decade-study-709697.html

40L. Entis (2019). Why does medicine cost so much? Here’s how drug prices are set. Time, 9 April.

41P. Cullen (2019). Irish patients pay ‘six times global average’ for generic drugs. Cost of branded drugs almost 14% below average in 50 countries surveyed. Irish Times, 21 November.

42E. Edwards (2018). Ireland urgently needs access to new drugs, says pharma body. Irish Times, 22 June.

43E. Ring (2018). Warning to control costs of medicines. Irish Examiner, 7 April.

44US Food and Drug Administration (2018). 2018 New Drug Therapy Approvals. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/New-Drug-Therapy-Approvals-2018_3.pdf

45R. Stein (2018). At $2.1 million, new gene therapy is the most expensive drug ever. NPR, 24 May 2019. Available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/24/725404168/at-2-125-million-new-gene-therapy-is-the-most-expensive-drug-ever

46World Health Organization (2019). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 21st List. Available at: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/

CHAPTER 4

1J. Clarke (2018). Weight on the mind … Irish Health. Available at: http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=2354

2T. O’Brien (2019). Two-thirds of men in Ireland are overweight or obese, report finds. Irish Times, 20 November.

3Health Service Executive (n.d.) Healthy Eating and Active Living Programme. Available at: https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/healthwellbeing/our-priority-programmes/heal/

4A. Harris (2018). Obesity in Irish men increasing at ‘alarming’ rate. Irish Times. 5 September.

5World Health Organization (2020). Obesity and overweight. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-over-weight

6K. Donnelly (2015). Adolphe Quetelet, Social Physics and the Average Men of Science, 1796–1874. University of Pittsburgh Press.

7N. Rasmussen (2019). Downsizing obesity: on Ancel Keys, the origins of BMI, and the neglect of excess weight as a health hazard in the United States from the 1950s to 1970s. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 55: 299–318.

8X. Pi-Sunyer (2009). The medical risks of obesity. Postgraduate Medical Journal 121: 21–33.

9PSC Secretariat (2009) Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900,000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 373: 1083–1096.

10L. Donnelly (2019). Obesity overtakes smoking as the leading cause of four major cancers. Daily Telegraph, 3 July.

11N. Devon (2017). You are your looks: that’s what society tells girls. No wonder they’re depressed. The Guardian, 22 September.

12K. Miller (2015). Sad proof that most women don’t think they’re beautiful. Women’s Health, 7 April.

13DoSomething.org (n.d.). 11 facts about body image. Available at: https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-body-image

14K. Pallarito (2016). Many men have body image issues, too. WebMD. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/men/news/20160318/many-men-have-body-image-issues-too#1

15C. Markey (2019). Teens, body image, and social media. Psychology Today, 14 February.

16F. Rubino et al. (2020). Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nature Medicine 26: 485–497. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0803-x. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0803-x.

17WebMD (n.d.). Estimated calorie requirements. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/estimated-calorie-requirements

18J.M. Friedman (2019). Obesity is in the genes. Scientific American Blog, 31 October. Available at: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/obesity-is-in-the-genes/

19V.V. Thaker (2017). Genetic and epigenetic causes of obesity. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 28(2): 379–405.

20C.T. Montague et al. (1997). Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature, 387: 903–908.

21A.E. Locke et al. (2015). Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature, 518: 197–206.

22S. Kashyap et al. (2010). Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes: weighing the impact for obese patients. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 77: 468–476.

23R.B. Kumar and L.J. Aronne (2017). Pharmacologic treatment of obesity, in K.R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, A. Boyce et al. (eds), Endotext, South Dartmouth (MA). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279038.

24G. Cheyne (1724). An Essay of Health and Long Life. George Strahan.

25W. Banting (1864). Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public.

26L.H. Peters (1918). Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories. Reilly and Lee.

27Boston Medical Center (n.d.). Weight management. Available at: https://www.bmc.org/nutrition-and-weight-management/weight-management

28ABC News (2005). Oprah calls her biggest moment a big mistake. 11 November. Available at: https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1299232

29J. Owen (2010). Human meat: just another meal for early Europeans? National Geographic, 2 September.

30J.J. Hidalgo-Mora et al. (2020). The Mediterranean diet: a historical perspective on food for health. Maturitas, 132: 65–66.

31E. Rillamas-Sun et al. (2014). Obesity and survival to age 85 years without major disease or disability in older women. JAMA Internal Medicine 174: 98–106.

32Harvard Medical School (2017). Abdominal obesity and your health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/abdominal-obesity-and-your-health

33K.A. Scott et al. (2012). Effects of chronic social stress on obesity. Current Obesity Reports, 1: 16–25.

34A. Astrup (2000). The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 24: 1545–1552.

35L.F. Donze and L.J. Cheskin (2003). Obesity treatment. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (2nd edition), 4232–4240.

36Mayo Clinic (2017). Low-carb diet: can it help you lose weight? Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/in-depth/lowcarb-diet/art-20045831

37C. Duraffourd et al. (2012). Mu-opioid receptors and dietary protein stimulate a gut-brain neural circuitry limiting food intake. Cell, 150: 377–388.

38A.N. Friedman (2004). High-protein diets: potential effects on the kidney in renal health and disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 44: 950–962.

39C.B. Ebbeling et al. (2018). Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomised trial. British Medical Journal, 363:k4583.

40E. Finkler et al. (2012). Rate of weight loss can be predicted by patient characteristics and intervention strategies. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Diet, 112: 75–80.

41National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98–4083.

422-4-6-8 Diet. Ana Diets. http://anadiets.blogspot.com/2008/12/2-4-6-8-diet.html

43Weight Watchers (n.d.). About us – history and philosophy. Available at: https://www.weightwatchers.com/about/his/history.aspx

44K.A. Gudzune et al. (2015). Efficacy of commercial weight loss programs: an updated systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 162: 501–512.

45Z.J. Ward et al. (2019). Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 381: 2440–2450.

CHAPTER 5

1J. Menasche Horowitz and N. Graf (2019). Teens see anxiety and depression as a major problem among their peers. Pew Research Centre, 20 February 2019. Available at: https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/02/20/most-u-s-teens-see-anxiety-and-depression-as-a-major-problem-among-their-peers/

2Anxiety and Depression Association of America (n.d.). Facts and statistics. Available at: https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics

3C. O’Brien (2019). Mental health: record numbers of third-level students seek help. Irish Times, 17 June.

4A.K. Ibrahim et al. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47: 391–400.

5M. Casey Olseth (2018). Is success a risk factor for depression? Op-Med Doximity. Available at: https://opmed.doximity.com/articles/is-success-a-risk-factor-for-depression.

6J.W. Barnard, (2009). Narcissism, over-optimism, fear, anger and depression: the interior lives of corporate leaders. University of Cincinnati Law Review, vol. 77: 405–430.

7WebMD (2018). Depression diagnosis. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/depression-diagnosis

8I. Kirsch (2019). Placebo effect in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00407

9O. Renick (2011). France, U.S. have highest depression rates in world, study finds. Bloomberg, 25 July. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-07-26/france-u-s-have-highest-depression-rates-in-world-study-suggests

10C.T. Beck et al. (2006). Further development of the postpartum depression predictor inventory revised. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 35(6): 735–745.

11M.L. Scott (1983). Ventricular enlargement in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 8(2): 91–3.

12E. Bulmore (2018). The Inflamed Mind. Picador.

13ClinCalc (n.d.). Fluoxetine hydrochloride drug usage statistics, United States, 2007–2017. Available at: https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/FluoxetineHydrochloride

14G. Iacobucci (2019). NHS prescribed record number of antidepressants last year. British Medical Journal 364: I15508.

15S. McDermott (2018). HSE prescriptions for antidepressants and anxiety medications up by two thirds since 2009. The Journal, 1 August. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-antidepressant-anxiety-medicine-prescriptions-4157452-Aug2018/

16S. Borges et al. (2014). Review of maintenance trials for major depressive disorder: a 25-year perspective from the US Food and Drug Administration. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(3): 205–14. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13r08722.

17A. Cipriani et al. (2018). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet 391, 1357–1366.

18Harvard Health Publishing (2019). What causes depression? Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression

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35J.M. Solis et al. (2012). Understanding the diverse needs of children whose parents abuse substances. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 5: 135–147.

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37J. Mennis et al. (2016). Risky substance use environments and addiction: a new frontier for environmental justice research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13: 607.

38M. Enoch (2011). The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 214: 17–31.

39Child maltreatment and alcohol. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/factsheets/fs_child.pdf

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41National Institute on Drug Abuse (2016). Principles of substance abuse prevention for early childhood: a research-based guide. Chapter 1: Why Is Early Childhood Important to Substance Abuse Prevention?

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43A.G.P. Wakeford et al. (2018). A review of nonhuman primate models of early life stress and adolescent drug abuse. Neurobiology of Stress, 9: 188–198.

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50L. Holmes (2018). A reminder that addiction is an illness, not a character flaw. HuffPost, 26 July. Available at: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/addiction-stigma-how-tohelp_n_5b58806ae4b0b15aba942161

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1United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2019). World Drug Report 2019. Available at: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/

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3Drug Policy Alliance (n.d.). Drug war statistics. Available at: http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/drug-war-statistics

4G. Borsa (2019). Drug markets in Europe estimated to be worth $30 billion. A thriving market that empowers organized crime, posing a threat to society as a whole. SIR: Agenzia d’Informatizone, 26 November.

5C.J. Coyne and A.R. Hall (2017). Four decades and counting: the continued failure of the war on drugs. CATO Institute report, 12 April.

6A. Lockie (2019). Top Nixon adviser reveals the racist reason he started the ‘war on drugs’ decades ago. Business Insider, 31 July. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/nixon-adviser-ehrlichman-anti-left-anti-black-war-on-drugs-2019-7?r=US&IR=T

7W.H. Park (1898). Opinions of Over 100 Physicians on the Use of Opium in China.

8E. Trickey (2018). Inside the story of America’s 19th-century opiate addiction. Smithsonian Magazine, 4 January.

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11United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1955). Communist China and illicit narcotic traffic. United States Government Printing Office.

12J. Clear (2018). Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones. Penguin Random House.

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17Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) Act 2015. Available at: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/6/enacted/en/html

18F. Schifano (2018). Recent changes in drug abuse scenarios: the new/novel psychoactive substances (NPS) phenomenon. Brain. Sciences, 8(12): 221.

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23Jenny Gesley (2016). Decriminalization of Narcotics: Netherlands. Library of Congress, July.

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28Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (2018). Illicit Drug Data Report 2016–17. Available at: https://www.acic.gov.au/publications/intelligence-products/illicit-drug-data-report-2016-17

29Drug Policy Alliance (2019). Drug decriminalization in Portugal: learning from a health- and human-centered approach. Available at: http://www.drugpolicy.org/resource/drug-decriminalization-portugal-learning-health-and-human-centered-approach

30N. Bajekal (2018). Want to win the war on drugs? Portugal might have the answer. Time, 1 August.

31D.J. Nutt et al (2010). Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet. 376 1558–1565

32Foundations Recovery Network (2018). Pros and cons of decriminalizing drug addiction, 23 April. Available at: https://www.foundationsrecoverynetwork.com/pros-and-cons-of-decriminalizing-drug-addiction/

33Partnership for Drug-Free Kids. Preventing teen drug use: risk factors & why teens use. Available at: https://drugfree.org/article/risk-factors-why-teens-use

34L.M. Squeglia et al. (2009). The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 40: 31–38.

35Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (USA) (1999). Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 33. Chapter 2: How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64328/

36F. Muller et al. (2018). Neuroimaging of chronic MDMA (‘ecstasy’) effects: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 96: 10–20.

37M.D. Wunderli et al. (2018). Social cognition and interaction in chronic users of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’). International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21: 333–344.

38G. Gobbi et al. (2019). Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76: 426–434.

39C.L. Odgers (2008). Is it important to prevent early exposure to drugs and alcohol among adolescents? Psychological Science, 19, 1037–1044.

40A. Jaffe (2018). Is marijuana a gateway drug? Psychology Today, 24 July.

41D.M. Anderson (2019). Association of marijuana laws with teen marijuana use: new estimates from the youth risk behavior surveys. JAMA Pediatrics, 173: 879–881.

42M. Cerda et al. (2019). Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016. JAMA Psychiatry, 13 November. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254.

43F. Tennant (2013). Elvis Presley: Head trauma, autoimmunity, pain, and early death. Practical Pain Management, 13(5).

44K. Harmon (2011). What is Propofol and how could it have killed Michael Jackson? Scientific American, 3 October.

45M. Puente (2018). Prince’s death: Superstar didn’t know he was taking fentanyl; no one charged with a crime. USA Today, 19 April.

46A. Topping (2013). Amy Winehouse died of alcohol poisoning, second inquest confirms. The Guardian, 8 January.

47J. Elflein (2019). Drug use in the U.S. – statistics and facts. Statista, 10 September. Available at: https://www.statista.com/topics/3088/drug-use-in-the-us/

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3J.K. Hamlin and K. Wynn (2011). Young infants prefer prosocial to antisocial others. Cognitive Development, 26: 30–39.

4G. Carra (2004). Images in psychiatry: Cesare Lombroso, M.D. 1835–1909. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161: 624

5G.F. Vito, J.R. Maahs and R.M. Holmes (2007). Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy. Jones and Bartlett.

6L. Moccia (2018). The Experience of Pleasure: A perspective between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. Fronrs in Human Neuroscience, 12: 359.

7Population Reference Bureau (2012). U.S. has world’s highest incarceration rate. Available at: https://www.prb.org/us-incarceration/

8Irish Penal Reform Trust (2020). Facts & figures. Available at: https://www.iprt.ie/prison-facts-2/

9Statista (2017). The prison gender gap. Available at: https://www.statista.com/chart/11573/gender-of-inmates-in-us-federal-prisons-and-general-population/

10S. Kang (2014). Why do young men commit more crimes? Economics of Crime online course, Hanyang University. FutureLearn.

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12H.J. Janssen et al. (2017). Sex differences in longitudinal pathways from parenting to delinquency. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 23: 503–521.

13Lexercise (n.d.) Do more boys than girls have learning disabilities? Available at: https://www.lexercise.com/blog/boys-girls-learning-disabilities

14M.L. Batrinos (2012). Testosterone and aggressive behavior in man. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10: 563–568.

15D. Hollman and E. Alderman (2008). Fatherhood in adolescence. Pediatrics in Review, 29: 364–366.

16S. Scheff (2017). More boys admit to cyberbullying than girls. Psychology Today, 5 October.

17B. Bell (2015). Do recessions increase crime? World Economic Forum report, 4 March.

18A. Burke and D. Chadee (2018). Effects of punishment, social norms, and peer pressure on delinquency: spare the rod and spoil the child? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36(9): 2714–2737.

19A. Raine (2014). The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime. Vintage Books.

20K.O. Christiansen (1970). Crime in a Danish twin population. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae (Roma), 19: 323–326.

21R.R. Crowe (1972). The adopted offspring of women criminal offenders. A study of their arrest records. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27: 600–603.

22M. Bohman (1978). Some genetic aspects of alcoholism and criminality. Archives of General Psychiatry. 35, 269–276.

23S.A. Mednick, W.F. Gabrielli and B. Hutchings (1983). Genetic Influences in Criminal Behavior – Evidence from an Adoption Cohort. Prospective Studies on Crime and Deliquency. Kluwer-Nijhoff.

24S. Sohrabi (2015). The criminal gene: the link between MAOA and aggression. BMC Proceedings, 9 (Suppl. 1): A49.

25H.G. Brunner (1993). Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science, 262: 578–80.

26V. Nikulina, C. Spatz Widom and L.M. Brzustowicz (2012). Child abuse and neglect, MAO-A, and mental health outcomes: a prospective examination. Biological Psychiatry, 71: 350–357.

27E. Salinsky (2018). Violence is preventable. Grant-makers in Health, March.

28Central Statistics Office (2019). Recorded crime victims 2018. Available at: https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-rcv/recordedcrimevictims2018/

29D.A. Stetler et al. (2014). Association of low-activity MAOA allelic variants with violent crime in incarcerated offenders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 58: 69–75.

30S.C. Godar et al. (2011). Maladaptive defensive behaviours in monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14: 1195–1207.

31Y. Kuepper et al. (2013). MAOA-uVNTR genotype predicts interindividual differences in experimental aggressiveness as a function of the degree of provocation. Behavioural Brain Research, 247:73–78.

32L.M. Williams (2009). A polymorphism of the MAOA gene is associated with emotional brain markers and personality traits on an antisocial index. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34: 1797–1809.

33D.M. Fergusson et al. (2011). MAO-A, abuse exposure and antisocial behaviour: 30-year longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198: 457–463.

34T.K. Newman et al. (2005). Monoamine oxidase A gene promoter variation and rearing experience influences aggressive behavior in rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 15 January; 57(2): 167–172.

35F.E.A. Verhoeven et al. (2012). The effects of MAOA genotype, childhood trauma, and sex on trait and state-dependent aggression. Brain and Behavior, 2: 806–813.

36S. McSwiggan, B. Elger and P.S. Appelbaum (2017). The forensic use of behavioral genetics in criminal proceedings: case of the MAOA-L genotype. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 50: 17–23.

37M.L. Baum (2009). The Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) genetic predisposition to impulsive violence: is it relevant to criminal trials? Neuroethics, doi 10.1007/s12152-011-9108–6.

38D.A. Crighton and G.J. Towl (2015). Forensic Psychology. John Wiley & Sons.

39V.A. Toshchakova et al. (2018). Association of polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (5HTTLPR) and 5-HT2C receptor genes with criminal behavior in Russian criminal offenders. Neuropsychobiology, 75(4): 200–210.

40N. Larsson (2015). 24 ways to reduce crime in the world’s most violent cities. The Guardian, 30 June.

41C. O’Keefe (2019). Sharp rise in violent crime since last year. Irish Examiner, 26 March.

CHAPTER 9

1Intersex Society of North America (n.d.). How common is intersex? Available at: https://isna.org/faq/frequency/

2A. Alvergne (2016). Do women’s periods really synch when they spend time together? The Conversation, 14 July. Available at: https://theconversation.com/do-womens-periods-really-synch-when-they-spend-time-together-61890

3Usable Stats (n.d.). Fundamentals of statistics 2: the normal distribution. Available at: https://www.usablestats.com/lessons/normal

4La Griffe du Lion (2000). Aggressiveness, criminality and sex drive by race, gender and ethnicity, 2(11). Accessible at: http://lagriffedulion.f2s.com/fuzzy.htm

5S.T. Ngo et al. (2014). Gender differences in autoimmune disease. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 35 (3): 347–69. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.004

6T.M. Wizemann and M.L. Pardue (2001). Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences: Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? National Academy Press.

7Harvard Men’s Health Watch (2019). Mars vs. Venus: the gender gap in health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mars-vs-venus-the-gender-gap-in-health

8G. Lawton (2020). Why are men more likely to get worse symptoms and die from COVID-19? New Scientist, 16 April.

9O. Ryan (2018). Men account for eight in ten suicides in Ireland. The Journal,4 October. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/suicide-rates-ireland-4267893-Oct2018/

10S. Naqvi et al. (2019). Conservation, acquisition, and functional impact of sex-biased gene expression in mammals. Science, 365(6450) pii: eaaw7317.

11S. McDermott (2019). Life expectancy: Gap narrows between Irish men and women (but both are living longer than before). The Journal, 23 December. Available at: www.thejournal.ie/life-expectancy-ireland-2019-4947423-Dec-2019

12S.N. Austad (2006). Why women live longer than men: sex difference in longevity. Gender Medicine 3(2): 79–92.

13M. Roser et al. (2019). Life expectancy. Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworlddata.org/why-do-women-live-longer-than-men

14S.H. Preston and H. Wang (2006). Sex mortality differences in the United States? The role of cohort smoking patterns. Demography 43(4): 631–646.

15D. Iliescu et al. (2016). Sex differences in intelligence: A multi-measure approach using nationally representative samples from Romania. Intelligence, 58: 54–61.

16J. Shibley Hyde (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, Vol. 60: 581–592.

17A. Grant (2019). Differences between men and women are vastly exaggerated. Human Resources, 1 July. Available at: https://www.humanresourcesonline.net/differences-between-men-and-women-are-vastly-exaggerated

18T. Kaiser et al. (2019). Global sex differences in personality: replication with an open online dataset. Journal of Personality, 2019; 00: 1–15.

19C. Fine (2010). Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society and Neurosexism Create Difference. W.W. Norton.

20D. Joseph and D.A. Newman (2010). Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1): 54–78. doi:10.1037/a0017286.

21D. Goleman (2011). Are women more emotionally intelligent than men? Psychology Today, 20 April.

22C.V. Mitchell and R. Koonce (2019). Leadership traits that transcend gender. Chief Learning Officer, 10 June. Available at: https://www.chieflearningofficer.com/2019/06/10/leadership-traits-that-transcend-gender/

23F. de Waal (2019). What animals can teach us about politics. The Guardian, 12 March.

24Z. Mejia (2018). Just 24 female CEOs lead the companies on the 2018 Fortune 500 – fewer than last year. CNBC Make It, 21 May. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/21/2018s-fortune-500-companies-have-just-24-female-ceos.html

25S. Gausepohl (2016). 3 steps women can take to blaze a leadership trail. Business Daily News, 15 December.

26M. Staines (2019). Survey warns women in senior roles more likely to face discrimination at work than men. Newstalk, 13 September. Available at: https://www.newstalk.com/news/women-discrimination-workplace-904130

27All Diversity (n.d.) 17 reasons women make great leaders. Available at: https://alldiversity.com/news/17-Reasons-Women-Make-Great-Leaders

28M. Rosencrans (2019). Women make great leaders: four ways to embrace and advance your leadership skills. Forbes Communications Council, 4 March.

29R. Riffkin (2014). Americans still prefer a male boss to a female boss. Gallup Poll (Economics), 14 October.

30R.J. Haier et al. (2005). The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: sex matters. Neuroimage, 25(1): 320–327.

31L. Eliot (2019). Bad science and the unisex brain. Nature, 566: 454–455.

32D.F. Swaab and E. Fliers (1985). A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science, 228, 1112–1115.

33M. Price (2017). Study finds some significant differences in brains of men and women. Science, 11 April doi:10.1126/science.aal1025.

34M. Ingalhalikar et al. (2014). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(2): 823–828.

35M.M. Lauzen et al. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52: 200–214.

36J. McCabe et al. (2011). Gender in twentieth-century children’s books: patterns of disparity in titles and central characters. Gender and Society, 25: 197–226.

37OECD (2015). The ABC of Gender Equality in Education: Aptitude, Behaviour, Confidence. OECD. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-gender-eng.pdf

38V. LoBue (2019). Are boys really better than girls at math and science? Psychology Today, 8 April.

39C. O’Brien (2019). Girls outperform boys in most Leaving Cert subjects at higher level. Irish Times, 15 August.

40S. Kuper and E. Jacobs (2019). The untold danger of boys falling behind in school. Daily Dose, 13 January. Available at: https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/the-untold-danger-of-boys-falling-be-hind-in-school/91361

41J. McCurry (2018). Two more Japanese medical schools admit discriminating against women. The Guardian, 12 December.

42J. Marcus (2017). Why men are the new college minority. The Atlantic, 8 August. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/why-men-are-the-new-college-minority/536103/

43A. Harris (2018). The problem with all-girls’ schools. Irish Times, 27 February.

44O. James (2009). Family under the microscope: the alarming rate of distress among 15-year-old girls affects all classes. The Guardian, 25 July.

45E. Smyth (2010). Single-sex education: what does research tell us? Revue Française de Pédagogie, 171: 47–55.

46G. Hamman (2013). German government campaigns for more male kindergarten teachers. DW, 8 October. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/german-government-campaigns-for-more-male-kindergarten-teachers/a-17143449

47M.J. Perry (2018). Chart of the day: the declining female share of computer science degrees from 28% to 18%. American Enterprise Institute, 6 December. Available at: https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/chart-of-the-day-the-declining-female-share-of-computer-science-degrees-from-28-to-18

48OECD (2017). Women make up most of the health sector workers but they are under-represented in high-skilled jobs. OECD, March. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/women-makeup-most-of-the-health-sector-workers-but-they-are-under-represented-in-high-skilled-jobs.htm

49Eurostat Press Office (2018). Women in the EU earned on average 16% less than men in 2016. Eurostat News Release, 8 March. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8718272/3-07032018-BP-EN.pdf/fb402341-e7fd-42b8-a7cc-4e33587d79aa

50J. Doward and T. Fraser (2019). Hollywood’s gender pay gap revealed: male stars earn $1m more per film than women. The Guardian, 15 September.

51YouGov (2013). Women do all the work this Christmas. YouGov, 22 December. Available at: https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2013/12/22/women-do-all-the-work-christmas

52R. Jensen and E. Oster (2009). The power of TV: cable television and women’s status in India. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124: 1057–1094.

53AFP (Paris) (2019). French toymakers sign pact to rid games and toys of gender stereotypes. The Journal, 24 September. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/gender-stereotypes-toys-france-4823655-Sep2019/

54S. Murray (2020). Two lads from Cork have won this year’s BT Young Scientists top award. The Journal, 10 January. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/young-scientist-2020-4961513-Jan2020/

55K. Langin (2018). What does a scientist look like? Children are drawing women more than ever before. Science, 20 March.

56L.W. Wilde (1997) Celtic Women in Legend, Myth and History. Sterling Publishing Co.

CHAPTER 10

1C. Stringer and J. Galway-Witham (2018). When did modern humans leave Africa? Science, 359: 389–390.

2J. Gabbatiss (2017). Nasty, brutish and short: are humans DNA-wired to kill? Scientific American, 19 July.

3F. Marlowe (2010). The Hadza Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania. University of California Press.

4S. Müller-Wille (2014). Linnaeus and the Four Corners of the World: The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500–1900. Palgrave Macmillan.

5R. Bhopal (2007). The beautiful skull and Blumenbach’s errors. British Medical Journal, 22–29 December.

6W.H. Goodenough (2002). Anthropology in the 20th century and beyond. American Anthropologist, 104: 423–440.

7T. Ott (2019). How Jesse Owens foiled Hitler’s plans for the 1936 Olympics. Biography, 20 June.

8E. Kolbert (2018). There’s no scientific basis for race – it’s a made-up label. National Geographic. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/race-genetics-science-africa/

9A.R. Templeton (2019). Human Population Genetics and Genomics. Academic Press.

10A. Gibbons (2015). How Europeans evolved white skin. Science, 2 April. doi: 10.1126/science.aab2435.

11R.P. Stokowski et al. (2007). A genome-wide association study of skin pigmentation in a South Asian population. American Journal of Human Genetics, 81: 1119–1132.

12J.K. Wagner (2017). Anthropologists’ views on race, ancestry, and genetics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 162: 318–327.

13A. Arenge et al. (2018). Poll: 64 percent of Americans say racism remains a major problem. NBC News, 29 May. Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/poll-64-percent-ameri-cans-say-racism-remains-major-problem-n877536

14A. Brown (2019). Key findings on Americans’ views of race in 2019. Pew Research Centre, 9 April. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/09/key-findings-on-americans-views-of-race-in-2019/

15M. Snow (2019). Trump is racist, half of US voters say. Quinnipiac University Poll. Available at: https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?Release-ID=3636

16G. Armstrong (2003). Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score. Explorations in Anthropology. Berg.

17D. Kilvington (2019). Racist abuse at football games is increasing, Home Office says – but the sport’s race problem goes much deeper. The Conversation, 9 October. Available at: https://theconversation.com/racist-abuse-at-football-games-is-increasing-home-office-says-but-the-sports-race-problem-goes-much-deeper-124467

18Bridge Initiative Team (2019). Factsheet: polls on Islam, Muslims and Islamophobia in Canada. Georgetown University. Available at: https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/fact-sheet-polls-on-islam-muslims-and-islamophobia-in-canada/

19R. Reeve (2015). Infamy: The Shocking Story of the Japanese American Internment in World War II. Henry Holt & Co.

20S. Yamoto (1997). Personal Justice Denied. Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. University of Washington Press.

21Pew Research Center (2011). Muslim-Western tensions persist: common concerns about Islamic extremism. Pew Research Center. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2011/07/21/muslim-western-tensions-persist/

22Human Rights Watch (2012). World Report 2012: Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: Events of 2011. Human Rights Watch. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2012/country-chapters/israel/palestine

23M.G. Bard (2020). Human rights in Israel: background and overview. Jewish Virtual Library. Available at: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/background-and-overview-of-human-rights-in-israel

24T. Stafford (2017). This map shows what white Europeans associate with race – and it makes for uncomfortable reading. The Conversation, 2 May. Available at: https://theconversation.com/this-map-shows-what-white-europeans-associate-with-race-and-it-makes-for-uncomfortable-reading-76661

25World Bank et al. (2018). Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in South Africa. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530481521735906534/pdf/124521-REV-OUO-South-Africa-Poverty-and-Inequality-Assessment-Report-2018-FINAL-WEB.pdf

26M. O’Halloran (2019). Ireland has ‘worrying pattern’ of racism, head of EU agency warns. Irish Times, 27 September.

27Department of Justice and Equality (2017). National Traveller and Roma Inclusion Strategy 2017–2021. Department of Justice and Equality. Available at: http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/National%20Traveller%20and%20Roma%20Inclusion%20Strategy,%202017-2021.pdf/Files/National%20Traveller%20and%20Roma%20Inclusion%20Strategy,%202017-2021.pdf

28J. O’Connell (2013). Our casual racism against Travellers is one of Ireland’s last great shames. Irish Times, 27 February.

29IrishHealth.com (n.d.). Health and the Travelling community. IrishHealth.com. Available at: http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=1079

30B. Shoot (2019). Immigrants founded nearly half of 2018’s Fortune 100 companies, new data analysis shows. Fortune, 15 January.

31D. Kosten (2018). Immigrants as economic contributors: immigrant entrepreneurs. National Immigration Forum. 11 July. Available at: https://immigrationforum.org/article/immigrants-as-economic-contributors-immigrant-entrepreneurs/

32T. Jawetz (2019). Building a more dynamic economy: The benefits of immigration. Testimony before the US House Committee on the Budget. Centre for American Progress. Available at: https://docs.house.gov/meetings/BU/BU00/20190626/109700/HHRG-116-BU00-Wstate-JawetzT-20190626.pdf

33The Sentencing Project (2019). Criminal justice facts. Sentencing Project. Available at: https://www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts/

34C. Kenny (2017). The data is in: Young people are increasingly less racist than old people. Quartz, 24 May. Available at: https://qz.com/983016/the-data-are-in-young-people-are-definitely-less-racist-than-old-people/

35Reni Eddo-Lodge, Guardian, 30 May 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/30/why-imno-longer-talking-to-white-people-about-race

CHAPTER 11

1AO Show (2018). 83% of Irish workers think about quitting their job every day. iRadio, 20 November. Available at: https://www.iradio.ie/jobdone/

2K. Iwamoto (2017). East Asian workers remarkably disengaged. Nikkei Review, 25 May.

3A. Adkins (2015). Majority of US employees not engaged despite gains in 2014. Gallup, 28 January. Available at: https://news.gallup.com/poll/181289/majority-employees-not-engaged-de-spite-gains-2014.aspx

4D. Spiegel (2019). 85% of American workers are happy with their jobs, national survey shows. CNBC, 2 April. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/01/85percent-of-us-workers-are-happy-with-their-jobs-national-survey-shows.html

5B. Rigoni and B. Nelson (2016). Few millennials are engaged at work. Gallup, 30 August. Available at: https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/195209/few-millennials-engaged-work.aspx

6T. Kohler et al (2017). Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature, 551: 619–622.

7The Economist (2019). Redesigning the corporate office. The Economist, 28 September. Available at: https://www.economist.com/business/2019/09/28/redesigning-the-corporate-office

8M. Guta (2018). 68 per cent of workers still get most work done in traditional offices. Small Business Trends, 13 June.

9K2Space (n.d.). The history of office design. K2Space. Available at: https://k2space.co.uk/knowledge/history-of-office-design

10Goldman Sachs (2019). A new European headquarters for Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs. Available at: https://www.goldmansachs.com/careers/blog/posts/goldman-sachs-london-plumtree-court.html

11British Council for Offices (2018). The rise of flexible workspace in the corporate sector. Available at: http://www.bco.org.uk/Research/Publications/The_Rise_of_Flexible_Workspace_in_the_Corporate_Sector.aspx

12S. Bevan and S. Hayday (2001). Costing Sickness Absence in the UK. Institute for Employment Studies. Available at: https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/382.pdf

13Unilever (n.d.). Improving employee health & well-being. Unilever. Available at: https://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/enhancing-livelihoods/fairness-in-the-workplace/improving-employee-health-nutrition-and-well-being/

14S. Bean (2016). Two-thirds of British workers more productive working in the office. Insight, 26 October. Available at: https://workplaceinsight.net/two-thirds-of-british-workers-more-productive-working-in-the-office/

15J. Oates (2019). Hot desk hell: staff spend two weeks a year looking for seats in open-plan offices Register, 21 June. Available at: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/06/21/staff_hot_desk_seats/

16Gallup (2017). State of the Global Workplace. Gallup. Available at: https://www.gallup.de/183833/state-the-global-workplace.aspx

17J. Butler (2018). Link between earnings and happiness is a tenuous one. Financial Times, 7 February.

18S. Nasiripour (2016). White House predicts robots may take over many jobs that pay $20 per hour. HuffPost, 24 June. Available at: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/white-house-robot-workers_n_56cdd89ce4b0928f5a6de955

19U. Gentilini et al. (2020). Exploring Universal Basic Income: A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices. World Bank Group.

20IGM Economic Experts Panel. Universal Basic Income. IGM Forum. Available at: http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/universal-basic-income/

21A. Kauranen (2019). Finland’s basic income trial boosts happiness but not employment. Reuters, 8 February. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-basic-income/finlands-basic-in-come-trial-boosts-happiness-but-not-employment-idUSKCN1PX0NM

22A.H. Maslow (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4): 370–396.

23J. Gabay (2015). Brand Psychology: Consumer Perceptions, Corporate Reputations. Kogan Page.

24R.T. Kreutzer and K.H. Land (2013). Digital Darwinism: Branding and Business Models in Jeopardy. Springer Publishing.

25D. Graeber (2018). Bullshit Jobs: A Theory. Simon & Schuster.

26S. Cook (2019). Making a Success of Managing and Working Remotely. IT Governance Publishing.

27R. Biederman et al. (2018). Reimagining Work: Strategies to Disrupt Talent, Lead Change, and Win with a Flexible Workforce. Wiley.

28S. Russell (2019). How remote working can increase stress and reduce well-being. The Conversation, 11 October. Available at: http://theconversation.com/how-remote-working-can-increase-stress-and-reduce-well-being-125021

29J. Grenny and D. Maxfield (2017). A study of 1,100 employees found that remote workers feel shunned and left out. Harvard Business Review, 2 November.

30J. Holmes and M. Stubbe (2014). Power and Politeness in the Workplace. Routledge.

31S. Pinker (2015). The Village Effect: How Face-to-Face Contact can Make Us Healthier and Happier. Vintage Canada.

32P. Gustavson and S. Liff (2014). A Team of Leaders: Empowering Every Member to Take Ownership, Demonstrate Initiative and Deliver Results. American Management Association.

33A. Grant (2011). How customers can rally your troops. Harvard Business Review, June.

34H.P. Gunz and M. Peiperi (2007). Handbook of Career Studies. Sage.

35L. Kellaway (2012). Manual work holds the key to spiritual bliss. Financial Times, 3 June.

36B. Mitchell (2017). Unemployment is miserable and doesn’t spawn an upsurge in personal creativity. Bill Mitchell – Modern Monetary Theory, 21 November. Available at: http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=37429

CHAPTER 12

1Credit Suisse (2019). Global Wealth Report 2019. Available at: https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html

2M. Goldring (2017). Eight men own more than 3.6 billion people do: our economics is broken. The Guardian, 16 January.

3Wikipedia (n.d.). Distribution of wealth. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth

4Wealth-X Billionaire Census 2019. Available at: https://www.wealthx.com/report/the-wealth-x-billionaire-census-2019/

5E. Horton (2019). Female billionaires: the new emerging growth market. Financial News. 8 November.

6P. Jacobs (2014). The 20 universities that have produced the most billionaires. Business Insider Australia, 18 September. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/universities-with-most-billionaire-undergraduate-alumni-2014-9

7L. Stangel (2018). Stanford mints more billionaires than any other college on the planet – except one. Silicon Valley. Business Journal, 18 May.

8Forbes (n.d.). World’s billionaires list. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/#2db-1b704251c

9F. Reddan (2019). Number of Irish millionaires rises by 3,000 to nearly 78,000. Irish Times, 13 March.

10C. Clifford (2016). 62 percent of American billionaires are self-made. Entrepreneur Europe. 14 January.

11M. Henney (2019). How much do billionaires donate to charity? Fox Business, 26 November.

12Wealth-X Philanthropy Report 2019. Available at: https://www.wealthx.com/report/uhnw-giving-philanthropy-report-2019/

13Giving Pledge (website). https://givingpledge.org/

14Donald Read (1994). The Age of Urban Democracy: England 1868–1914. Routledge.

15P. Malpass (1998). Housing, Philanthropy and the State: A History of the Guinness Trust. University of the West of England

16Iveagh Trust (website). http://www.theiveaghtrust.ie/?m=2018

17National Philanthropic Trust (2019). The 2019 DAF Report. Available at: https://www.nptrust.org/phil-anthropic-resources/charitable-giving-statistics/

18O. Ryan (2018). Irish charities have an annual income of €14.5 billion and employ 189,000 people. The Journal, 25 July. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-charities-4145144-Jul2018/

19H. Waleson (2017). Atlantic Insights: Giving While Living. Atlantic Philanthropies.

20D. Russakoff (2015). The Prize: Who’s in Charge of America’s Schools? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

21C. Fiennes (2017). We need a science of philanthropy. Nature, 546: 187.

22Center for Effective Philanthropy. Philanthropy Awards, 2017. Available at: https://cep.org/2017-in-the-news/

23Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (n.d.) Who we are: foundation fact sheet. Available at: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/who-we-are/general-information/foundation-factsheet

24V. Goel and N. Wingfield (2015). Mark Zuckerberg vows to donate 99% of his Facebook shares for charity. New York Times, 1 December.

25Bezos Day One Fund (website). https://www.bezosdayonefund.org/

26C. Clifford (2019). Billionare Ray Dalio: ‘Of course’ rich people like me should pay more taxes. CNBC Make It, 8 April. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/08/bridgewaters-ray-dalio-of-course-rich-people-should-pay-more-taxes.html

27PATH group (2015). The Meningitis Vaccine Project: a groundbreaking partnership. 13 June. https://www.path.org/articles/about-meningitis-vaccine-project/

28D. Fluskey (2019). Why fewer people are giving to charity and what we can do about it. Civil Society, 8 May. Available at: https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/voices/daniel-fluskey-why-fewer-people-are-giving-to-charity-and-what-we-can-do-about-it.html

29State Street Global Advisers (2018). Global Retirement Reality Report Ireland 2018: Ireland Snapshot. State Street Corporation.

30GiveWell (n.d.) Top charities. Available at: https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities

31F. Reddan (2016). Charities reveal how every €1 donated is spent. Irish Times. 2 January.

32C. Mortimer (2015). One in five charities spends less than half their total income on good causes, says new report. The Guardian.

33Charities Aid Foundation (2019). Charity Landscape Report 2019. Available at: https://www.cafonline.org/about-us/publications/2019-publications/charity-landscape-2019

34O.F. Williams (2016). Sustainable Development: The UN Millennium Development Goals, the UN Global Compact, and the Common Good, John W. Houck Notre Dame Series in Business Ethics. University of Notre Dame Press.

35M.B. Weinberger (1987.) The relationship between women’s education and fertility: selected findings from the world fertility surveys. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 13, 35–46.

36S. Konrath (2017). Six reasons why people give their money away, or not. Psychology Today, 26 November.

37S. Konrath and F. Handy (2017). The development and validation of the motives to donate scale. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47: 347–375.

38H. Cuccinello (2020). Jack Dorsey, Bill Gates and at least 75 other billionaires donating to pandemic relief. Forbes, 15 April. Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2020/04/15/jack-dorsey-bill-gates-and-at-least-75-other-billionaires-donating-to-pandemic-relief/#6700456621bd

39Charities Aid Foundation (2019). CAF UK Giving 2019. Available at: https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-publications/caf-uk-giving-2019-report-an-overview-of-charitable-giving-in-the-uk.pdf

CHAPTER 13

1Adventures in Energy (n.d.). How are oil and natural gas formed? Available at: http://www.adventuresinenergy.org/What-are-Oil-and-Natural-Gas/How-Are-Oil-Natural-Gas-Formed.html

2M. Vassiliou (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry (2nd edition). Rowman & Littlefield.

3Wikipedia (n.d.) List of countries by proven oil reserves. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves

4G. Liu (ed.) (2012). Greenhouse Gases. IntechOpen.

5R. Jackson (2018). The Ascent of John Tyndall: Victorian Scientist, Mountaineer and Public Intellectual. Oxford University Press.

6S. Arrhenius (1896). On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 41:251, 237–276.

7Z. Hausfather (2017). Analysis: Why scientists think 100% of global warming is due to humans. Available at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-scientists-think-100-of-global-warming-is-due-to-humans

8D. Lüthi, M. Le Floch, B. Bereiter, T. Blunier, J.M. Barnola et al. (2008). High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. Nature, 453: 379–382.

9MuchAdoAboutClimate (2013). 4.5 billion years of the earth’s temperature. 3 August. Available at: https://muchadoaboutclimate.wordpress.com/2013/08/03/4-5-billion-years-of-the-earths-temperature/

10J. Watts (2019). ‘No doubt left’ about scientific consensus on global warming, say experts. The Guardian, 24 July. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/24/scientific-consensus-on-humans-causing-global-warming-passes-99

11J. Hansen et al. (2006). Global temperature change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(39): 14288–14293. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606291103

12J. Mouginot et al. (2019). Forty-six years of Greenland ice sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 116: 9239–9244.

13C. Nunez (2019) Sea level rise, explained. National Geographic. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/sea-level-rise/

14V. Masson-Delmotte et al. (2018) IPCC Report 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf

15M. Bevis et al. (2019). Accelerating changes in ice mass within Greenland, and the ice sheet’s sensitivity to atmospheric forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 116, 1934–1939.

16P. Griffen (2017). CDP Carbon Majors Report 2017. Available at: https://b8f65cb373b1b7b-15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/cms/reports/documents

17The Economist (2019) Leader: A warming world. 21 September.

18H. Ritchie and M. Roser (2020). Renewable energy. Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy

19D. Cross (2019). Engulfed in plastic: life is at risk in the planet’s oceans sustainability. The Times. 3 September.

20Green Home (n.d.). Energy – carbon footprint. Available at: https://www.greenhome.ie/Energy/Carbon-Footprint

21S. Wynes and K.A. Nicholas (2017). The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions Environmental Research Letters 12: 074024.

22J. Chen et al. (2019). Methane emissions from the Munich Oktoberfest. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-709

23E. Chenoweth and M. Stephan (2012). Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia Studies in Terrorism and Irregular Warfare. Columbia University Press.

CHAPTER 14

1E.J. Emanuel et al. (2016). Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada and Europe. JAMA 316(1), 79–90.

2S. Andrew (2020). Where is euthanasia legal? Three terminally ill minors choose to die in Belgium, new report finds. Newsweek, 18 January.

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4D. McDonald (2013). Marie Fleming loses Supreme Court ‘Right-to-die’ case. Independent, 29 April.

5P. Hosford (2015). Gail O’Rourke found not guilty of assisting the suicide of her friend. The Journal, 28 April. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/assisted-suicide-a-crime-if-suicide-isnt-2073607-Apr2015/

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14O. Bowcott (2019). Legalise assisted dying for terminally ill, say 90% of people in UK. The Guardian. 3 March. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/03/legalise-assisted-dying-for-terminally-ill-say-90-per-cent-of-people-in-uk

15Populus (2019). Largest ever poll on assisted dying conducted by Populus finds increase in support to 84% of the public. Available at: https://www.populus.co.uk/insights/2019/04/largest-ever-poll-on-assisted-dying-conducted-by-populus-finds-in-crease-in-support-to-84-of-the-public/

16H. Halpin (2019). 3 in 5 people in Ireland support the legalisation of euthanasia. The Journal, 1 December. Available at: https://www.thejournal.ie/legalisation-euthanasia-ire-land-poll-4913894-Dec2019/

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22C. de Bellaigue (2019). Death on demand: has euthanasia gone too far? The Guardian, 18 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jan/18/death-on-demand-has-euthanasia-gone-too-far-netherlands-assisted-dying.

23C. de Lore (2019). The Dutch ethics professor who changed his mind on euthanasia. New Zealand Listener,19 October.

24S. Caldwell (2018). Dutch euthanasia regulator quits over dementia killings. Catholic Herald, 23 January.

25S. Boztas (2018). Dutch doctor reprimanded for ‘asking family to hold down euthanasia patient’. The Telegraph, 25 July.

26G. Blobel (2013). Christian de Duve (1917–2013): biologist who won a Nobel Prize for insights into cell structure. Nature, 498: 300.

27Le Soir (Belgium) (2013). Christian de Duve a choisi le moment de sa mort. Available at: https://www.lesoir.be/art/237537/article/actualite/belgique/2013-05-06/christian-duve-choisi-moment-sa-mort

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5A. Boyle (2017). Make it so, Alexa: Amazon adds a few new Star Trek skills to AI assistant’s repertoire. GeekWire. 21 September. Available at: https://www.geekwire.com/2017/make-alexa-amazon-adds-star-trek-skills-ai-assistants-repertoire/

6J. Merkoski (2013). Burning the Page: The eBook Revolution and the Future of Reading. Sourcebooks Inc.

7C. Peretti (2020). Instagram CEO Adam Mosseri says an episode of ‘Black Mirror’ inspired the decision to test hiding likes. Business Insider, 18 January.

8D. Mosher (2018). The US military released a study on warp drives and faster-than-light travel. Here’s what a theoretical physicist thinks of it. IFLScience! Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/physics/the-us-military-released-a-study-on-warp-drives-and-faster-than-light-travel-heres-what-a-theoretical-physicist-thinks-of-it/

9NASA (n.d.) Explore Moon to Mars. Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moon-to-mars/lunar-gateway

10K. O’Sullivan (2019). Aviation emissions set to grow sevenfold over 30 years, experts warn. Irish Times. 26 January.

11T. Gabriel (2017). Ryanair crisis: aviation industry expert warns 600,000 new pilots needed in next 20 years. The Conversation, 28 September. Available at: https://theconversation.com/ryanair-crisis-aviation-industry-expert-warns-600-000-new-pilots-needed-in-next-20-years-84852

12J. Stewart (2018). A better motor is the first step towards electric planes. Wired, 27 September. Available at: https://www.wired.com/story/magnix-electric-plane-motor/

13P. Birch (1982). Orbital ring systems and Jacob’s ladders. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 35: 475–497.

14J. Grant (2019). How will we travel the world in 2050? Irish Examiner. 1 September.

15C. Loizos (2019). Boom wants to build a supersonic jet for mainstream passengers: here’s its game plan. TechCrunch, 23 May. Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/22/boom-wants-to-build-a-supersonic-jet-for-mainstream-passengers-heres-its-game-plan/

16C. Edwardes (2019). ‘Spaceplane’ that flies 25 times faster than the speed of sound passes crucial test. News.com.au, 10 April. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/inventions/spaceplane-that-flies-25-times-faster-than-the-speed-of-sound-passes-crucial-test/news-story/97a98211666d58448981cf636f0dc619

17E. Seedhouse (2016). SpaceX’s Dragon: America’s Next Generation Spacecraft. Springer International.

18SpaceX (website). Starlink Mission. Available at: https://www.spacex.com/webcast

19NASA (n.d.). Moonbase alpha overview. Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/ltp/games/moonbasealpha/mbalpha-landing-collection1-overview.html

20BBC (2020). Yusaku Maezawa: Japanese billionaire seeks ‘life partner’ for Moon voyage. 13 Jaunary. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51086635

21D. Palanker, A. Vankov and S. Baccus (2005). Design of a high-resolution optoelectronic retinal prosthesis. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2: S105–20.

22C. Chang et al. (2019). Stable Immune Response Induced by Intradermal DNA Vaccination by a Novel Needleless Pyro-Drive Jet Injector. AAPS PharmSciTech, 21: 19.

23S.M. McKinney, M. Sieniek and S. Shetty (2020). International evaluation of an AI system for breast cancer screening. Nature, 577: 89–94.

24Phys.org (2009). Triage technology with a Star Trek twist. 27 May. Available at: https://phys.org/news/2009-05-triage-technology-star-trek.html

25NASA (n.d.). National Space Biomedical Research Institute. Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/humanresearch/HRP_NASA/research_at_nasa_NSBRI.html

26B. Curley (2017). Medical device used in ‘Star Trek’ is now a reality. Healthline, 11 August. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/medical-device-used-in-star-trek-is-now-a-reality#5

27ClinicalTrials.gov (website). https://clinicaltrials.gov/

28ClinicalTrials.gov (2020). Trends, charts and maps. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/resources/trends

29Microsoft (2013). IllumiRoom: peripheral projected illusions for interactive experiences. Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/illumiroom-peripheral-projected-illusions-for-interactive-experiences/

30J. Danaher and N. McArthur (2017). Robot Sex: Social and Ethical Implications. MIT Press.

31K. Dowd (2019). Automation takes flight: a look at VC’s soaring interest in robotics & drones. Pitch-Book. 25 March. Available at: https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/automation-takes-flight-alookat-vcs-soaring-interest-in-robotics-drones

32C. Purtill (2019). Stop me if you’ve heard this one: a robot and a team of Irish scientists walk into a senior living home. Time, 4 October. Available at: https://time.com/longform/senior-care-robot/

33J.D. Bernal (1929). The World, the Flesh and the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.

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35Bank My Cell (n.d.) How many smartphones are in the world? Available at: https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world

36L. Ying (2019). 10 Twitter Statistics Every Marketer Should Know in 2020. Oberlo, 30 November. Available at: https://ie.oberlo.com/blog/twitter-statistics

37J. D’Urso (2018). What’s the least popular emoji on Twitter? BBC Trending, 29 July. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-44952140

38D. Noyes (2020) The top 20 valuable Facebook statistics. Zephoria, April. Available at: https://zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/