Endnotes

PREFACE

¹ Maltby’s research guide, titled Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research II, was also published by the Center for Reformation Research. Another volume, Catholicism in Early Modern History: A Guide to Research (by John W. O’Malley), was published in 1987.

CHAPTER ONE

¹ Oberman, Review of Martin Luther.

² Forde, Theology Is for Proclamation; On Being a Theologian of the Cross; and Captivation of the Will.

³ It was translated into German in 1989 and into English in 2005 as Christ Present in Faith: Luther’s View of Justification. The delay in translation meant that the impact of the Finnish school was not truly felt until the 1990s.

⁴ “quia isto articulo stante stat Ecclesia, ruente ruit Ecclesia.” WA 40/3:352.

⁵ The exact date of the “Reformation breakthrough” is much debated. For a discussion of the debate, see Lohse, Martin Luther’s Theology, 85–88; and Brecht, Martin Luther, 2:221–37.

⁶ Stjerna, “Editor’s Introduction,” in Mannermaa, Christ Present in Faith.

⁷ Bratten and Jenson, Union with Christ, viii.

⁸ The central culprit in this play is Hermann Lotze, the nineteenth-century German philosopher. Risto Saarinen, a Mannermaa student and disciple, argues that Lotze takes from Kant the idea that a thing cannot be known in itself but only in its effect upon us. Thus, justification is understood as something that happens to us rather than something that happens in us. This warps and distorts Luther, for whom justification is as much about ontology as it is about soteriology.

⁹ Wengert, Review of Union with Christ, 433.

¹⁰ Specifically, the debate over Osiander’s theology, which bears a striking resemblance to their own position but which, unfortunately for the Finnish interpretation, was soundly rejected by Luther himself.

¹¹ Whitford, Review of One with God.

¹² A full bibliography of the Finnish school (updated often) can be found at www.helsinki.fi/~risaarin/luther.html.

¹³ For a full explanation of the confessionalization thesis, please see chapter six in this volume.

¹⁴ Hagen, Luther’s Approach to Scripture; and Ebeling, Evangelische Evangelienauslegung.

¹⁵ Kvam, “Luther, Eve, and Theological Anthropology”; and Stolt, Martin Luther, mannisckohjärtat och Bibeln.

¹⁶ Whitford, “Cura Religionis or Two Kingdoms.”

¹⁷ Studienausgabe is still in print and can be picked up for about 150 euros from Walter De Gruyter. The eleven-volume Die Werke Martin Luthers is a bit larger and about 100 euros more expensive; it is available from Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

¹⁸ An overview of the project can be found at luther.chadwyck.com.

¹⁹ Richard Muller (The Unaccommodated Calvin, 1–17) has argued that scholarly apparati can, at times, distort rather than enhance our understanding of sixteenth-century texts.

²⁰ The CD-ROM set is available at http://www.theologische-buchhandlung.de/luther-deutscheinhaltsverzeichnis.htm.

²¹ This CD-ROM of Luther’s Works can be purchased for approximately $250.

²² For examples, HPBD contains not only the VD16 and VD17, but also the British Library Incunabula Short-Title Catalogue, and holdings lists for the Oxford University Library, and the Slovenian Library. For a full list, consult OCLC’s FirstSearch.

²³ Both the Augsburg Confession and the Apology were retranslated and introduced in English in the 2000 Book of Concord, edited by Robert Kolb and Timothy Wengert.

²⁴ Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk; and Oettinger, Music as Propaganda, 22.

²⁵ Brown, Singing the Gospel.

²⁶ Richard Andrew Cahill (Philipp of Hesse and the Reformation) deals only with Philip’s life up to the 1526 Diet of Speyer.

CHAPTER TWO

¹ Volume 1 covers 1523 through 1549, and was published in two parts, in 2002 and 2006. Compare the older, partial collections of Reformed confessions: Müller, Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche; and Niesel, Bekenntnisschriften und Kirchenordnungen der nach Gottes Wort reformierten Kirche (translated into English by Cochrane as Reformed Confessions of the Sixteenth Century).

² Lambert et al., Registres du Consistoire de Genève; and Kingdon et al., Registers of the Consistory of Geneva.

³ IDC Publishers can be found online at www.idcpublishers.com.

⁴ Herminjard, Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française; Arbenz and Wartmann, Vadianische Briefsammlung, 1508–1540; Schiess, Briefwechsel der Brüder Ambrosius und Thomas Blaurer, 1509–1548; Lenz, Briefwechsel Landgraf Philipps des Großmüthigen von Hessen mit Bucer; and Schiess, Bullingers Korrespondenz mit den Graubündnern.

⁵ Archive for Reformation History; and Bächtold, Haag, and Ruetschi, “Neue Literatur zur zwinglischen Reformation.”

⁶ Tylenda, “Calvin Bibliography”; de Klerk and Fields, “Calvin [and Calvinism] Bibliography”; and Fields, “Calvin Bibliography,” at www.calvin.edu/meeter/bibliography.

⁷ Maag and Fields, “Calvin in Context.”

⁸ Selderhuis, Calvinus Praeceptor Ecclesiae; Foxgrover, Calvin and the Company of Pastors; and Foxgrover, Calvin, Beza, and Later Calvinism.

⁹ Calvini Opera Database, ed. Selderhuis. This project was sponsored by the Institute for Reformation Research, affiliated with the Theological University in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands.

¹⁰ Gilmont, John Calvin and the Printed Book; and Selderhuis, Calvin’s Theology of the Psalms.

¹¹ Bullinger, Briefwechsel; and Bullinger Letters Database, online at http://www.irg.uzh.ch/hbbw/datenbank.en.html.

¹² Bucer, Correspondance de Martin Bucer.

¹³ Bucer, Common Places of Martin Bucer; and Bucer, “De Regno Christi.”

¹⁴ Seebaß, Martin Bucer (1491–1541): Bibliographie.

¹⁵ Heron, “Calvin and Bullinger”; van Stam, “Das Verhältnis zwischen Bullinger und Calvin”; Burnett, “Basel and the Wittenberg Concord”; and Burnett, “Myth of the Swiss Lutherans.”

¹⁶ Gäbler, “Das Zustandekommen des Consensus Tigurinus”; and Rorem, Calvin and Bullinger on the Lord’s Supper.

¹⁷ Dufour, Nicollier-De Weck, and Bodenmann, Correspondance de Théodore de Bèze.

¹⁸ Fraenkel and Perrotet, Théodore de Bèze.

¹⁹ See Maruyama, Ecclesiology of Theodore Beza; Bray, Theodore Beza’s Doctrine of Predestination; Backus, Reformed Roots of the English New Testament; Kickel, Vernunft und Offenbarung bei Theodore Beza; and Raitt, Eucharistic Theology of Theodore Beza.

²⁰ Manetsch, Theodore Beza and the Quest for Peace in France; Mallinson, Faith, Reason, and Revelation; Krans, Beyond What Is Written; and Wright, Our Sovereign Refuge.

²¹ Backus, Théodore de Bèze.

²² Volume 2 contains “Répertoire de la correspondance de Guillaume Farel” by Rémy Scheurer and Dominique Quadioni, and “L’oeuvre imprimé de Guillaume Farel” by Jean-François Gilmont.

²³ Jacobs, “Die Sakramentslehre Wilhelm Farels.”

²⁴ Wiley, “Calvin’s Friendship with Guillaume Farel”; Oberman, “Calvin and Farel”; and Augustijn, “Farel und Calvin in Bern.”

²⁵ Linder, “Brothers in Christ”; and Balke, “Jean Calvin und Pierre Viret.”

²⁶ Roussel, “Pierre Viret en France”; and Chareyre, “Les derniers miracles de Viret.”

²⁷ Bavaud, Le réformateur Pierre Viret; and Linder, Political Ideas of Pierre Vinet.

²⁸ Staehelin, “Bibliographische Beiträge zum Lebenswerk Oekolampads”; Staehelin, “Oekolampad-Bibliographie”; Staehelin, Das theologische Lebenswerk Johannes Oekolampads; and Staehelin, Briefe und Akten zum Lebel Oekolampads.

²⁹ Kuhr, “Die Macht des Bannes und der Buße.” For a summary of his views in English, see Kuhr, “Significance of Oecolampadius.”

³⁰ Backus, “What Prayers for the Dead”; Backus, “Disputations of Baden and Berne”; Old, “Homiletics of John Oecolampadius”; and Jung, “Abendmahlsstreit.”

³¹ Electronic Capito Project: http://cf.itergateway.org/capito.

³² Kreßner, Schweizer Ursprünge; and Bäumlin, “Naturrecht und obrigkeitliches Kirchenregiment.”

³³ Papers from the conference were published in Dellsperger et al., Wolfgang Musculus.

³⁴ Dellsperger, “Wolfgang Musculus”; Dellsperger, “Wolfgang Musculus: Leben und Werk”; Luthi, “Wolfgang Musculus in Bern”; and Bodenmann, Wolfgang Musculus.

³⁵ Weber, “Wolfgang und Abraham Musculus.”

³⁶ Lüthi, “Druckwerkeverzeichnis des Wolfgang Musculus.”

³⁷ See the bibliography for a listing of the volumes of Vermigli’s works published thus far. The Peter Martyr Library has fifteen additional volumes projected to be published in the future.

³⁸ McLelland, Visible Words of God; and McNair, Peter Martyr in Italy.

³⁹ Sturm, Die Theologie Peter Martyr Vermiglis; Corda, Veritas Sacramenti; and Donnelly, Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli’s Doctrine of Man and Grace.

⁴⁰ McLelland, Peter Martyr Vermigli and Italian Reform.

⁴¹ James, Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination.

⁴² Campi, “Streifzug durch Vermiglis Biographie”; and McLelland, “From Montreal to Zurich.” The essays from this conference are collected in Campi et al., Peter Martyr Vermigli.

⁴³ James, Peter Martyr Vermigli and the European Reformations.

⁴⁴ Kuyper, Joannis à Lasco opera; and Zwierlein, “Ein verschollen geglaubter Abendmahlstraktat Johannes à Lascos von 1548.”

⁴⁵ Janse, Albert Hardenberg als Theologe; Janse, “A Lasco und Albert Hardenberg”; and Pollet, Martin Bucer.

⁴⁶ Burchill, “On the Consolation of a Christian Scholar”; and Burchill, “Girolamo Zanchi.”

⁴⁷ Moltmann, Predestination und Perseveranz; Gründler, Die Gotteslehre Girolamo Zanchis; and Spijker, “Bucer als Zeuge Zanchis im Strassburger Prädestinationsstreit.” Works by Farthing include “‘De coniugio spirituali,’” “‘Foedus Evangelicum,’” “Christ and the Eschaton,” “Holy Harlotry,” and “Patristics, Exegesis, and the Eucharist.”

⁴⁸ Müller, “Caspar Olevian”; Menk, “Casper Olevian”; and Goeters, “Bibliographia Oleviana.”

⁴⁹ Visser, “Covenant in Zacharias Ursinus”; Strehle, Calvinism, Federalism, and Scholasticism; Weir, Origins of Federal Theology; Bierma, German Calvinism in the Confessional Age; Hollweg, Neue Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Lehre; Henss, Der Heidelberger Katechismus; Bierma, “Doctrine of the Sacraments”; Wesel-Roth, Thomas Erastus; and Walton, “Der Streit zwischen Thomas Erastus und Caspar Olevian.”

⁵⁰ Félice, Lambert Daneau; Fatio, Nihil pulchrius ordine; and Fatio, Méthode et théologie.

⁵¹ Strohm, Ethik im frühen Calvinismus.

⁵² Neuser, “Dogma und bekenntnis in der Reformation”; Goeters, “Genesis, Formen und Hauptthemen”; and Armstrong, Calvinism and the Amyraut Heresy.

⁵³ Muller, “Problem of Protestant Scholasticism”; and Muller, “Reformation, Orthodoxy, ‘Christian Aristotelianism.’”

⁵⁴ Muller, Unaccommodated Calvin. For another presentation of the relationship between Calvin and later Calvinism, strongly influenced by Muller, see Trueman, “Calvin and Calvinism.”

⁵⁵ Sinnema, “Aristotle and Early Reformed Orthodoxy”; Sinnema, “Discipline of Ethics”; Sinnema, “Antoine de Chandieu’s Call for a Scholastic Reformed Theology”: and Sinnema, “Distinction between Scholastic and Popular.”

⁵⁶ Menk, Die Hohe Schule Herborn; Maag, Seminary or University?; Maag, “Huguenot Academies”; Clotz, Hochschule für Holland; and Burnett, Teaching the Reformation.

⁵⁷ Strohm et al., Späthumanismus und reformierte Konfession; Hotson, Johann Heinrich Alsted; Freedman, “Diffusion of the Writings of Petrus Ramus”; Freedman, “Ramus and the Use of Ramus at Heidelberg”; Strohm, “Theologie und Zeitgeist”; Feingold et al., Influence of Petrus Ramus; and Hotson, Commonplace Learning.

⁵⁸ Pitassi, Edifier ou instruire?; and Maag and Witvliet, Worship in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (which includes translations of primary sources with each essay, making them particularly useful for teaching). Eucharistic liturgies are available in Pahl, Coena Domini I.

⁵⁹ Roussel, “Ensevelir honnestement les corps”; Grosse, “Anthropologie historique” ; Grosse, “‘En spirit et en vérite’?”; Grosse, “Places of Sanctification”; and Spicer, “‘Qui est de Dieu.’”

⁶⁰ Büsser, “Bullingers Festtagspredigten”; Büsser, “H. Bullingers 100 Predigten”; Stephens, “Bullinger’s Sermons on the Apocalypse”; Parker, Calvin’s Preaching; Delval, “La Prédication d’un Réformateur”; Delval, “Orthodoxie et Prédication”; DeVries, “Calvin’s Preaching”; and Old, Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures.

⁶¹ Chevalier, Prêcher sous l’édit des Nantes. Cf. Burnett, “‘To Oblige My Brethren’”; and the essays in Taylor, Preachers and People.

CHAPTER THREE

¹ Jedin, Katholische Reform, 38.

² O’Malley’s subtitle highlights this view: Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era.

³ Febvre, “The Question of the French Reformation.”

⁴ Evennett, Spirit of the Counter-Reformation, 20.

⁵ Ute Lotz-Heumann’s contribution to this volume deals in detail with confessionalization.

⁶ Prodi, “Introduzione,” in Kellebenz and Prodi, Fisco, religione, Stato nell’età confessionale, 7–20.

⁷ Reinhard, “Gegenreformation als Modernisierung?”

⁸ Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils.

⁹ Prodi and Reinhard, Il concilio di Trento e il moderno, 7–22. See also Prodi with Müller-Luckner, Glaube und Eid, vii-xxix; and Prodi, Una storia della giustizia, 195–255. For an updating of Reinhard’s “Gegenreformation als Modernisierung?” with respect to the Council of Trent, see Prodi and Reinhard, Il concilo di Trento e il moderno.

¹⁰ Tallon, Concile de Trente.

¹¹ Tallon, La France et le Concile de Trente, 815.

¹² Bergin, Making of the French Episcopate, 557.

¹³ Delumeau, “Rome,” 298, 302.

¹⁴ Reinhardt, Kardinal Scipione Borghese; Reinhard, “Papal Power and Family Strategy”; and Emich, Bürokratie und Nepotismus.

¹⁵ Signorotto and Visceglia, Court and Politics in Papal Rome.

¹⁶ See Bireley, Refashioning of Catholicism; and O’Malley, “Priesthood, Ministry, and Religious Life.”

¹⁷ Jürgensmeier and Schwerdtfeger, Orden und Kölster im Zeitalter von Reformation und katholischer Reform.

¹⁸ Clavel, “Oratorio di Gesú e di Maria Immacolata,” in Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, 6:775–80; and Lemoine, Le droit des religieux du concile de Trente, 108–16.

¹⁹ Chierotti, “Congregazione della Missione,” in Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, 2:1543–51.

²⁰ Botifoll, “Giovanni di Dio, santo,” in Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, 4:1266–71; and Botifoll, “Ospedalieri di San Giovanni di Dio,” in Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, 6:982–88.

²¹ De Viguerie, L’institution des enfants, 64–65.

²² Cordara, On the Suppression of the Socety of Jesus, trans. Murphy.

²³ Rapley, The Dévotes, 20–21.

²⁴ See also Conrad, Zwischen Kloster und Welt; and Conrad, “Ehe, Semireligiosentum und Orden.”

²⁵ Rapley, The Dévotes, 48.

²⁶ Woodford, Nuns as Historians; and Lowe, Nuns’ Chronicles and Convent Culture. See also the chapter in this volume by Merry Wiesner-Hanks for further treatment of women in early modern Catholicism.

²⁷ See Reinhard, “Disciplinamento sociale.”

²⁸ For a discussion of preaching and education, see Bireley, Refashioning of Catholicism.

²⁹ O’Malley, The First Jesuits, 141. See also Tentler, “Postscript,” in Lualdi and Thayer, Penitence in the Age of Reformations, 253–55.

³⁰ De Boer, Conquest of the Soul, 248–49, 252.

³¹ Prosperi, Tribunali della coscienza.

³² Prodi, Una storia della giustizia.

³³ Terpstra, “Ignatius, Confratello: Confraternities as Modes of Spiritual Community in Early Modern Society,” in Cornerford and Pabel, Early Modern Catholicism, 163.

³⁴ Donnelly and Maher, Confraternities and Catholic Reform, vii.

³⁵ The proceedings have been published in Borromeo, L’Inquisizione: Atti del Simposio internationale; and L’Inquisizione e gli storici.

³⁶ Patrouch, A Negotiated Settlement; Pörtner, Counter-Reformation in Central Europe; and Winkelbauer, Ständefreiheit und Fürstenmacht.

³⁷ Xavier, Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier, ed. and trans. Costolloe, xi, xxiv.

³⁸ Standaert, Handbook of Christianity in China; and MacCormack, Religion in the Andes.

³⁹ Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d’État and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (New York: Praeger, 1965), 49.

⁴⁰ Bireley, Counter-Reformation Prince, passim.

⁴¹ Both of these works are available in English in many editions.

CHAPTER FOUR

¹ Hegler, Geist und Schrift bei Sebastian Franck; and Troeltsch, Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen.

² Beachy, Concept of Grace.

³ Bubenheimer, “Karlstadtrezeption von der Reformation bis zum Pietismus.”

⁴ Barge, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt.

⁵ Müller, Luther und Karlstadt.

⁶ Hertzsch, Karlstadt und seine Bedeutung.

⁷ For example, Kriechbaum, Grundzüge der Theologie Karlstadts.

⁸ Kähler, Karlstadt und Augustin.

⁹ Rupp, “Andrew Karlstadt and Reformation Puritanism”; and Rupp, Patterns of Reformation.

¹⁰ Hildebrand, “Andreas Bodenstein of Karlstadt.”

¹¹ Preus, Carlstadt’s “Ordinationes” and Luther’s Liberty.

¹² Sider, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt.

¹³ Pater, Karlstadt as the Father of the Baptist Movement.

¹⁴ Bubenheimer, Consonantia theologiae et iurisprudentiae; and Bubenheimer, “Karlstadt.”

¹⁵ Oehmig, “Studien zum Armen- und Fürsorgewesen der Lutherstadt Wittenberg.”

¹⁶ Joestel, Ostthüringen und Karlstadt.

¹⁷ Zorzin, Karlstadt als Flugschriftenautor.

¹⁸ Zorzin, “Zur Wirkungsgeschichte einer Schrift aus Karlstadts Orlamünde Tatigkeit.”

¹⁹ Pater, “Westerburg.” Zorzin has since responded; Zorzin, “Karlstadts ‘Dialogus vom Tauff der Kinder.’”

²⁰ Hasse, Karlstadt und Tauler.

²¹ Ponader, “Die Abendmahlslehre des Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt”; and Ponader, “‘Caro nichil prodest.’”

²² Rüger, “Karlstadt als Hebräist.”

²³ Walter, “‘Bücher: So night der heiligen Schrifft gleik gehalten.’”

²⁴ Bubenheimer and Oehmig, Querdenker der Reformation.

²⁵ On this see Looß, “Desiderat der Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte.”

²⁶ Steinmetz, Das Müntzerbild von Martin Luther bis Friedrich Engels.

²⁷ Härtwig, “Gottfried Arnolds Müntzerbild.”

²⁸ Engels, “Der deutsche Bauernkrieg.”

²⁹ Goertz, Das Bild Thomas Müntzers.

³⁰ For example, von Baczko, Thomas Müntzer; and Leo, Thomas Müntzer.

³¹ Holl, “Luther und die Schwärmer.”

³² Böhmer, “Thomas Müntzer und das jüngste Deutschland.”

³³ Hinrichs, Luther und Müntzer.

³⁴ Bensing, Thomas Müntzer und der Thüringer Aufstand; and Bensing, Thomas Müntzer.

³⁵ Elliger, Thomas Müntzer.

³⁶ Goertz, Innere und äuere Ordnung in der Theologie Thomas Müntzers.

³⁷ Maron, “Thomas Müntzer als Theologe des Gerichts.”

³⁸ Schwarz, Die apokalyptische Theologie Thomas Müntzers und der Taboriten.

³⁹ Bubenheimer, Thomas Müntzer.

⁴⁰ Vogler, Thomas Müntzer.

⁴¹ Friesen, Thomas Müntzer.

⁴² Scott, Thomas Müntzer.

⁴³ Goertz, Thomas Müntzer.

⁴⁴ Brendler, Thomas Müntzer.

⁴⁵ Bräuer, Der Theologe Thomas Müntzer.

⁴⁶ McLaughlin, “Müntzer and Apocalypticism.”

⁴⁷ McNiel, “Andreas von Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer”; and McNiel, “Andreas von Karlstadt as a Humanist Theologian.”

⁴⁸ Stayer, “Sächsischer Radikalismus und Schweizer Täufertum”; and Goertz, “‘A Common Future Conversation.’”

⁴⁹ Müntzer, Schriften und Briefe, ed. Franz and Kirn.

⁵⁰ See for example, Müntzer, Theologische Schriften, ed. Brauer and Ullmann.

⁵¹ Müntzer, Collected Works, ed. and trans. Matheson.

⁵² Hegler, Geist und Schrift bei Sebastian Franck. For a good example of traditional treatments of Franck, see Hase, Sebastian Franck von Wörd der Schwarmgeist.

⁵³ Troeltsch, Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen.

⁵⁴ Jones, Spiritual Reformers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries; and Kühn, Toleranz und Offenbarung.

⁵⁵ Williams, Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers.

⁵⁶ McLaughlin, “Reformation Spiritualism.”

⁵⁷ Williams, Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers. On the dating of the letter to Campanus, see Dejung, “Sebastian Franck.”

⁵⁸ Dipple, “Sebastian Franck and the Münster Anabaptist Kingdom.”

⁵⁹ Bischof, Sebastian Franck; Dejung, Wahrheit und Häresie. See also Dejung, “Geschichte lehrt Gelassenheit”; and Müller, Sebastian Franck.

⁶⁰ Franck, Paradoxa.

⁶¹ His secular and religious history, for example, influenced Bernard Rothman, the theologian of the Münster Anabaptists. See Dipple, “Sebastian Franck and the Münster Anabaptist Kingdom”; and Kaczerowsky, Sebastian Franck.

⁶² Teufel, “Die ‘Deutsche Theologie’ und Sebastian Franck.”

⁶³ Ozment, Mysticism and Dissent.

⁶⁴ Wollgast, Der deutsche Pantheismus; and Séguenny, Les Spirituels.

⁶⁵ Joachimsen, “Zur inneren Entwicklung Sebastian Francks.”

⁶⁶ Teufel, “Landrämig”: Sebastian Franck.

⁶⁷ Weigelt, Sebastian Franck und die lutherische Reformation.

⁶⁸ Dejung, “Sebastian Francks nachgelassene Bibliothek.”

⁶⁹ Hayden-Roy, Inner Word and the Outer World.

⁷⁰ McLaughlin, “Sebastian Franck and Caspar Schwenckfeld.”

⁷¹ See for example, Barbers, Toleranz bei Sebastian Franck; and Goldhammer, “Der Toleranzgedanke bei Franck und Wiegel.”

⁷² Wollgast, “Sebastian Francks theologisch-philosophische Auffassungen.”

⁷³ Becker, “Nederlandische Vertalingen van Sebastian Franks Geschriften.” See most recently, van Gemert, “Zur Funktionalisierung Franckchen Gedankenguts.”

⁷⁴ Williams, “Gelächter vor Gott.”

⁷⁵ Stupperich, “Sebastian Franck.” More recently, see Dipple, “Sebastian Franck and the Münster Anabaptist Kingdom.”

⁷⁶ Franck, Sämtliche Werke.

⁷⁷ See for example, Wollgast, “Valentin Weigel und seine Stellung”; Fix, Prophecy and Reason; and Brecht, “Der Beitrag des Spiritualismus der Reformationszeit.”

⁷⁸ Schwenckfeld, Corpus Schwenckfeldianorum.

⁷⁹ Schultz, Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig, is hagiographical, but still quite useful. See also McLaughlin, 1986; and Eberlein, Ketzer oder Heiliger?

⁸⁰ Kluge, “Leben und Entwicklungsgang Schwenckfelds”; and Erb, “Role of Late Medieval Spirituality.”

⁸¹ Maron, Individualismus und Gemeinschaft bei Caspar Schwenckfeld.

⁸² Hirsch, “Zum Verständnis Schwenckfelds”; and McLaughlin, Reluctant Radical.

⁸³ Weigelt, Spiritualistische Tradition im Protestantismus.

⁸⁴ Sciegienny, “Réforme érasmienne ou Réforme luthérienne?”; and Sciegienny, Homme charnel, homme spirituel.

⁸⁵ Köhler, Zwingli und Luther; and Shantz, Crautwald and Erasmus.

⁸⁶ Urner, “Die Taufe bei Caspar Schwenckfeld.”

⁸⁷ McLaughlin, “Genesis of Schwenckfeld’s Eucharistic Doctrine.”

⁸⁸ Eberlein, “Zur Würdigung des Valentin Krautwald”; Weigelt, Valentin Krautwald; and Shantz, Crautwald and Erasmus. McLaughlin, Reluctant Radical; and Freedom of the Spirit, agrees except for Schwenckfeld’s initial Eucharistic position and his Christology. See also Erb, “Valentin Crautwald.”

⁸⁹ Maron, Individualismus und Gemeinschaft bei Caspar Schwenckfeld; Pietz, Die Gestalt der zukunftigen Kirche; and Ecke, Schwenckfeld, Luther.

⁹⁰ McLaughlin, “Spiritualism and the Bible.”

⁹¹ Hirsch, “Zum Verständnis Schwenckfelds”; Maier, Caspar Schwenckfeld on the Person and Work of Christ; McLaughlin, Reluctant Radical; and McLaughlin, “Schwenckfeld-Vadian Christological Debate.”

⁹² Loserth, Pilgram Marpecks Antwort auf Caspar Schwenckfelds.

⁹³ Weigelt, Spiritualistische Tradition im Protestantismus; Clasen, “Schwenckfeld’s Friends”; and McLaughlin, “Schwenckfeld-Vadian Christological Debate.”

⁹⁴ Gouldbourne, “Theology and Gender.”

⁹⁵ Gritschke-Grossman, Via media.

⁹⁶ Brecht, “Der Beitrag des Spiritualismus der Reformationszeit.”

⁹⁷ For a good introduction to Weigel, see Weeks, Valentin Weigel. On his theology, see Ozment, Mysticism and Dissent.

⁹⁸ Lieb, Valentin Weigels Kommentar; Weigel, Handschriftliche Predigtensammlung, ed. Zeller; Pfefferl, “Die Überlieferung der Schriften Valentin Weigels”; Pfefferl, “Christoph Weickhart as Paracelsist”; Pfefferl, “Zum Wirkungsgeschichte des Paracelsus”; Zeller, Die Schiften Valentin Weigels; and Zeller, “Der frühe Weigelianismus.”

⁹⁹ Weigel, Sämtliche Schriften, ed. Peuckert and Zeller; and Weigel, Sämtliche Schriften, ed. Pfefferl. See also Weigel, Ausgewählte Werke, ed. Wollgast; and Pfefferl, “Die kritische Ausgabe der ‘Sämtlichen Schriften’ Valentin Weigels.”

¹⁰⁰ Opel, Valentin Weigel; and van Dülmen, Schwärmer und Separatisten.

¹⁰¹ Schoep, Von Himmlischen Fleisch Christi.

¹⁰² Ozment, Mysticism and Dissent; and Goldhammer, “Der Toleranzgedanke.”

¹⁰³ Pfefferl, “Valentin Weigel und Paracelsus”; and Pfefferl, “Die Rezeption der paracelsischen Schriftums bei Valentin Weigel.”

¹⁰⁴ Pfefferl, “Das neue Bild Valentin Weigels.”

¹⁰⁵ Brecht, Geschichte des Pietismus.

¹⁰⁶ Maier, Der Mystische Spiritualismus Valentin Weigels.

¹⁰⁷ Längin, “Grundlinien der Erkenntnislehre Valentin Weigels.”

¹⁰⁸ Wollgast, “Valentin Weigel und Jakob Boehme”; and Wollgast, “Valentin Weigel und seine Stellung.”

¹⁰⁹ For his biography, see Bonger, Life and Work of Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert. See also Voogt, Constraint on Trial.

¹¹⁰ See most recently, Voogt, Constraint on Trial.

¹¹¹ Fix, Prophecy and Reason.

¹¹² Land, De wijsbegeerte in de Nederlanden; and Dilthey, Weltanschauung und Analyse.

¹¹³ Moorrees, Dirk Volkertszoon Coornhert.

¹¹⁴ Lindenboom, Stiefkinderen van het Christendom.

¹¹⁵ Troeltsch, Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen; Dilthey, Weltanschauung und Analyse; and Kühn, Toleranz und Offenbarung.

¹¹⁶ van der Meer, Bijdrage tot het onderzoek. Cf. Kuiper, Orbis Artium en Renaissance.

¹¹⁷ Becker, Bronnen tot de kennis. His studies appeared mostly in articles that began to appear in 1923. For a list, see Bonger, Life and Work of Coornhert.

¹¹⁸ Bonger, De motivering van der godsdienstvrijheid; Voogt, 2000; Lecler, Histoire de la tolerance; Lecler and Valkhoff, Les premiers défenseurs; and Güldner, Das Toleranz-Problem.

¹¹⁹ Bonger, Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert.

¹²⁰ Zijlstra, “Anabaptists, Spiritualists, and the Reformed Church”; and van Veen, “Spiritualism in the Netherlands.”

¹²¹ Coornhert, Werken (1630) has all of the most important works. Coornhert, Weet of Rust (1985) is limited to prose and therefore does not include the poetry, drama, or engravings. In 1942, Bruno Becker published an edition of Coornhert’s ethical treatise, the Zedekunst.

¹²² See Israel, Dutch Republic; Israel, Radical Enlightenment; Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines; Fix, Prophecy and Reason; and Oestreich, Antiker Geist und moderner Staat bei Justus Lipsius.

¹²³ Bender, “Anabaptist Vision.”

¹²⁴ See Klaassen, “Spiritualization in the Reformation”; Friedman, Theology of Anabaptism; and Klaassen, Anabaptism: Neither Catholic Nor Protestant.

¹²⁵ Seebass, “Müntzers Erbe”; and Packull, Mysticism and the Early South German-Austrian Anabaptist Movement.

¹²⁶ Ozment, Mysticism and Dissent.

¹²⁷ Davis, Anabaptism and Asceticism. See also Snyder, Life and Thought of Michael Sattler.

¹²⁸ Deppermann, Melchior Hoffman.

¹²⁹ Deppermann, Packull, and Stayer, “From Monogenesis to Polygenesis.”

¹³⁰ Zschäbisch, Zur mitteldeutschen Wiedertäuferbewegung.

¹³¹ Mellinck, De Wederdopers; and Mellinck, De radikale Reformatie.

¹³² Klaassen, “Menno Simons Research.”

¹³³ Waite, David Joris and Dutch Anabaptism.

¹³⁴ Kirchhoff, Die Täufer in Münster.

¹³⁵ Zschäbisch, Zur mitteldeutschen Wiedertäuferbewegung; Oyer, Lutheran Reformers against Anabaptists; Stayer, “Anabaptists and Future Anabaptists”; Stayer, German Peasants’ War and Anabaptist Community of Goods; Stayer, Reublin und Brötli; Goertz, “Aufständischen Bauern und Täufer in der Schweiz”; and Packull, “Die Anfänge des Täufertums in Tirol.”

¹³⁶ Goeters, “Die Vorgeschichte des Täufertums in Zürich.”

¹³⁷ Haas, “Der Weg der Täufer”; and Stayer, “Die Anfänge des schweizerischen Täufertums.”

¹³⁸ Goertz, Pfaffenhass und gross Geschrei.

¹³⁹ Blickle, Gemeindereformation.

¹⁴⁰ A comparison of Steve Nolt (“Anabaptist Visions of Church and Society”) and Levi Miller (“Reconstruction of Evangelical Anabaptism”) in the same issue of the Mennonite Quarterly Review is quite revealing.

¹⁴¹ Friesen, “Present at the Inception.” Cf. Klaassen, “Menno Simons Research.”

¹⁴² Friesen, Erasmus, the Anabaptists, and the Great Commission.

¹⁴³ Strübind, Eifriger als Zwingli.

¹⁴⁴ Gregory, Salvation at Stake.

¹⁴⁵ Stayer, “A New Paradigm in Anabaptist/Mennonite Historiography?”; Strübind, “Stayer, ‘A New Paradigm’: A Response”; and Packull, “Between Paradigms.” It should be noted that Packull’s two paradigms are the earlier Bender and the new revisionist, not the revisionist and some postrevisionist paradigm.

¹⁴⁶ Chudaska, Peter Riedemann.

¹⁴⁷ Waite, David Joris and Dutch Anabaptism; and Dipple, “The Spiritualist Anabaptists.”

¹⁴⁸ Dipple, “Just as in the Time of the Apostles.”

¹⁴⁹ Driedger, Obedient Heretics.

¹⁵⁰ von Schlachta, Hutterische Konfession und Tradition.

¹⁵¹ Rothkegel, “Anabaptism in Moravia and Silesia.”

¹⁵² Haude, “Gender Roles and Perspectives.”

CHAPTER FIVE

¹ See, for example, Katz, Exclusiveness and Tolerance; Katz, Tradition and Crisis; and Baron, Social and Religious History of the Jews.

² On Bonfil and Stow, see below in the section on Italy. See also Fine, Judaism in Practice.

³ Unfortunately, most of Sergio della Pergola’s work on premodern Jewry is in Hebrew. See Idel, Between Ecstasy and Magic; Beitchman, Alchemy of the Word; Israel, Diasporas Within a Diaspora; Arbel, Trading Nations; and Goldish, Spirit Possession in Judaism.

⁴ See, for example, Toaff, Mediterranean and the Jews; Bernardini and Fiering, Jews and the Expansion of Europe.

⁵ Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism. See also Cooperman, Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century; and Twersky and Septimus, Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century.

⁶ See, for example, Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism; Scholem, Messianic Idea in Judaism; and Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi.

⁷ Werblowsky, Joseph Karo.

⁸ Chajes, Between Worlds.

⁹ See, for example, Wolfson, Circle in the Square.

¹⁰ Fine, Physician of the Soul.

¹¹ Idel, Messianic Mystics; and Liebes, Studies in Jewish Myth.

¹² Goldish, Sabbatean Prophets.

¹³ See, for example, Fine, Essential Papers on Kabbalah; Lenowitz, Jewish Messiahs; and Jacobs, Jewish Mystical Testimonies.

¹⁴ Neher, Jewish Thought and the Scientific Revolution; and Efron, “R. David b. Solomon Gans and Natural Philosophy.”

¹⁵ Ruderman, Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery; Ruderman, Kabbalah, Magic, and Science; and Ruderman, World of a Renaissance Jew.

¹⁶ Patai, Jewish Alchemists.

¹⁷ Among these recent works, see Dynner, Men of Silk; Fram, Ideals Face Reality; Shulman, Authority and Community; Hundert, Jews in Poland-Lithuania; Rosman, The Lord’s Jews; Rosman, Founder of Hasidism; Teter, Jews and Heretics.

¹⁸ Stow, Jews in Rome; and Stow, Theater of Acculturation.

¹⁹ See Siegmund, Medici State and the Ghetto of Florence; Arbel, Trading Nations; Malkiel, A Separate Republic.

²⁰ Bonfil, Rabbis and Jewish Communities; and Bonfil, Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy.

²¹ See, for example, Ruderman and Veltri, Cultural Intermediaries; Ruderman, Preachers of the Italian Ghetto; and de’ Rossi, Light of the Eyes.

²² Ruderman, Essential Papers on Jewish Culture.

²³ Hsia, Myth of Ritual Murder; Hsia, Trent, 1475; and Rubin, Gentile Tales.

²⁴ See, for example, Bell, Sacred Communities; Hsia and Lehmann, In and Out of the Ghetto; Carlebach, Divided Souls; Gow, Red Jews; and Bell and Burnett, Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation.

²⁵ Baer, History of the Jews in Christian Spain. The 1992 edition has an important introduction by Benjamin Gampel.

²⁶ Netanyahu, Marranos of Spain; Netanyahu, Origins of the Inquisition; and Netanyahu, Toward the Inquisition. Originally published in 1966, Marranos of Spain was reissued in 1993 and 1999.

²⁷ Meyerson, Jewish Renaissance.

²⁸ Roth, Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews.

²⁹ Melammed, Heretics or Daughters of Israel?

³⁰ See, for example, Gampel, Crisis and Creativity; Waddington and Williamson, Expulsion of the Jews; Lazar and Haliczer, Jews of Spain; Beinart, Sephardi Legacy; Kedourie, Spain and the Jews.

³¹ Brooks, Woman Who Defied Kings; and Garcia-Arenal and Wiegers, Man of Three Worlds.

³² Kaplan, From Christianity to Judaism; and Kaplan, Alternative Path to Modernity.

³³ Yerushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto.

³⁴ Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation; and Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans.

³⁵ Katz, Philo-Semitism; and Katz, Jews in the History of England.

³⁶ Kaplan, Mechoulan, and Popkin, Menasseh Ben Israel; and Coppenhagen, Menasseh ben Israel.

³⁷ Nadler, Spinoza; Nadler, Spinoza’s Heresy; Popkin, Spinoza; Smith, Spinoza, Liberalism, and the Question of Jewish Identity; and Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics.

³⁸ Israel, Radical Enlightenment; Popkin, “Late Seventeenth-Century Gentile Attempt to Convert the Jews”; Popkin, “Role of Jewish-Christian Arguments”; Popkin, “Jewish Anti-Christian Arguments”; Popkin, “Marranos, New Christians, and the Beginnings of Modern Anti-Trinitarianism”; Popkin, “Christian Jews and Jewish Christians”; and Sutcliffe, Judaism and Enlightenment.

³⁹ See Manuel, Broken Staff; Burnett, From Christian Hebraism to Jewish Studies; Van Rooden, Theology, Biblical Scholarship, and Rabbinical Studies; Friedman, Most Ancient Testimony; Jones, Discovery of Hebrew; Katchen, Christian Hebraists and Dutch Rabbis; Beitchman, Alchemy of the Word; Coudert, Impact of the Kabbalah; Coudert, Leibniz and the Kabbalah; Coudert and Shoulson, Hebraica Veritas?; Reuchlin, On the Art of Kabbalah; Swietlicki, Spanish Christian Kabbalah; Wirszubski, Pico della Mirandola’s Encounter; Dan, Christian Kabbalah; de León Jones, Giordano Bruno and the Kabbalah; Petry, Gender, Kabbalah, and the Reformation; Bell & Burnett, Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation.

CHAPTER SIX

¹ Kittelson, Confessional Age, 361.

² See Schilling, Die reformierte Konfessionalisierung; Rublack, Die lutherische Konfessionalisierung; and Reinhard and Schilling, Die katholische Konfessionalisierung.

³ See Lotz-Heumann, “Confessionalization in Ireland.”

⁴ See Jedin, Katholische Reformation; and O’Malley, Trent and All That.

⁵ See Zeeden, “Grundlagen und Wege der Konfessionsbildung.”

⁶ See Reinhard, “Gegenreformation als Modernisierung?”; idem, “Konfession und Konfessionalisierung in Europa”; idem, “Zwang zur Konfessionalisierung?”; idem, “Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and the Early Modern State”; idem, “Was ist katholische Konfessionalisierung?”; Schilling, Konfessionskonflikt und Staatsbildung; idem, “Die Konfessionalisierung im Reich”; idem, “Confessionalization in the Empire”; idem, “Confessional Europe”; idem, “Die Konfessionalisierung von Kirche”; and idem, “Confessionalization.”

⁷ Schilling, “Confessionalization in the Empire,” 208.

⁸ The term is Gerhard Oestreich’s. See Schulze, “Gerhard Oestreichs Begriff.”

⁹ Schilling, “Confessionalization in the Empire,” 209.

¹⁰ Schilling, “Confessionalization in the Empire,” 210.

¹¹ Schilling, “Confessionalization in the Empire,” 209.

¹² See Schilling, “Die Konfessionalisierung im Reich”; and Schilling, “Confessionalization in the Empire.”

¹³ Reinhard, “Zwang zur Konfessionalisierung?” For the translation, see Schilling, “Confessionalization in the Empire,” 224.

¹⁴ For the following see Reinhard, “Konfession und Konfessionalisierung in Europa”; Reinhard, “Zwang zur Konfessionalisierung?”; and Reinhard, “Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and the Early Modern State.”

¹⁵ See Lotz-Heumann, “Concept of ‘Confessionalization.’”

¹⁶ See Reinhard, “Konfession und Konfessionalisierung in Europa”; and Reinhard, “Was ist katholische Konfessionalisierung?”

¹⁷ See Reinhard, “Zwang zur Konfessionalisierung?”

¹⁸ See Klueting, Das Konfessionelle Zeitalter.

¹⁹ See Rummel, Confessionalization of Humanism.

²⁰ See Ziegler, “Kritisches zur Konfessionalisierungsthese.”

²¹ See Kaufmann, “Die Konfessionalisierung von Kirche und Gesellschaft.”

²² See Forster, Counter-Reformation in the Villages; Forster, Catholic Revival; Freitag, Pfarrer, Kirche und ländliche Gesellschaft; and Holzem, Religion und Lebensformen.

²³ See Headley, Hillerbrand, and Papalas, Confessionalization in Europe; and Dietz and Ehrenpreis, Drei Konfessionen in einer Region.

²⁴ See Schindling, “Konfessionalisierung und Grenzen von Konfessionalisierbarkeit.” On literature and confessionalization see Lotz-Heumann and Pohlig, “Confessionalization and Literature in the Empire.”

²⁵ See Lehmann, “Grenzen der Erklärungskraft der Konfessionalisierungsthese.”

²⁶ See Schulze,“Konfessionalisierung als Paradigma.”

²⁷ See Stolleis, “‘Konfessionalisierung’ oder ‘Säkularisierung’”; and Heckel, Deutschland im konfessionellen Zeitalter.

²⁸ See Schlögl, “Differenzierung und Integration.”

²⁹ See Schorn-Schütte, “Konfessionalisierung als wissenschaftliches Paradigma?”

³⁰ See Kaufmann, “Die Konfessionalisierung von Kirche und Gesellschaft”; and Ziegler, “Kritisches zur Konfessionalisierungsthese.”

³¹ Kaufmann, “Die Konfessionalisierung von Kirche und Gesellschaft,” 1121.

³² See Schilling, Die reformierte Konfessionalisierung.

³³ See Kaufmann, Dreiigjähriger Krieg und Westfälischer Friede; and Kaufmann,“Einleitung.”

³⁴ See Freitag, “Konfliktfelder und Konfliktparteien”; Nischan, Prince, People, and Confession; and Nischan, Lutherans and Calvinists.

³⁵ See Schorn-Schütte, “Konfessionalisierung als wissenschaftliches Paradigma?”

³⁶ See Holzem, “Die Konfessionsgesellschaft”; and Holzem, Religion und Lebensformen.

³⁷ See Forster, Counter-Reformation in the Villages.

³⁸ See Dietz and Ehrenpreis, Drei Konfessionen in einer Region.

³⁹ See Schmidt, Dorf und Religion; and Schmidt, “Sozialdisziplinierung?”

⁴⁰ Head, “Catholics and Protestants in Graubünden,” 341–42.

⁴¹ See Mörke, “Die politische Bedeutung”; and Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines.

⁴² See Eberhard, “Voraussetzungen und strukturelle Grundlagen der Konfessionalisierung”; Müller, Zweite Reformation und ständische Autonomie; Müller, “Unionsstaat und Region”; and Plaggenborg, “Konfessionalisierung in Osteuropa.”

⁴³ See Benedict, “Confessionalization in France?”; Farr, “Confessionalization and Social Discipline in France”; Hanlon, Confession and Community; and Holt, “Confessionalization Beyond the Germanies.”

⁴⁴ Benedict, “Confessionalization in France?” 48, 50.

⁴⁵ Farr, “Confessionalization and Social Discipline in France,” 291.

⁴⁶ For Italy and Iberia, see Comerford, “Did Tuscan Dioceses Confessionalize?”; Reinhardt, “Rom im Zeitalter der Konfessionalisierung”; and Poska, “Confessionalization and Social Discipline in the Iberian World.”

⁴⁷ Pettegree, “Confessionalization in North Western Europe,” 119.

⁴⁸ See Lotz-Heumann, Die doppelte Konfessionalisierung in Irland; and Lotz-Heumann, “Confessionalization in Ireland.”

⁴⁹ See Pohlig, Zwischen Gelehrsamkeit; and Rau, Geschichte und Konfession.

⁵⁰ See Driedger, Obedient Heretics; and Lauer, “Die Konfessionalisierung des Judentums.”

⁵¹ See Grochowina, Indifferenz und Dissens; and Volkland, Konfession und Selbstverständnis.

⁵² Schnabel-Schüle, “Vierzig Jahre Konfessionalisierungsforschung,” 37.

CHAPTER SEVEN

¹ In attempting to make good this deficit here, this chapter is much beholden to Karin Friedrich (Aberdeen), Graeme Murdock (Birmingham), and Vladimír Urbánek (Prague) for guidance on Polish, Hungarian, and Czech material, respectively.

² For a recent historiographic stocktaking, see Murdock, “Central and Eastern Europe.”

³ On Bohemia, see, for instance, Eberhard, “Bohemia, Moravia and Austria”; Kavka, “Bohemia”; and Palmitessa, “Reformation in Bohemia and Poland.” On Hungary, see Daniel, “Hungary”; Peter, “Hungary”; and Toth, “Old and New Faith in Hungary, Turkish Hungary, and Transylvania.” On Poland, see Tazbir, “Poland”; and Palmitessa, “Reformation in Bohemia and Poland.” And on east central Europe in general, see Eberhard, “Reformation and Counterreformation in East Central Europe”; and Murdock 2000, “Eastern Europe.” Historians of Calvinism have also, per force, made more progress in this difficult task; cf. Evans, “Calvinism in East Central Europe”; Benedict, Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed, 255–80; and Murdock, Beyond Calvin.

⁴ Janusz Tazbir’s A State Without Stakes and Ambrose Jobert’s De Luther à Mohila can now be supplemented with Jerzy Kloczowski’s History of Polish Christianity and Magda Teter’s Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland. Christoph Schmidt’s Auf Felsen gesät should be used with caution. Also useful is Jill Raitt’s Shapers of Religious Traditions in Germany, Switzerland, and Poland.

⁵ For Bohemia, original works in English (e.g., Evans and Thomas, Crown, Church and Estates; Fudge, Magnificent Ride; and David, Finding the Middle Way) are complemented by major Czech works in translation (e.g., ían, History of the Unity of Brethren; and Šmahel, Die Hussitische Revolution).

⁶ In addition to older works on Hungary by Mihály Bucsay (Der Protestantismus in Ungarn) and Alexander Sándor Unghváry (Hungarian Protestant Reformation), see Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, on Hungary-Transylvania.

⁷ For east central Europe in general, see Maag, Reformation in Eastern and Central Europe; and Bahlcke, Lambrecht, and Maner, Konfessionelle Pluralität.

⁸ On Poland-Lithuania, see Butterwick, Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy; Niendorf, Das Grossfürstentum Litauen; and Müller, Handbuch für Geschichte Polens. For Bohemia, the older work edited by Karl Bosl (Handbuch der Geschichte der böhmischen Länder) can be updated with reference to Joachim Bahlcke’s 1994 Regionalismus und Staatsintegration im Widerstreit. For Hungary, cf. Fata, Ungarn, das Reich der Stephanskrone; and Kosa, Cultural History of Hungary. Competing three-volume histories of Transylvania—one Hungarian, the other Romanian—are currently appearing in English translation: Köpeczi, History of Transylvania; and Pop and Nägler, History of Transylvania.

⁹ R. J. W. Evans’ Making of the Habsburg Monarchy (easily the richest synthesis on this subject for a quarter century) has been joined by Thomas Winkelbauer’s Ständfreiheit und Fürstenmacht (a massive survey of all the lands and subjects of the House of Austria in the confessional era, with extensive and up-to-date bibliographies).

¹⁰ Garber, Komorowski, and Walter, Kulturgeschichte Ostpreuens in der Frühen Neuzeit; Garber and Klöker, Kulturgeschichte der baltischen Länder; Beckmann and Garber, Kulturgeschichte Preuens königlich polnischen Anteils; and Garber, Kulturgeschichte Schlesiens. Cf. Kosa, Cultural History of Hungary.

¹¹ Volumes in this series include Boockmann, Ostpreuen und Westpreuen; Prinz, Böhmen und Mähren; Pistohlkors, Baltische Länder; Conrads, Schlesien; Schödl, Land an der Donau; Rogall, Land der groen Ströme: Von Polen nach Litauen; Stricker, Ruland; Suppan, Zwischen Adria und Karawanken; Röskau-Rydel, Galizien, Bukowina, Moldau; and Buchholz, Pommern.

¹² Kittelson, “Confessional Age,” 361.

¹³ Milestones in this tradition include Delumeau, Catholicisme entre Luther et Voltaire; and Bossy, Christianity in the West. For a recent synthesis, see Wallace, The Long European Reformation.

¹⁴ Notably in Bahlcke, Konfessionalisierung in Ostmitteleurop; Andor and Tóth, Frontiers of Faith; and Craciun, Ghitta, and Murdock, Confessional Identity in East-Central Europe.

¹⁵ For detailed descriptions of individual volumes, see http://www.oldenbourg.de/verlag/lehrbuch-prospekt.

¹⁶ Literature on the Thirty Years’ War ranges from fresh new synopses (Asch, Thirty Years’ War; and Parker, Thirty Years’ War) to the three huge and beautifully illustrated volumes marking the three hundred fiftieth anniversary of the Peace of Westphalia (Buβman and Schilling, 1648: War and Peace in Europe). The parallel military events in northeastern Europe have also been the subject of a pioneering synthesis in Frost, The Northern Wars.

¹⁷ See the essay by Erik Midelfort in this volume.

¹⁸ A major addition to the English literature on these subjects is Scribner and Ogilvie, Germany: A New Social and Economic History.

¹⁹ Völker-Rasor, Frühe Neuzeit.

²⁰ See especially the massive statement in Muller, Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, and his complementary Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms. See also Trueman and Clark, Protestant Scholasticism; and Asselt and Dekker, Reformation and Scholasticism.

²¹ For a fresh restatement of the older approach, see Rummel, Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany. Explorations of alternative perspectives include Fleischer, “Komm in den totgesagten Park und Schau”; Fleischer, Harvest of Humanism in Central Europe; Hammerstein and Walther, Späthumanismus; Seidel, Späthumanismus in Schlesien; Walter, Späthumanismus und Konfessionspolitik; Caspary, Späthumanismus und Reichspatriotismus; and Strohm, Selderhuis, and Freedman, Späthumanismus und reformierte Konfession.

²² Greyerz, Jakubowski-Tiessen, Kaufmann, and Lehmann, Interkonfessionalität—Transkonfessionalität—binnenkonfessionelle Pluralität; Klueting, Irenik und Antikonfessionalismus; Louthan and Zachman, Conciliation and Confession; and Racaut and Ryrie, Moderate Voices in the European Reformation.

²³ Bietenholz, Daniel Zwicker; David, Finding the Middle Way; Müller, Irenik als Kommunikationsreform; and Korthaase, Hauff, and Fritsch, Comenius und der Weltfriede.

²⁴ The paradigm established in Evans’ classic portrait Rudolf II and His World has been applied to his predecessor, Maximilian II, in Louthan, Quest for Compromise; and Fichtner, Emperor Maximilian II.

²⁵ This topic is particularly well illustrated by a series of exhibition catalogs on Prague (Schultze and Fillitz, Prag um 1600; and Fucíková, Rudolf II and Prague), Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (Gatenbröker, Hofkunst der Spätrenaissance), Kassel (Borggrefe, Lüpkes, and Ottomeyer, Moritz der Gelehrte), Heidelberg (Wolf, Der Winterkönig), and Dresden (Syndram and Scherner, Princely Splendor; and Watanabe-O’Kelly, Court Culture in Dresden). On German courts generally, see also Müller, Der Fürstenhof in der Frühen Neuzeit.

²⁶ For a crisp overview, see Schilling, Die Stadt in der Frühen Neuzeit. For an enormous bibliography, see Stoob, Bibliographie zur deutschen historischen Städteforschung.

²⁷ For a splendid synopsis, see Kaufmann, Court, Cloister and City. For bibliographical guidance, see Kaufmann, Art and Architecture in Central Europe.

²⁸ Valuable introductions include Hammerstein, 15. bis 17. Jahrhundert; Hammerstein, Bildung und Wissenschaft; and Schindling, Bildung und Wissenschaft in der frühen Neuzeit. For international comparisons, see Ridder-Symoens, Universities in Early Modern Europe. A leading monograph series in the history of German universities is Contubernium, published by Franz Steiner Verlag in Stuttgart. On pedagogical developments, see, for instance, Freedman, Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe; and Hotson, Commonplace Learning. A sequel to the latter work will follow these developments into the intellectual crisis of the mid-seventeenth century.

²⁹ Two voluminous and comprehensive surveys are Wollgast, Philosophie in Deutschland; and Holzhey and Schmidt-Biggemann, Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation. See also, Moran, “Patronage and Institutions.”

³⁰ All of these are now relatively well-organized areas of study, notably in the edition of Comenius’ Opera being produced by the Czech Academy of Sciences, in the Deutsche Comenius-Gesellschaft, in the Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des Pietismus, and in the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek.

³¹ Wilson, Holy Roman Empire. Very brief introductions in English include Press, “Holy Roman Empire in German History”; and Press, “Habsburg Lands.” Works in German include Schmidt, Geschichte des Alten Reiches; Gotthard, Das Alte Reich; Hartmann, Das heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation; and Stollberg-Rilinger, Das heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation.

³² Oestreich, Verfassungsgeschichte vom Ende des Mittelalters; Neuhaus, Das Reich in the Frühen Neuzeit; and Duchhardt, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte.

³³ Zophy, Holy Roman Empire; and Zophy, Annotated Bibliography of the Holy Roman Empire.

³⁴ The proceedings are being edited for publication by R. J. W. Evans et al.

³⁵ Kittelson, “The Confessional Age,” 361.

³⁶ Further information on these libraries is available on their respective websites (listed in the bibliography).

³⁷ See the discussion below under Gateways.

³⁸ As in the Hungarian case, Estreicher included not only all works in Polish irrespective of place of publication and all works published in Poland irrespective of language, but also works by Poles or concerning Poland published abroad. Of particular interest to early modernists are parts 2 (vols. 8–11, containing a chronological listing, 1455–1899) and 3 (vols. 12–34, containing an alphabetical listing, 1455–1600). An additional volume (Bibliografja Polsia XV.-XVI. stólecia) includes a chronological listing of 7200 fifteenth- and sixteenth-century items, and an alphabetical listing of materials in Polish libraries.

³⁹ The Czech-language bibliography is Tobolka and Horák, Knihopis eskoslovenských tisk od doby nejstarší až do konce 18. století. The best guidance for Latin imprints in Czech lands is Hejnic and Martínek, Rukovt’ humanistického básnictví v echách a na Morav.

⁴⁰ Sztripszky, Adalékok Szabó Károly Régi magyar könyvtár includes the material previously collected by Lajos Dézsi and published in the journal Magyar Könyvszemle (1906): 131–53.

⁴¹ The latter is Apponyi, Hungarica. For further guidance on east central European national bibliographies, see http://www.library.uiuc.edu/spx/class/nationalbib/natbib.htm.

⁴² Further descriptions are available from the publisher (http://www.olms.de/) and the Universität Münster, which coordinated the work (http://www.anglistik.uni-muenster.de/Handbuch/).

⁴³ These four series are Monok, Könyvtártörténeti Füzetek [Bibliographies of 16th to 18th century Library History]; Keserû, Adattár XVI-XVIII.svázadi szellemi mozgalmaink torténetéhez [Contributions to the history of the intellectual and cultural movements in the Carpathian basin in the 16th to 18th centuries]; Monok, A Kárpátmedence Koraújkori Könyvtárai [Libraries in the Carpathian Basin in the Early Modern Age]; and Monok, Olvasmánytörténeti Dolgozatok [Studies in the History of Reading], respectively. Full lists of these publications can be found at http://www.eruditio.hu/kiad_eng.html.

⁴⁴ See the link from the Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum (http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/~mdz/sammlungen.html) to the project Digitalisierung, Erschließung und Bereitstellung im WWW von im deutschen Sprachgebiet erschienenen Drucken des 16. Jahrhunderts der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek (VD16 digital).

⁴⁵ Lists of these projects can be found at http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/de/vdf-d.

⁴⁶ In cooperation with Mannheim, Wolfenbüttel has begun developing its own Thesaurus eruditionis, concentrating initially on early modern Latin dictionaries and proposing in the future to add works in the historia literaria: http://www.hab.de/bibliothek/wdb/thesaurus/index.htm.

⁴⁷ A related resource is Estermann, Verzeichnis der gedruckten Briefe deutscher Autoren des 17. Jahrhunderts, a four-volume register of printed letters by seventeenth-century German authors.

⁴⁸ Geisberg, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1500–1550, 4 vols.; Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550–1600, 3 vols.; and Alexander and Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1600–1700, 2 vols.

⁴⁹ For more on this series, see http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de.

⁵⁰ Bohatcová, Irrgarten der Schicksale.

⁵¹ Balke and van’t Spijker, Reformed Protestantism 3: Netherlands and Germany; Gunnoe and Muller, Reformation in Heidelberg; and Selderhuis, Irenical Theology: Heidelberg 1583–1622.

⁵² Frey, Bibliothek der Deutschen Literatur.

⁵³ For further information on this series, see http://www.idcpublishers.info/philosophy/.

⁵⁴ Skorsetz, Micunek, and Nahr, Guide to Inventories and Finding Aids at the German Historical Institute Washington, DC; and Hanacek, Archive in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland/Archives in Germany.

⁵⁵ Dotzauer, Das Zeitalter der Glaubensspaltung, 1500–1618; and Becker, Dreißigjähriger Krieg und Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV, 1618–1715.

⁵⁶ Pauser, Scheutz, and Winkelbauer, Quellenkunde der Habsburgemonarchie 16.–18. Jahrhunderte.

⁵⁷ Bosl, Handbuch der Geschichte der böhmischen Länder; Kovtun, Czech and Slovak History; and Lawaty and Mincer, Deutsch-Polnische Beziehungen in Geschichte und Gegenwart.

⁵⁸ For further information on coverage, see http://www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/jdg/de/Startseite.

⁵⁹ The annual cumulative bibliography began with the volume for 1965 (published in 1967). The retrospective bibliography for 1945 through 1964 appeared in 1985.

⁶⁰ The website of the Herder-Institute lists the recent publications in this series (under Veröffentlichungen) and provides access to the cumulative bibliography (Literaturdokumentation zur Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas), which is also searchable via Clio-online.

⁶¹ For further information, see http://www.ndb.badw-muenchen.de/.

⁶² Zedler, Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon; Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon; and Adelung, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon.

⁶³ A stunning exception is the Heyne-Lesesaal (previously Forschungsbibliothek für Wissenschaftsgeschichte) in the SUB Göttingen, which provides open-shelf access to some 160,000 eighteenth- and nineteenth-century reference works in all branches of academic research, arranged in their original order within Göttingen’s famous university library: see http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/1_forschungsls.html.de.

⁶⁴ A second series (DBA II) is devoted primarily to recent figures, but includes a small increment of supplementary information on early modern individuals.

⁶⁵ Thankfully, this 2,815-page collection of 546 biographies of leading German writers is available elsewhere on the Internet, partly in machine-readable form; Adam, Vitae, online at http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camemaref/adam.html.

⁶⁶ Gesamtkatalog deutschsprachiger Leichenpredigten (currently approaching 175,000 entries).

⁶⁷ Pelzel, Abbildungen böhmischer und märischer Gelehrten und Künstler; Balbín, Bohemia Docta; Studnicka and Celakovsky, Ottv slovník nauný: Illustrovana encyklopaedie obecnych vedomosti; and Hejnic and Martínek, Rukovt’ humanistického básnictví v echách a na Morav.

⁶⁸ Sturm, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte der böhmischen Länder; and Bernath and Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas.

⁶⁹ Polski sownik biograficzny; and Krollmann, Altpreuische Biographie.

⁷⁰ Kenyeres, Magyar életrajzi lexicon; and Zoványi and Ladányi, Magyarországi protestáns egyháztörténeti lexikon.

⁷¹ Iserloh, Katholische Theologen der Reformationszeit.

⁷² Moeller, Reichsstadt und Reformation; Chrisman, “Cities in the Reformation”; and Stoob, Bibliographie zur deutschen historischen Städteforschung.

⁷³ Schindling and Ziegler, Die Territorien des Reichs im Zeitalter der Reformation und Konfessionalisierung.

⁷⁴ Zentrales Verzeichnis Digitalisierter Drucke (ZVDD) currently lists major cartographical digitization projects in Bremen, Dresden, Freiburg, Halle, and Munich.

⁷⁵ Jürgensmeier and Schwerdtfeger, Orden und klösterliche gemeinschaften im Zeitalter von Reformation und katholischer Reform.

⁷⁶ See Stoob, Bibliographie zur deutschen historischen Städteforschung, which continues the older work of Keyser, Bibliographie zur Städtegeschichte Deutschlands.

⁷⁷ Oberschelp, Die Bibliographien zur deutschen Landesgeschichte und Landeskunde; and Köbler, Historisches Lexicon der deutschen Länder.

⁷⁸ The most recent volume is Groten et al., Nordrhein-Wesfalen. Bahlcke, Böhmen und Mähren, extends the series to a neighboring region.

⁷⁹ There is an excellent index of places, for instance, in Toepke, Die Matrikel der Universität Heidelberg, now available on the web.

⁸⁰ Pach, Magyarország tortenete; and Sebok, Magyar neve?

⁸¹ Semotanová, Šimnek, and Žemlika, Historický atlas mst eské republiky.

⁸² First steps to an electronic edition of DWB II are evident on the project site of the Göttinger Akademie der Wissenschaften: http://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/10150.html. For a useful collection of other dictionaries on the Internet, see http://www.yourdictionary.com/languages/germanic.html#german.

⁸³ Several of the older gateways have remained on the Internet for the benefit of established users even though they are no longer being updated. New users are therefore advised to check the date of last modification before relying on more peripheral gateways.

CHAPTER EIGHT

¹ Febvre, Au cœur religieux, 27.

² Galpern, Religions of the People; Lemaître, Le Rouergue flamboyant; Taylor, Soldiers of Christ; Reinburg, “Liturgy and the Laity”; Reinburg, “Hearing Lay People’s Prayer”; and Sluhovsky, Patroness of Paris.

³ Delumeau, Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire.

⁴ Schmitt, The Holy Greyhound.

⁵ Nicholls, “Nature of Popular Heresy,” 274.

⁶ For example, Higman, Lire et découvrir.

⁷ Watson, “Preaching, Printing, Psalm-Singing,” 18.

⁸ Audisio, Waldensian Dissent; and Cameron, Reformation of the Heretics and Waldenses.

⁹ Monter, Judging the French Reformation.

¹⁰ Heresy accusations, however, follow a different curve. Mentzer, “Heresy Proceedings in Languedoc, 1500–1560,” reveals a cyclical but rising pattern of heresy accusations in Languedoc that peaks in the 1550s, just when Calvinist churches were beginning to be organized.

¹¹ Nicholls, “Theatre of Martyrdom.”

¹² Davis’s “Rites of Violence,” originally published in 1973 (reprinted in her Society and Culture in Early Modern France), is the pioneering essay. See also Greengrass, “Anatomy of a Religious Riot”; Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu; and Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross.

¹³ Mentzer and Spicer, Society and Culture; also Diefendorf, “Huguenot Psalter.”

¹⁴ Davis’s “Strikes and Salvation in Lyon” was originally published in 1965, and reprinted in her Society and Culture in Early Modern France.

¹⁵ Mentzer, Blood and Belief; “Persistence of ‘Superstition and Idolatry’”; “Morals and Moral Regulation”; and “Notions of Sin and Penitence.”

¹⁶ Robbins, City on the Ocean Sea; and Conner, Huguenot Heartland.

¹⁷ Conner, Huguenot Heartland, 65.

¹⁸ Chareyre, “The Great Difficulties,” 64–65.

¹⁹ Mentzer, “Laity and Liturgy.”

²⁰ Sunshine, Reforming French Protestantism.

²¹ Elwood, Body Broken.

²² On Protestant iconoclasm, see Davis, Society and Culture; Sauzet, “L’iconoclasme dans le diocèse”; Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu, chaps. 7–10; and Christin, Une révolution symbolique.

²³ Holt, French Wars of Religion; and Knecht, French Civil Wars.

²⁴ Holt also discusses the role that religion played in the wars in a useful review article, “Putting Religion Back into the Wars of Religion.”

²⁵ Potter, French Wars of Religion.

²⁶ Salmon, Society in Crisis.

²⁷ Benedict et al., Reformation, Revolt and Civil War, 38 and 42. For the contrasting view, see Sutherland, Huguenot Struggle.

²⁸ Foa, “An Unequal Apportionment”; Roberts, “Most Crucial Battle”; and Gould, Catholic Activism.

²⁹ Wood, King’s Army.

³⁰ Cassan, Le temps des guerres; and Konnert, Local Politics.

³¹ Davies, “Persecution and Protestantism”; Benedict, Rouen during the Wars; Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross; Kaiser, Marseille au temps de troubles; Nicholls, “Protestants, Catholics, and Magistrates”; Roberts, City in Conflict; and Konnert, Civic Agendas.

³² Carroll, Noble Power.

³³ Carroll, Blood and Violence.

³⁴ Racaut, Hatred in Print.

³⁵ Benedict, “Of Marmites and Martyrs” and Graphic History; Benedict, Bryant, and Neuschel, “Graphic History”; Cameron, “Satire, Dramatic Stereotyping”; Crawford, “Love, Sodomy, and Scandal”; Wilkinson, “‘Homicides Royaux’”; and Wolfe, “Henry IV and the Press.”

³⁶ Baumgartner, Radical Reactionaries; and Armstrong, Politics of Piety.

³⁷ Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross; Crouzet, La nuit de la Saint-Barthélemy; and Kingdon, Myths.

³⁸ Cf. Diefendorf, “La Saint-Barthélemy.”

³⁹ Barnavi, Le parti de Dieu; Descimon, Qui étaient les Seize?; and Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu. Diefendorf, “The Catholic League,” sums up the debates.

⁴⁰ Benedict, Rouen during the Wars; Harding, “Revolution and Reform”; Greengrass, “Anatomy of Religious Riot”; Kaiser, Marseille au temps; Cassan, Le temps des guerres; Konnert, Civic Agendas; and Gal, Grenoble au temps.

⁴¹ Constant, La Ligue.

⁴² Wolfe, Conversion of Henry IV; Wolfe, “Protestant Reactions to the Conversion of Henry IV”; Love, Blood and Religion; and Finley-Croswhite, Henry IV and the Towns.

⁴³ Descimon and Ruiz Ibáñez, Les ligueurs de l’exil.

⁴⁴ Turchetti, Concordia o tolleranza; Turchetti, “Religious Concord”; Christin, La paix de religion; Christin, “La réception de l’Édit”; Grandjean and Roussel, Coexister dans l’intolérance; Crouzet, La sagesse et le malheur; Wanegffelen, Ni Rome ni Genève; and Wanegffelen, De Michel de L’Hospital.

⁴⁵ Foa, “Making Peace”; and Roberts, “Royal Authority and Justice.”

⁴⁶ Wanegffelen, Ni Rome ni Genève.

⁴⁷ Manetsch, Theodore Beza, 339.

⁴⁸ Hanlon, Confession and Community; Luria, “Rituals of Conversion”; Luria, “Separated by Death”; Luria, Sacred Boundaries; Mentzer, Blood and Belief; and Benedict, Faith and Fortunes.

⁴⁹ Benedict, Faith and Fortunes.

⁵⁰ Margolf, Religion and Royal Justice.

⁵¹ Taveneaux, Le catholicisme, 8.

⁵² On France’s role at the Council of Trent, see Tallon, La France et le Concile.

⁵³ “Aspects socio-culturels des conflits religieux à Paris dans la seconde moitié du xvi^e siècle,” reprinted in Richet, De la réforme.

⁵⁴ Schneider, “Mortification on Parade,” 125, 140.

⁵⁵ Venard, Le catholicisme à l’épreuve, 217. See also Venard, Réforme protestante, réforme catholique. ⁵⁶ Diefendorf, “An Age of Gold”; and Diefendorf, From Penitence to Charity.

⁵⁷ Diefendorf, From Penitence to Charity.

⁵⁸ Rapley, The Dévotes, 21; see also Rapley, Social History of the Cloister.

⁵⁹ Dinan, Women and Poor Relief.

⁶⁰ Hoffman, Church and Community.

⁶¹ Briggs, Communities of Belief.

⁶² Luria, Territories of Grace.

⁶³ As this goes to press, only periodicals from Aquitaine and Lorraine are available, but more will be available with time.

CHAPTER NINE

¹ Schutte, “Periodization of Sixteenth-Century Italian Religious History”; and idem, Aspiring Saints.

² Prodi, Disciplina dell’anima, disciplina del corpo, e disciplina della società; Prosperi, Tribunali della conscienza; and idem, Salvezza delle anima, disciplina dei corpi.

³ Ditchfield, “In Search of Local Knowledge.”

⁴ O’Malley, Trent and All That.

⁵ Pullan, Poverty and Charity; and Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity and History.

⁶ Po-Chia Hsia, World of Catholic Renewal; Bireley, Refashioning of Catholicism; Peterson, “Out of the Margins”; Wright, Early Modern Papacy; Comerford and Pabel, Early Modern Catholicism.

⁷ Black, Early Modern Italy; Hanlon, Early Modern Italy; Marino, Early Modern Italy; and Najemy, Italy in the Age of the Renaissance.

⁸ Caponnetto, Protestant Reformation in Sixteenth Century Italy; and Black, Church, Religion, and Society.

⁹ Prodi, Disciplina dell’anima, disciplina del corpo, e disciplina della società.

¹⁰ Ditchfield, “In Search of Local Knowledge”

¹¹ Trexler, Public Life in Renaissance Florence; and Weissman, Ritual Brotherhood in Renaissance Florence.

¹² Pullan, Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice; and Muir, Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice.

¹³ Eckstein, District of the Green Dragon.

¹⁴ Terpstra, Lay Confraternities and Civil Religion.

¹⁵ Zardin, Corpi, “fraternità” mestieri nella storia della società europea; Donnelly and Maher, Confraternities and Catholic Reform; Terpstra, Politics of Ritual Kinship; and Black and Gravestock, Early Modern Confraternities.

¹⁶ O’Regan, Institutional Patronage; Wisch & Ahl, Confraternities and the Visual Arts; and Glixon, Honoring God and City.

¹⁷ Gentilcore, From Bishop to Witch; and Torre, Il consumo di devozioni.

¹⁸ Gentilcore, Healers and Healing.

¹⁹ Zardin, Confraternite e Vita di Pietà; idem, Riforma cattolica e resistenze nobiliari; and de Boer, Conquest of the Soul.

²⁰ Carboni, Le doti della “povertà”; Muzzarelli, Il denaro e la salveza; Garbellotti, Le risorse dei poveri; Gazzini, Confraternite e società cittadina; and D’Andrea, Civic Christianity in Renaissance Italy.

²¹ Ginzburg, Cheese and the Worms; idem, Night Battles; Del Col, Domenico Scandella; and Nardon, Benandanti e inquisitori.

²² Martin, Venice’s Hidden Enemies; idem, Myths of Renaissance Individualism; Schutte, Aspiring Saints; and Russell, Giulia Gonzaga and Religious Controversies.

²³ Polizzotto, Elected Nation; idem, Children of the Promise; and Eisenbichler, Boys of the Archangel Raphael.

²⁴ Terpstra, Abandoned Children of Italian Renaissance.

²⁵ Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity and History; and idem, “In Search of Local Knowledge.”

²⁶ Ditchfield, “In Search of Local Knowledge,” 279; and Signorotto and Visceglia, Court and Politics in Papal Rome.

²⁷ Frazier, Possible Lives; and Muzzarelli, Pescatori di uomini.

²⁸ Stone, St. Augustine’s Bones.

²⁹ Prosperi, Tribunali della coscienza; Fragnito, La Bibbia al rogo; idem, Church, Censorship, and Culture; de Boer, Conquest of the Soul; Prosperi, Il Concilio di Trento; and Schutte, Aspiring Saints.

³⁰ Shaw, Julius II; Murphy, The Pope’s Daughter; and Gouwens and Reiss, Pontificate of Clement VII.

³¹ Gleason, Gasparo Contarini; Lowe, Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy; and Mayer, Reginald Pole.

³² Logan, Venetian Upper Clergy; Comerford, Ordaining the Catholic Reformation; Fragnito, Church, Censorship, and Culture; and Grendler, Universities of the Italian Renaissance.

³³ Prodi, Papal Prince.

³⁴ Partner, The Pope’s Men; Nussdorfer, Civic Politics in the Rome of Urban VIII; and Signorotto and Visceglia, Court and Politics in Papal Rome.

³⁵ De Molen, Religious Orders of the Catholic Reformation.

³⁶ Sperling, Convents and the Body Politic; Baernstein, A Convent Tale; Laven, Virgins of Venice; Lowe, Nuns’ Chronicles and Convent Culture; Strocchia, “Taken into Custody.”

³⁷ Gill, “Open Monasteries for Women.”

³⁸ Monson, Disembodied Voices.

³⁹ Reardon, Holy Concord within Sacred Walls.

⁴⁰ Monson, Crannied Wall; Kendrik, Celestial Sirens; Lowe, Nuns’ Chronicles and Convent Culture; Reardon, Holy Concord within Sacred Walls; Weaver, Convent Theatre in Early Modern Italy; and Thomas, Art and Piety in Female Religious Communities.

⁴¹ Zarri, Le sante vive; Valone, “Women on the Quirinal Hill”; and Schutte et al., Time, Space, and Women’s Lives.

⁴² Brown, Immodest Acts; Ferrazzi, Autobiography of an Aspiring Saint; and Schutte, Aspiring Saints.

⁴³ O’Malley et al., The Jesuits; Bailey, Art on the Jesuit Missions; idem, Between Renaissance and Baroque; and Levy, Propaganda and the Jesuit Baroque.

⁴⁴ Grendler, Schooling in Renaissance Italy; Selwyn, Paradise Inhabited by Devils; and Lazar, Working in the Vineyard of the Lord.

⁴⁵ Ioly-Zorattini, Processo di S. Uffizio di Venezia contro ebrei e guidaizzanti; Stow, Jews in Rome; and Siegmund, Medici State and the Ghetto of Florence.

⁴⁶ Caffiero, Battesimi forzati.

⁴⁷ Bonfil, Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy.

⁴⁸ Stow, Theater of Acculturation.

⁴⁹ Horowitz, “Speaking of the Dead”; and idem, “Processions, Piety, and Jewish Confraternities.”

⁵⁰ Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters; Davis, Trickster Travels, Dursteler, Venetians in Constantinople; and Epstein, Transgressing Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean.

CHAPTER TEN

¹ Seaver, “English Reformation.”

² Tyacke, England’s Long Reformation; Jones, English Reformation; and Marshall, Reformation England.

³ There were remarkably few modifications to the essential picture in a second edition that was published in 1989.

⁴ See Haigh, English Reformation Revised.

⁵ Haigh, English Reformations.

⁶ Scarisbrick, Reformation and the English People.

⁷ See Barron, “Parish Fraternities of Medieval London”; and Farnhill, Guilds and the Parish Community.

⁸ Bowker, Henrician Reformation; Whiting, Blind Devotion of the People; and Brigden, London and the Reformation.

⁹ Duffy, Stripping of the Altars. For elaborations of the thesis, see Duffy, Voices of Morebath; and idem, Marking the Hours.

¹⁰ For example, Daniell, William Tyndale. Haigh has been at pains to point out that he is not a Roman Catholic: English Reformations, vii-viii. It is worth observing too that revisionists hardly present a unified interpretative front. Duffy’s overall view of the Reformation is of a drastic cultural watershed, whereas Haigh’s emphasis on the failure of Protestant evangelism leads him to conclude that in important ways not much changed.

¹¹ Clark, Religious Orders in Pre-Reformation England; and Rushton, “Monastic Charitable Provision.”

¹² Gwynn, King’s Cardinal; Gunn and Lindley, Cardinal Wolsey; and D’Alton, “Suppression of Lutheran Heretics.”

¹³ For the former view, see Swanson, Church and Society; and Rex, Lollards. For the latter, see Hudson, Premature Reformation; and Aston and Richmond, Lollardy and the Gentry.

¹⁴ Davies, “Lollardy and Locality”; and McSheffrey, “Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion.”

¹⁵ Marsh, Popular Religion in Sixteenth-Century England.

¹⁶ Aston, England’s Iconoclasts.

¹⁷ Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead.

¹⁸ Marsh, Popular Religion in Sixteenth-Century England; and Ryrie, “Counting Sheep, Counting Shepherds.”

¹⁹ Richmond, “Religion and the Fifteenth-Century English Gentleman”; Bernard, “Vitality and Vulnerability”; and Marshall, “Forgery and Miracles.”

²⁰ Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation.

²¹ Bush, Pilgrimage of Grace; and Hoyle, Pilgrimage of Grace.

²² See Fletcher and MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions.

²³ MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer; and Marshall and Ryrie, Beginnings of English Protestantism. See also Ryrie, Gospel and Henry VIII.

²⁴ Marshall, Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England.

²⁵ Compare Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation; MacCulloch, “Henry VIII and the Reform of the Church”; McEntegart, Henry VIII; McEntegart, Rethinking Catholicism; Bernard, “Making of Religious Policy”; and idem, King’s Reformation.

²⁶ Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic.

²⁷ Dowling, “Anne Boleyn and Reform”; Ives, “Anne Boleyn and the Early Reformation”; and idem, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn. For a skeptical view, see Bernard, “Anne Boleyn’s Religion.”

²⁸ Elton, Reform and Reformation.

²⁹ Brigden, “Thomas Cromwell and the ‘Brethren’”; and Underwood, “Thomas Cromwell and William Marshall’s Protestant Books.”

³⁰ Marius, Thomas More; Martz, Thomas More; Ackroyd, Life of Thomas More; and Guy, Thomas More.

³¹ Seaver, “The English Reformation.”

³² Davies, Religion of the Word.

³³ MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant; and Shagan, “Protector Somerset and the 1549 Rebellions.” On the attention to religious ideology in a political study, see Alford, Kingship and Politics.

³⁴ Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities; and idem, Marian Protestantism. See also Euler, Couriers of the Gospel.

³⁵ Duffy, Stripping of the Altars; Haigh, English Reformations; and Loach, Parliament and the Crown.

³⁶ Dickens, English Reformation; Loades, Reign of Mary Tudor; Pogson, “Legacy of the Schism”; and MacCulloch, Later Reformation in England.

³⁷ Dickens, English Reformation; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars; Mayer, Reginald Pole; Duffy and Loades, Marian Church; and Wizeman, Theology and Spirituality.

³⁸ Edwards and Truman, Reforming Catholicism.

³⁹ McCoog, “Ignatius Loyola and Reginald Pole”; and Mayer, “Pole, Loyola and the Jesuits in England.”

⁴⁰ Since 2004, an electronic edition of the parts of Foxe’s work dealing with the Marian persecutions has been available in a free online format. The project has also generated four volumes of essays: Loades, John Foxe and the English Reformation; idem, John Foxe: An Historical Perspective; Highley and King, John Foxe and His World; and Loades, John Foxe at Home and Abroad. On the inadequacies of the Victorian editions, see Freeman, “Texts, Lies and Microfilm.”

⁴¹ Dickens, English Reformation.

⁴² Collinson, Birthpangs of Protestant England.

⁴³ Neale, “Elizabethan Acts.”

⁴⁴ Jones, Faith by Statute; and Hudson, Cambridge Connection.

⁴⁵ Collinson, “Monarchical Republic”; Guy, “Tudor Monarchy”; and Alford, Early Elizabethan Polity.

⁴⁶ Collinson, “Windows into a Woman’s Soul”; and Doran, “Elizabeth I’s Religion.” For the queen’s blocking of episcopal reform proposals in 1563, see Crankshaw, “Preparations for the Canterbury Provincial Convocation.”

⁴⁷ An approach still visible, for example, in Greaves, Society and Religion.

⁴⁸ See in particular Collinson, Religion of Protestants; and Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists. For the argument that Sabbatarianism was by no means a specifically Puritan concern, see Parker, English Sabbath.

⁴⁹ The most helpful current guide is Durston and Eales, Culture of English Puritanism.

⁵⁰ Lake, “Calvinism and the English Church”; and idem, Boxmaker’s Revenge.

⁵¹ Collinson, Birthpangs of Protestant England; idem, “Cohabitation of the Faithful”; idem, “Ben Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair”; Wrightson and Levine, Poverty and Piety; and Hunt, Puritan Moment.

⁵² On the methodological difficulties, see Spufford, “Can We Count the ‘Godly’”; and idem, World of Rural Dissenters.

⁵³ Maltby, Prayer Book and People.

⁵⁴ Haigh, “Church of England”; and idem, “Taming of Reformation.”

⁵⁵ Green, Christian’s ABC, Print and Protestantism; Ingram, Church Courts; idem, “From Reformation to Toleration”; and Lake with Questier, Antichrist’s Lewd Hat.

⁵⁶ Seaver, “English Reformation,” 286.

⁵⁷ Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 327.

⁵⁸ Cressy, Bonfires and Bells; and Hutton, Rise and Fall of Merry England.

⁵⁹ Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England; and Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead.

⁶⁰ Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic; Hill, “Irreligion in the ‘Puritan’ Revolution”; and Clark, “Alehouse and the Alternative Society.”

⁶¹ Lake, “Deeds against Nature”; and idem, “Popular Form, Puritan Content?”

⁶² Bossy, English Catholic Community; and Haigh, English Reformation Revised.

⁶³ Questier, Conversion, Politics and Religion, Catholicism and Community; Lake with Questier, Antichrist’s Lewd Hat; and Lake and Questier, “Margaret Clitherow.”

⁶⁴ Walsham, Church Papists; Sheils, “Household, Age, and Gender”; and Questier, “Politics of Religious Conformity.”

⁶⁵ Lake, “Anti-Popery”; Walsham, “Fatal Vesper”; and Marotti, Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism.

⁶⁶ Lake, “Significance of the Elizabethan Identification”; and Hill, Antichrist in Seventeenth-Century England.

⁶⁷ Helpful discussion of this in Russell, Causes of the English Civil War.

⁶⁸ Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot.

⁶⁹ Morrill, “Religious Context of the English Civil War.”

⁷⁰ White, Predestination, Policy and Polemic. See also the debate between White and Tyacke, Past and Present.

⁷¹ Bernard, “Church of England”; Davies, Caroline Captivity of the Church; and Sharpe, Personal Rule of Charles I.

⁷² Tyacke, “Anglican Attitudes.” For a survey of the debate, see the introduction to Fincham and Lake, Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England.

⁷³ Merritt, “The Cradle of Laudianism?”; and MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant.

⁷⁴ Lake, Anglicans and Puritans?

⁷⁵ Milton, Catholic and Reformed. For the Jacobean Church as an unstable and contested polity, see Fincham, Early Stuart Church; and Prior, Defining the Jacobean Church.

⁷⁶ Betteridge, Literature and Politics; Cummings, Literary Culture of the Reformation; and Greenblatt, Hamlet in Purgatory.

⁷⁷ A broad agenda is sketched in Crawford, Women and Religion. See also Peters, Patterns of Piety.

⁷⁸ Brigden, New Worlds, Lost Worlds; and Heal, Reformation in Britain and Ireland.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

¹ Tracy, “Calvinist Church,” 253–80.

² See MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History, which brings a consciously pan-European perspective to its subject.

³ Spaans, Haarlem na de Reformatie; Roodenburg, Onder censur; Pol, De reformatie te Kampen; Wouters and Abels, Nieuw en ongezien; Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines; and Kooi, Liberty and Religion.

⁴ Wouters and Abels, Nieuw en ongezien, 1:388–414; and Kooi, Liberty and Religion, 55–89.

⁵ Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines, 156–95.

⁶ Woltjer and Mout, “Settlements,” 2:403–8.

⁷ Parker, Reformation of Community.

⁸ Spaans, Haarlem, 104; Pol, De reformatie te Kampen, 346; Wouters and Abels, Nieuw en ongezien, 234; and Kooi, Liberty and Religion, 212.

⁹ Frijhoff, Embodied Belief, 48.

¹⁰ Hsia and van Nierop, Calvinism and Religious Toleration.

¹¹ Israel, Dutch Republic, 637.

¹² Voogt, Constraint on Trial. See also Berkvens-Stevelinck et al., Emergence of Tolerance.

¹³ Frijhoff, Embodied Belief, 61.

¹⁴ Bergsma, Tussen Gideonsbende.

¹⁵ Bergsma, Tussen Gideonsbende.

¹⁶ Abels, Ovittius’ Metamorphosen; Frijhoff, Wegen van Willem Evertsz; De Baar, “Ik moet spreken”; and Pollmann, Religious Choice.

¹⁷ Pollmann, Religious Choice, 203.

¹⁸ Monteiro, Geestelijke maagden.

¹⁹ Ackermans, Herders en huurlingen.

²⁰ Wingens, Over de grens.

²¹ See, for example, the collection in Thomas and Duerloo, Albert and Isabella.

²² Zijlstra, Over de ware gemeente.

²³ Zijlstra, Over de ware gemeente, 431.

²⁴ Harline, Burdens of Sister Margaret; and Harline and Put, Bishop’s Tale.

²⁵ DuPlessis, Lille and the Dutch Revolt.

²⁶ Marnef, Antwerp in the Age of Reformation.

²⁷ Marnef, Antwerp in the Age of Reformation, 207.

²⁸ Marinus, De contrareformatie te Antwerpen.

²⁹ Marinus, De contrareformatie te Antwerpen, 294.

³⁰ See, for example, Darby, Origins and Development.

³¹ Woltjer, Tussen vrijheidsstrijd.

³² Nierop, Het verraad van het Noorderkwartier.

³³ Swart, William of Orange.

³⁴ Israel, Dutch Republic, 196.

³⁵ De Schepper, “Burgundian-Habsburg Netherlands,” 1:499–530.

³⁶ Koenigsberger, Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments.

³⁷ Rooze-Stouthamer, Hervorming in Zeeland.

³⁸ Goosens, Les inquisitions modernes.

³⁹ Goosens, Les inquisitions modernes, 2: 187–88.

⁴⁰ For the Dutch Republic in particular, see Davids and Lucassen, Miracle Mirrored.

⁴¹ Gelderen, Political Thought.

⁴² Benedict et al., Reformation, Revolt and Civil War.

⁴³ Benedict, Reformation, Revolt and Civil War, 19–20.

⁴⁴ Pettegree, Emden and the Dutch Revolt.

⁴⁵ Weis, Les Pays-Bas espagnols.

⁴⁶ Arndt, Das Heilige Römische Reich.

⁴⁷ Arndt, Das Heilige Römische Reich, 297.

⁴⁸ Parker, Reformation of Community.

⁴⁹ Rodríguez Pérez, De Tachtigjarige Oorlog.

CHAPTER TWELVE

¹ I thank Tim Coates, James Tracy, Liz Lehfeldt, and Carla Rahn Phillips for their advice on this essay.

² Kagan, “Prescott’s Paradigm.”

³ Liss, Isabel the Queen; Weissberger, Isabel Rules; Boruchoff, Isabel La Catdlica; and Lehfeldt, “Ruling Sexuality.”

⁴ Meyerson, Muslims of Valencia.

⁵ Aram, Juana the Mad.

⁶ One of the few works on Charles from this period, Rodríguez Salgado’s Changing Face of Empire, examines Charles’s foreign policy during the last years of his reign.

⁷ Chaunu and Escamilla, Charles Quint; Lynch, Carlos Vy su tiempo; and Pérez, Carlos V. Among the impressive collections of essays, see Martínez Millán and Esquerra Revilla, Carlos V y la quiebra; Castellano and Sánchez Montes, Carlos V; and Navascues Palacio, Carolus V Imperator. On the comuneros revolt, see Pérez, Los Comuneros (an updated version of his 1989 study); and Sánchez León, Absolutismo y comunidad.

⁸ Nader, Liberty in Absolutist Spain. Ruth Mackay, Limits of Royal Authority, applies a similar argument to the seventeenth century.

⁹ Boyden, Courtier and the King.

¹⁰ Parker, Grand Strategy; and Kamen, Philip of Spain.

¹¹ Feros, Kingship and Favoritism; and Allen, Philip III. For an examination of naval reform under Philip III, see Phillips, Six Galleons for the King of Spain.

¹² Sánchez, Empress, the Queen, and the Nun.

¹³ Elliott and Sanz, La España del Conde Duque; Schaub, Le Portugal au temps; Sanz Camañes, Política, hacienda y milicia; and Stradling, Philip IV and the Government.

¹⁴ For a study of taxation during this period, see Cárceles de Gea, Reforma y fraude fiscal.

¹⁵ Marcos Martín, España en los siglos; Thompson and Yun Casalilla, Castilian Crisis; Yun Casalilla, “Estado y estructuras sociales”; and Phillips, “Time and Duration.” For a discussion that links the early modern economy with changes in the following centuries, see Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the “Spanish Miracle”

¹⁶ For example, Ruiz Martín and García Sanz, Mesta, transhumancia y lana; Phillips and Phillips, Spain’s Golden Fleece; and Thompson, Distinctive Industrialization. On the empire, see Yun Casalilla, Marte contra Minerva; Stein and Stein, Apogee of Empire; and Kamen, Empire.

¹⁷ Calvo Poyato, Felipe V; Serrano, Felipe V y su tiempo; Kamen, Philip V of Spain; and Garcia Carcel, Felipe V y los españoles.

¹⁸ Herr, Rural Change and Royal Finance; and MacLachlan, Spain’s Empire.

¹⁹ Phillips and Phillips, Worlds of Christopher Columbus.

²⁰ Pagden, Lords of All the World; and Pagden, Spanish Imperialism.

²¹ For example, Eiras Roel and Guimerá Ravina, La emigración española and Historia de la emigración.

²² Pescador, New World Inside a Basque Village; Altman, Transatlantic Ties; and Altman, Emigrants and Society.

²³ Herzog, Defining Nations; and Cañizares-Esguerra, How to Write the History of the New World.

²⁴ Altman and Butler, “Contact of Cultures.”

²⁵ Some important works on Portuguese imperial expansion include Coates, Convicts and Orphans; Oliveira Marques, História dos Portugueses; and Bethencourt and Chauduri, História da Expansão Portuguesa.

²⁶ Homza, Religious Authority; Nieto, El Renacimiento; and Bouza Alvarez, Religiosidad y cultura simbólica.

²⁷ Nalle, God in La Mancha.

²⁸ For instance, Eire, From Madrid to Purgatory; and López López, Los comportamientos religiosos.

²⁹ Kamen, Phoenix and the Flame; and Poska, Regulating the People.

³⁰ Bilinkoff, The Avila of St. Teresa.

³¹ Perry, Gender and Disorder.

³² On prostitutes, see Perry, Gender and Disorder. On peasant women, see Poska, Regulating the People. On Teresa of Avila, see Ahlgren, Teresa of Avila; and Weber, Teresa of Avila. On opposition to enclosure, see Lehfeldt, “Discipline, Vocation, and Patronage”; and idem, Religious Women. On beatas, see the essays in Giles, Women in the Inquisition.

³³ For the best overview of the Inquisition, see Kamen, Spanish Inquisition. See also Pérez, Spanish Inquisition; Bethencourt, L’Inquisition a l’epoque moderne; and Pérez Villanueva and Escandell Bonet, Historia de la Inquisición.

³⁴ For differing views of the phases of the Inquisition, see Dedieu, “Los cuatro tiempos”; and Contreras and Henningsen, “Forty-four Thousand Cases.”

³⁵ Netanyahu, Origins of the Inquisition.

³⁶ Hamilton, Heresy and Mysticism.

³⁷ See Monter, Frontiers of Heresy; Haliczer, Inquisition and Society; and Dedieu, L’administration de la foi.

³⁸ Contreras, Sotos contra Riquelmes.

³⁹ Nalle, Mad for God.

⁴⁰ Vincent, “Moriscos and Circumcision”; and Lazar, “Scorched Parchment and Tortured Memories.”

⁴¹ On Moriscas see Perry, Handless Maiden; and idem, “Behind the Veil.” On conversas, see Melammed, Heretics or Daughters of Israel?

⁴² Haliczer, Sexuality in the Confessional; and Sarrión Mora, Sexualidad y Confesión.

⁴³ See Giles, Women in the Inquisition. On women, prophecy, and politics see Kagan, Lucretia’s Dreams.

⁴⁴ Sánchez Ortega, La mujer y la sexualidad.

⁴⁵ On mystics and holy women, see Bilinkoff, The Avila of Saint Teresa; Surtz, Guitar of God; and Muñoz Fernández, Beatas y santas neocastellanas.

⁴⁶ See Meyerson, Muslims of Valencia; and Coleman, Creating Christian Granada. Although it falls outside the chronological scope of this essay, David Nirenberg’s work on the relations between Muslims, Christians, and Jews during the Middle Ages has been particularly important. See Nirenberg, Communities of Violence.

⁴⁷ See Graizbord, Souls in Dispute; Martz, Network of Converso Families; Starr-Lebeau, In the Shadow of the Virgin; Meyerson and English, Christians, Muslims, and Jews; Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nations; Bodian, “Men of the Nation”; Domínguez Ortíz, Los judeoconversos; and Israel, Empires and Entrepots.

⁴⁸ Garza Carvajal, Butterflies will Burn; Higgs, Queer Sites; Blackmore and Hutcheson, Queer Iberia; and Fernández, “Repression of Sexual Behavior.”

⁴⁹ Erauso, Lieutenant Nun; and Velasco, Lieutenant Nun. See also the story of Elena de Céspedes in Kagan and Dyer, Inquisitional Inquiries; and Escamilla, “A propos d’un dossier inquisitorial.”

⁵⁰ On heterosexuality see Barahona, Sex Crimes, Honour, and the Law; Fernández, “Repression of Sexual Behavior; Dubert, “Los comportamientos sexuales premaritales”; and Redondo, Amours légitimes, amours illégitimes.

⁵¹ Ferrer i Alòs, “Use of the Family”; Reher, Town and Country; idem, Perspectives on the Family; Eiras Roel, La población de Galicia; Hernández Franco and Chacón Jiménez, Familia y poder; Chacón Jiménez, Historia social; and Pérez Moreda and Reher, Demografía histórica en España.

⁵² Fortea Pérez, Imágenes de la diversidad.

⁵³ Escobar, Plaza Mayor; Río Barredo and Burke, Madrid, Urbs Regia; and Hernández, A Sombra de la Corona.

⁵⁴ Kagan, Urban Images.

⁵⁵ Amelang, Honored Citizens of Barcelona.

⁵⁶ Corteguera, For the Common Good.

⁵⁷ Vassberg, Village and the Outside World; and Reher, Town and Country.

⁵⁸ Barreiro Mallón and Rey Castelao, Pobres, peregrinos y enfermos; and Sherwood, Poverty in Eighteenth-Century Spain.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

¹ Bullinger, Dekaden (1552), ed. Opitz.

² University of Geneva, Institut d’histoire de la Réformation: http://www.unige.ch/ihr; and University of Zurich, Institut für schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte: http://www.unizh.ch/irg.

³ The current Internet address for the list is http://www.unizh.ch/irg/biblio.html.

⁴ Volume 1, published in 1927, covers 1499 through 1526, and volume 2, published in 1934, covers 1527 through 1593.

⁵ The Peter Martyr Library is published by Truman State University Press; https://tsup.truman.edu.

⁶ For an overview in English of the project, see Institute of Swiss Reformation History, Bullinger Correspondence: http://www.irg.uzh.ch/hbbw_en.html.

⁷ Blaur, Briefwechsel der Brüder; Arbenz and Wartmann, Die Vadianische Briefsammlung; and Hartmann and Rudolf Jenny, Die Amerbachkorrespondenz. To date ten volumes of the Amerbach correspondence has been published.

⁸ The current Web address is http://www.ad-fontes.com/aboutus.asp.

⁹ In German, highly recommended are Haas, Ulrich Zwingli und seine Zeit; Farner, Ulrich Zwingli; and Gäbler, Ulrich Zwingli.

¹⁰ See, for example, Wandel, Voracious Idols; Bolliger, Infiniti Contemplatio; and Strübind, Eifriger als Zwingli.

¹¹ Still fundamental on Oecolampadius are Staehelin, Briefe und Akten zum Leben Oekolampads; and Staehelin,Theologische Lebenswerk Johannes Oekolampads. Näf, Vadian und seine Stadt, is very fine, but somewhat outdated. On Leo Jud, the newest work remains Wyss, Leo Jud: Seine Entwicklung zum Reformator 1519–1523, which treats only the early career. Konrad Pelikan is well treated by Zürcher, Konrad Pellikans Wirken in Zürich, 1526–1556, but the focus is largely on exegetical scholarship.

¹² Gaier, “Vadian und die Literatur des 16. Jahrhunderts.”

¹³ Head, Early Modern Democracy in the Grisons. See also Head, “Nit alss zwo Gemeinden, oder Partheyen, sonder ein Gemeind”; and idem, “Shared Lordship, Authority, and Administration.” Other useful studies exploring the rural religious cultures of the Swiss Reformation include Maarbjerg, “Iconoclasm in the Thurgau”; and Snyder, “Communication and the People.”

¹⁴ For a summary of his work in English, see Schmidt, “Morals Courts in Rural Berne.”

¹⁵ For further information, see the project’s website: http://www.unizh.ch/irg/kio.html.

¹⁶ See also Ehrstine, “Of Peasants, Women, and Bears.”

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

¹ Because of the complexity in defining popular religion, many books discuss several of the themes mentioned in this article. To minimize the volume of citations, I have chosen the most appropriate location for each work and cited it only once.

² Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe.

³ Duffy, Stripping of the Altars.

⁴ Harline, Miracles at the Jesus Oak.

⁵ Scribner, “Elements of Popular Belief”; and Scribner and Johnson, Popular Religion in Germany.

⁶ For example, Benedict and Reinburg, Renaissance and Reformation France; and Comerford and Pabel, Early Modern Catholicism. Aside from the standard journals on early modern history, the following are geared more specifically to popular religion: Ethnohistory, Folklore, The Journal of Popular Culture, The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, and Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft.

⁷ Monter, Ritual, Myth and Magic.

⁸ See Plongeron and Lerou, La Piété populaire.

⁹ Hsia, Social Discipline; and von Greyerz, Interkonfessionalitat.

¹⁰ Baroja, Las formas complejas; and Klaniczay, Uses of Supernatural Power.

¹¹ Karant-Nunn, Reformation of Ritual; Lutton, Pieties in Transition; Parish and Naphy, Religion and Superstition; Plongeron, La Piété; Reay, Popular Cultures in England; van Deursen, Plain Lives in a Golden Age; and von Greyerz, Religion and Culture in Early Modern Europe.

¹² Marsh, Popular Religion in Sixteenth-Century England; and Rubin, Corpus Christi.

¹³ Cressy, Bonfires and Bells; and Swanson, Use and Abuse of Time.

¹⁴ Hutton, Rise and Fall; and Hutton, Stations of the Sun.

¹⁵ Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity, and History; and Duffy, Stripping the Altars.

¹⁶ Duffy, Voices of Morebath.

¹⁷ Scribner, Religion and Culture in Germany; and Wandel, Eucharist in the Reformation.

¹⁸ Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death; Cressy, Agnes Bowker’s Cat; Karant-Nunn, Reformation of Ritual; and Rubin, Corpus Christi.

¹⁹ Delumeau, Sin and Fear.

²⁰ Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death.

²¹ Bossy, Christianity in the West; and Ditchfield, Christianity and Community.

²² Lake, Boxmaker’s Revenge.

²³ Marshall, Religious Identities.

²⁴ Black, Italian Confraternities; Black and Gravestock, Early Modern Confraternities; Donnelly and Maher, Confraternities and Catholic Reform; Lazar, Working in the Vineyard; and Terpstra, Lay Confraternities.

²⁵ D’Andrea, Civic Charity; and Schen, Charity and Lay Piety.

²⁶ Parish, Monks, Miracles, and Magic.

²⁷ Châtellier, Religion of the Poor; Dixon, Reformation and Rural Society; Forster, Catholic Revival; Fragnito, Church, Censorship, and Culture; and Nalle, God in La Mancha.

²⁸ van Herwaarden, Between Saint James and Erasmus.

²⁹ Bynum, Wonderful Blood; and van Herwaarden, Between St. James and Erasmus.

³⁰ Christian, Local Religion; Sluhovsky, Patroness of Paris; and Vauchez, Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages.

³¹ Covington, Trail of Martyrdom; Freeman and Mayer, Martyrs and Martyrdom; and Gregory, Salvation at Stake.

³² Nixon, Mary’s Mother.

³³ Ellington, From Sacred Body to Angelic Soul.

³⁴ Heal, Cult of the Virgin Mary; and Kreitzer, Reforming Mary.

³⁵ Bornstein and Rusconi, Women and Religion in Italy; and Crawford, Women and Religion in England.

³⁶ Charlton, Women, Religion, and Education; Harris, Popular Culture in England; and Luz-Sterrit, Redefining Female Religious Life.

³⁷ Conelli, “Typical Patron of Extraordinary Means”; Diefendorf, From Penitence to Charity; Dinan, Women and Poor Relief; Harline, Burdens of Sister Margaret; and Rapley, The Dévotes.

³⁸ Haliczer, Between Exaltation and Infamy; and Werner and Tanz, Spätmittelalterliche Laienmentalitäten.

³⁹ Mack, Visionary Women.

⁴⁰ Ariès, Hour of our Death; and Le Goff, Birth of Purgatory.

⁴¹ Camporesi, Fear of Hell; Strocchia, Death and Ritual; and Vovelle, Les âmes du purgatoire.

⁴² Lualdi and Thayer, Penitence in the Age of Reformations; and Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead.

⁴³ Eire, From Madrid to Purgatory; and Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England.

⁴⁴ Lauwers, Naissance du cimetière; and Reinis, Reforming the Art of Dying.

⁴⁵ Watt, Choosing Death.

⁴⁶ Christian, Apparitions; Edwards, Werewolves, Witches, and Wandering Spirits; Gordon and Marshall, Place of the Dead; and Lecouteux, Witches, Werewolves, and Fairies.

⁴⁷ Genuth, Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology; Kagan, Lucrecia’s Dreams; and Nalle, Mad for God.

⁴⁸ Barber, Vampires, Burial, and Death.

⁴⁹ Oberman, Luther; and Matheson, Imaginative World of the Reformation.

⁵⁰ Johnstone, Devil and Demonism; Maggi, In the Company of Demons; Matheson, Imaginative World of the Reformation; Muchembled, History of the Devil; and Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic.

⁵¹ Caciola, Discerning Spirits; and Levi, Inheriting Power.

⁵² Strauss, Luther’s House of Learning. For a recent challenge to Strauss’s thesis, see Rittgers, Reformation of the Keys.

⁵³ Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements.

⁵⁴ Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk.

⁵⁵ Friedman, Battle of the Frogs and Fairford’s Flies; Soergel, Wondrous in His Saints; and Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety.

⁵⁶ Lake, Anti-Christ’s Lewd Hat; Oettinger, Music as Propaganda; and Smith, Acoustic World of Early Modern England.

⁵⁷ Moeller and Stackmann, Städtische Predigt; Taylor, Soldiers of Christ; Taylor, Preachers and People; and Wabuda, Preaching during the English Reformation.

⁵⁸ Duffy, Marking the Hours; and Ozment, When Fathers Ruled.

⁵⁹ Forster and Kaplan, Piety and Family.

⁶⁰ Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu; and Delumeau, L’acception de l’autre.

⁶¹ Fragnito, Church, Censorship, and Culture; Haliczer, Inquisition and Society; Kamen, Spanish Inquisition; and Rawlings, Spanish Inquisition.

⁶² Schutte, Autobiography of an Aspiring Saint; and Schutte, Aspiring Saints.

⁶³ Cameron, Reformation of the Heretics.

⁶⁴ Bell, Jewish Identity; Hsia, Myth of Ritual Murder; and Hsia and Lehmann, In and Out of the Ghetto.

⁶⁵ Meyerson and English, Christians, Muslims, and Jews; and Perry, Handless Maiden.

⁶⁶ Wunderli, Peasant Fires.

⁶⁷ Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross.

⁶⁸ Davis, “Rites of Violence”

⁶⁹ Kamerick, Popular Piety and Art.

⁷⁰ Grell and Scribner, Tolerance and Intolerance.

⁷¹ Luria, Sacred Boundaries.

⁷² Hsia and van Nierop, Calvinism and Religious Toleration; and Racaut and Ryrie, Moderate Voices.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

¹ Midelfort, “Recent Witch Hunting Research”; idem, “Renaissance of Witchcraft Research”; idem, “Witchcraft, Magic and the Occult”; Nugent, “Witchcraft Studies”; Monter, “Historiography of European Witchcraft”; idem, “Re-contextualizing British Witchcraft”; Hess, “Hunting Witches”; Butler, “Witchcraft, Healing, and Historians’ Crazes”; Estes, “Incarnation of Evil”; Behringer, “Erträge und Perspektiven der Hexenforschung”; idem, “Witchcraft Studies in Austria”; idem, “Geschichte der Hexenforschung”; Pizzinini, “Aspekte der neuen Hexen-Literatur”; Becker-Cantarino, “‘Feminist Consciousness’ and ‘Wicked Witches’”; Schwerhoff, “Vom Alltagsverdacht zur Massenverfolgung”; Hunter, “Witchcraft and the Decline of Belief”; and Barry and Davies, Palgrave Advances in Witchcraft Studies. Electronic resources include Geschichtswissenschaften im Internet (http://www.historicum.net/themen/hexenforschung/thementexte/forschungsberichte); and Schwerhoff, Dresdner Auswahlbibliographie zur Hexenforschung http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~frnz/dabhex/haupt.html).

² Golden, Encyclopedia of Witchcraft; and Bailey, Historical Dictionary.

³ Hansen, Quellen und Untersuchungen, 449–53, 456, 500; and idem, Zauberwahn.

⁴ Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages; and Kors and Peters, Witchcraft in Europe.

⁵ Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons; Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials; and Switzer, Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon.

⁶ Behringer, “Detecting the Ultimate Conspiracy.”

⁷ Ginzburg, I Benandanti; Midelfort, “Night Battles”; Ginzburg, Ecstasies; and Graf, “Carlo Ginzburg’s Hexensabbat.”

⁸ Van Engen, “Christian Middle Ages”; Cameron, European Reformation; Burke, “Bishop’s Questions”; Febvre, Problem of Unbelief; Harline, “Official Religion”; Dinzelbacher, Handbuch der Religionsgeschichte; and Brooke and Brooke, Popular Religion in the Middle Ages.

⁹ Soldan, Geschichte der Hexenprozesse; Hansen, Zauberwahn; Lea, Materials toward a History of Witchcraft, ed. Howland; and Lea, History of the Inquisition.

¹⁰ Trevor-Roper, Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change. Scholars will recall, however, that Trevor-Roper also tried to maintain that witchcraft trials persisted especially in mountainous regions—a dubious application of the global and cultural theories of Fernand Braudel.

¹¹ Tambiah, Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality; Duerr, Wissenschaftler und das Irrationale; Bertram, “Skepticism and Social Struggle”; Clack, Wittgenstein, Frazer, and Religion; and Waardt et al., Dämonische Besessenheit.

¹² Clark, Thinking with Demons.

¹³ Notestein, History of Witchcraft in England; Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England; and Ewen, Witch Hunting and Witch Trial.

¹⁴ Riezler, Geschichte der Hexenprozesse in Bayern; Rapp, Hexenprozesse und ihre Gegner aus Tirol; Byloff, Hexenglaube und Hexenverfolgung; and Delcambre, Le Concept de la Sorcellerie.

¹⁵ The tiny number of actual witchcraft trials conducted in Ireland were always offenses among the Anglo-Irish or English settlers, and not among the Irish. See Seymour, Irish Witchcraft and Demonology; and Callan, “‘No such art in this land.’”

¹⁶ Kamen, Spanish Inquisition: Maltby, Black Legend in England; and Henningsen and Tedeschi, Inquisition in Early Modern Europe.

¹⁷ Michelet, La Sorcière; Gage, Woman, Church and State; Crohns, Die Summa Theologica des Anton von Florenz; and Hansen, Quellen und Untersuchungen, 416–44.

¹⁸ Zilboorg, The Medical Man and the Witch; Masters, Eros and Evil; and Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, 132–50.

¹⁹ Joseph Hansen already suggested this dichotomy by attending mainly to the early history of witchcraft, and by implying that the later sixteenth century was merely the logical extension of what had been cobbled together by the late fifteenth century. See also Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages.

²⁰ Midelfort, Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany.

²¹ Golden, Encyclopedia of Witchcraft; Behringer, Witches and Witch-Hunts; Degn, Lehmann, and Unverhau, Hexenprozesse; Ankarloo and Henningsen, Early Modern Witchcraft; Larner, Enemies of God; Henningsen, Witches’ Advocate; Klaniczay, Uses of Supernatural Power; Pocs, Between the Living and the Dead; and Lorenz and Schmidt, Wider alle Hexerei und Teufelswerk.

²² This explanation was first fully expounded by Brian Levack in The Witch-Hunt in early Modern Europe. For village accusations, see especially Rummel, Bauern, Herren und Hexen. For the contempt shown by elite jurists, see especially Soman, Sorcellerie et Justice Criminelle. For a survey pulling these perspectives together, see Briggs, Witches and Neighbors.

²³ For Bavaria, see Behringer, Hexenverfolgung in Bayern. For the German southwest, see Lorenz and Schmidt, Wider alle Hexerei und Teufelswerk. For England, see Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness. For Scotland, see Larner, Enemies of God; and Goodare, Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context.

²⁴ Briggs, “By the Strength of Fancie.”

²⁵ Paravy, “A propos de la genèse médiévale des chasses aux sorcières”; and Blauert, Frühe Hexenverfolgungen.

²⁶ Modestin and Tremp, “Zur Spätmittelalterlichen Hexenverfolgung.”

²⁷ Tremp, Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser von Freiburg; and idem, Waldenser, Wiedergänger, Hexen und Rebellen.

²⁸ Helmrath, Das Basler Konzil; and Sudmann, Das Basler Konzil.

²⁹ Bailey, Battling Demons; Tschacher, Der Formicarius des Johannes Nider; Anheim and Ostorero, Le diable en Procès; Ostorero, Bagliani, Tremp, and Chène, L’imaginaire du sabbat; and Behringer, “Detecting the Ultimate Conspiracy.”

³⁰ Mormando, Preacher’s Demons, 52–108, 219–34.

³¹ Kieckhefer, Magic in the Middle Ages, 199–200.

³² Behringer, Witches and Witch-Hunts, 91–108, esp. 102.

³³ Clark, Thinking with Demons.

³⁴ Homza, Religious Authority in the Spanish Renaissance; Monter, Frontiers of Heresy; Gari Lacruz, Brujería e Inquisición en el Alto Aragon; Bethencourt, O Imaginario da Magia; Bethencourt, “Portugal”; del Río, La Santa Inquisición; Henningsen, Salazar Documents; Decker, Die Päpste und die Hexen; Milani, Streghe e Diavoli; Martin, Witchcraft and the Inquisition in Venice; Di Simplicio, Inquisizione, Stregoneria, Medicina; Foa, Eretici; and Schwerhoff, Die Inquisition, 114–26.

³⁵ See also Ostorero and Anheim, Le diable en procès; and Modestin, Le diable chez l’évêque.

³⁶ Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic.

³⁷ Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England; Hutton, “Anthropological and Historical Approaches to Witchcraft”; Hsia and Scribner, Problems in the Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Europe; Barry, Hester, and Roberts, Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe; Behringer, Hexenverfolgung in Bayern; Labouvie, Verbotene Künste; Walz, Hexenglaube und Magische Kommunikation; Eiden, Voltmer, Franz, and Irsigler, Hexenprozesse und Konzepte der Historischen Hexenforschung; and Hutton, “Anthropological and Historical Approaches to Witchcraft.”

³⁸ Masters, Eros and Evil; Midelfort, “Charcot, Freud, and the Demons”; and Ferber, “Charcot’s Demons.”

³⁹ Zilboorg, The Medical Man and the Witch during the Renaissance.

⁴⁰ Roper, Oedipus and the Devil; Roper, Witch Craze; and Demos, Entertaining Satan.

⁴¹ For a note of caution, see Midelfort, History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany. Recent work has also shown that in many places men were frequently accused of witchcraft: Labouvie, “Männer im Hexenprozeß”; Schulte, Hexenmeister; and Apps and Gow, Male Witches in Early Modern Europe.

⁴² Ernst, Teufelsaustreibungen; Walker, Unclean Spirits; Legué, Tourette, and de Certeau, Soeur Jeanne des Anges; Sands, Demon Possession in Elizabethan England; Sluhovsky, “Devil in the Convent”; Ferber, Demonic Possession and Exorcism; Caciola, Discerning Spirits; Sharpe, Bewitching of Anne Gunter; Midelfort, Exorcism and Enlightenment; and Waardt, Midelfort, Schmidt, Lorenz, and Bauer, Dämonische Besessenheit.

⁴³ Harmening, Superstitio; Pott, Aufklärung und Aberglaube; Parish, Religion and Superstition in Reformation Europe; Armstrong, “Superstition and the Idols of the Mind”; Styers, Making Magic; Dym, “Divining Science”; and Bailey, Magic and Superstition in Europe.

⁴⁴ Dillinger, Böse Leute.

⁴⁵ Gaskill, Witchfinders; Behringer, Shaman of Oberstdorf; de Certeau, Possession at Loudun; Rapley, A Case of Witchcraft; Eiden and Voltmer, Hexenprozesse und Gerichtspraxis; Rowlands, Witchcraft Narratives in Germany; and Morton and Dähms, Trial of Tempel Anneke.

⁴⁶ The best German monographs try diligently, with more or less success, to master the increasingly unruly and mountainous literature of the last two decades. The best of these works are at least implicitly, if not explicitly (like that of Dillinger), comparative.

⁴⁷ The Arbeitskreis interdisziplindre Hexenforschung (AKIH), an interdisciplinary group that has been meeting since 1985, maintains a website at http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/IfGL/akih/akih.htm, and also sponsors conferences, exhibitions, and a series of monographs and conference volumes entitled Hexenforschung (11 volumes to date, 1995–2007).

⁴⁸ The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Hexenprozesse im Trierer Land has sponsored exhibitions, conferences, and a publication series: Trierer Hexenprozesse—Quellen und Darstellungen (7 volumes to date, 1996–2005). See the home page of the project: Zauberei- und Hexenprozesse im Maas-Rhein-Mosel Raum, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung räumlicher Aspekte, edited by Franz-Josef Knöchel und Rita Voltmer (http://www.uni-trier.de/hexen).

⁴⁹ For northern Germany, a separate group was formed in 2001 by Katrin Moeller of the Universitat Halle-Wittenberg and Burghart Schmidt of the Universität Hamburg; Arbeitskreis für Norddeutsche Hexen- und Kriminalitätsforschung, http://www2.geschichte.uni-halle.de/hexen/hexproj.htm.

⁵⁰ Magic, Ritual and Witchcraft (founded in 2006 by Brian Copenhaver and Michael Bailey).

⁵¹ See especially, Schwerhoff, Dresdner Auswahlbibliographie zur Hexenforschung; Graf, Edited discussion group, “Hexenforschung,” on the history of witchcraft; Gersmann, Das Lexikon zur Geschichte der europäischen Hexenverfolgung; La Chasse aux Sorcières (on French trials and sources); and Salem Witchcraft Trials, 1692.

⁵² Gibson, Reading Witchcraft. See also Purkiss, The Witch in History

⁵³ Using the amazingly rich colonial records, local studies of Salem, Massachusetts, and of New England witchcraft more generally, have mushroomed into a subspecialty of their own. Here and in the following notes are a sampling: Francis, Judge Sewalls Apology; Cooper, Escaping Salem; Norton, In the Devil’s Snare; Hoffer, Salem Witchcraft Trials; Cooper and Minkema, Sermon Notebook of Samuel Parris; Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem-Village Witchcraft; and Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed.

⁵⁴ Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed.

⁵⁵ Weisman, Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion; Gragg, Quest for Security; Cooper and Minkema, Sermon Notebook of Samuel Parris; and Godbeer, Devil’s Dominion. Cf. Upton, Devil and George Burroughs.

⁵⁶ Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed; Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem Witchcraft Papers; and Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem-Village Witchcraft.

⁵⁷ Fox, Science and Justice; and Carlson, Fever in Salem.

⁵⁸ Reis, Damned Women; and Karlsen, Devil in the Shape of a Woman.

⁵⁹ Gildrie, Salem, Massachusetts, 1626–1683; Demos, Entertaining Satan; Konig, Law and Society in Puritan Massachusetts; Hoffer, Salem Witchcraft Trials; and Ray, “New Discoveries of the Salem Witchcraft Trials.”

⁶⁰ Norton, In the Devil’s Snare.

⁶¹ Breslaw, Tituba, Reluctant Witch of Salem; Hubbard, Recovered Writers/Recovered Texts; and Cox, Postmodern Tales of Slavery in the Americas. Cf. the novel by Maryse Condé, Moi, Tituba Socière: Noire de Salem.

⁶² Hill, Delusion of Satan; Hoffer, Devil’s Disciples; Roach, Salem Witch Trials; LeBeau, Story of the Salem Witch Trials; Robinson, Salem Witchcraft and Hawthorne’s House of the Seven Gables; and especially the insightful close reading of Rosenthal, Salem Story.

⁶³ Francis, Judge Sewall’s Apology; Latner, “Here Are No Newters”; Ray, “Satan’s War Against the Covenant”; and see the special issue of the William and Mary Quarterly (forthcoming in 2008) devoted to revising Salem, which will include Ray, “Geography of Witchcraft Accusations in Salem Village, 1692.”

⁶⁴ Recent works include Levack, Witchcraft in Colonial America; Herget, Die Salemer Hexenverfolgungen; Sebald, Witch-Children; Mappen, Witches and Historians; Geis, Trial of Witches; Hall, Witch-Hunting in Seventeenth-Century New England; and Breslaw, Witches of the Atlantic World.

⁶⁵ Lehmann, Pietismus und Weltliche Ordnung. This episode is also covered in Midelfort, Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany.

⁶⁶ In 2008 Thomas W. Robisheaux will publish The Miller’s Wife: Sorcery and Witchcraft in a German Village, a study of a densely documented witchcraft investigation in the Franconian village of Hurden (Hohenlohe).

⁶⁷ Blauert and Schwerhoff, Kriminalitätsgeschichte; Schreiner and Schwerhoff, Verletzte Ehre; Blauert and Schwerhoff, Mit den Waffen der Justiz; Schwerhoff, Köln im Kreuzverhör; Blauert, Ketzer, Zauberer, Hexen; Blauert, Das Urfehdewesen im Deutschen Südwesten; and Blauert and Wiebel, Gauner- und Diebslisten. See also Oestmann, Hexenprozesse am Reichskammergericht; and Eiden and Voltmer, Hexenprozesse und Gerichtspraxis.

⁶⁸ Stokes, “Demons of Urban Reform.”

⁶⁹ Behringer, Shaman of Oberstdorf.

⁷⁰ A few examples are Shaw, Politics of Exile; Starn, Contrary Commonwealth; and Grasmück, Exilium. But these studies treat mainly the problems of learned and elite exiles, not those of the poorer classes. Jason Coy has written a dissertation dealing with banishment as a punishment in Ulm; “In Punishment of Open Vice.”

⁷¹ For a survey of many of the major skeptics, see Lehmann and Ulbricht, Vom Unfug der Hexenprozesse.

⁷² Becker, “Die ‘wehmütige Klage.’”

⁷³ Levack, “Decline and End of Witchcraft Prosecutions.”

⁷⁴ Stephens, Demon Lovers.

⁷⁵ Stephens, Demon Lovers, 364. Modern scholars seem to have difficulty believing that a true believer may truly believe what he says. Stephens’s argument runs parallel to that of Richard Marius (Thomas More: A Biography), in which More’s intense opposition to Lutheran heresy was interpreted as a symptom of unexpressed doubts.

⁷⁶ See the sharp rebuke of Wolfgang Behringer in his review of Demon Lovers. See also Clark, Review of Demon Lovers.

⁷⁷ Broedel, Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft, 180.

⁷⁸ See the examples of Wahrman, “Percy’s Prologue”; Quinby, Millennial Seduction; Berlanstein, Daughters of Eve; Hirdman, “Importance of Gender in the Swedish Labor Movement”; McLaren, Trials of Masculinity; and Roberts, Civilization without Sexes.

⁷⁹ Herzig, “Witches, Saints, and Heretics.”

⁸⁰ Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus; Pauschert, Joseph Glanvill und die Neue Wissenschaft; Burns, Great Debate on Miracles; Talmor, Glanvill; and Hunter, “Witchcraft and the Decline of Belief.”

⁸¹ Hobbes, Leviathan, pt. 4, chap. 45; Bekker, De Betoverde Weereld; Attfield, “Balthasar Bekker and the Decline of the Witch-Craze”; Fix, Fallen Angels; and van Dale, Dissertationes de origine ac progressu idololatriæ et superstitionum.

⁸² See Midelfort, Exorcism and Enlightenment, chap. 4. Cf. Aner, Die Theologie der Lessingzeit.

⁸³ Davies, Witchcraft, Magic and Culture; Davies, Cunning-folk; de Blécourt and Davies, Beyond the Witch Trials; Davies and de Blécourt, Witchcraft Continued; de Blécourt, Hutton, and La Fontaine, Witchcraft and Magic in Europe; and Gijswijt-Hofstra and Frijhoff, Witchcraft in the Netherlands.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

¹ Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal was first published in 2006 and appears annually. The Society for the Study of Early Modern Women’s website is http://www.ssemw.org.

² Longer bibliographies can be found in Wiesner-Hanks, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe; and Wiesner-Hanks, “Reflections on a Quarter-Century of Research on Women.” Some of the material from that article is included in this article.

³ Zarri provides editions of the proceedings of these conferences in her Donna, disciplina, creanza cristiana; and Il monachesimo femminile in Italia.

⁴ Ranft, Women and the Religious Life; Woodford, Nuns as Historians; Strasser, State of Virginity; Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles; and Leonard, Nails in the Wall.

⁵ Slade, Saint Teresa of Avila; and Ahlgren, Teresa of Avila.

⁶ Harline, Burdens of Sister Margaret; Surtz, Writing Women; Velasco, Demons, Nausea and Resistance; Haliczer, Sexuality in the Confessional; and Haliczer, Between Exaltation and Infamy.

⁷ Zarri, Le sante vive; Tomizza, Heavenly Supper; Fernández, Beatas y santas neocastellanas; and Schutte, Aspiring Saints.

⁸ Rapley, The Dévotes; Conrad, Zwischen Kloster und Welt; Zarri, Recinti; Rapley, Social History of the Cloister; Lux-Sterritt, Redefining Female Religious Life; and Dinan, Women and Poor Relief.

⁹ For convent residents and the arts, see Monson, Crannied Wall; Monson, Disembodied Voices; Poutrin, Le voile et la plume; Wood, Women, Art, and Spirituality; Kendrick, Celestial Sirens; Matter and Coakley, Creative Women; Lawrence, Women and Art; Reiss and Wilkins, Beyond Isabella; Weaver, Convent Theatre; Lowe, Nuns’ Chronicles; and Hills, Invisible City. For the economic and political patronage of religious women, see McNamara, Sisters in Arms; Hernández, Patronato, regio y órdenes religiosas femeninas; Sperling, Convents and the Body Politic; Baernstein, Convent Tale; Burschel and Conrad, Vorbild, Inbild, Abbild; Walker, Gender and Politics; Diefendorf, From Penitence to Charity; and Lehfeldt, Religious Women.

¹⁰ Ferrazzi, Autobiography of an Aspiring Saint; Pulci, Florentine Drama; Wiesner-Hanks and Skocir, Convents Confront the Reformation; Rhodes, “This Tight Embrace”; Tornabuoni, Sacred Narratives; San José, Book for the Hour of Recreation; Pascal, Rule for Children; Coignard, Spiritual Sonnets; and Lierheimer, Spiritual Autobiography.

¹¹ There are now three series devoted to the reprinting or electronic dissemination of early modern Englishwomen’s writing, including writing on religion: The Early Modern Englishwoman: A Facsimile Library of Essential Works, published by Ashgate and edited by Betty S. Travitsky and Patrick Cullen; Women Writers in English, 1350–1850, published by Oxford University Press and edited by Susanne Woods and Elizabeth H. Hageman; and the Brown University Women Writers Project, which offers more than two hundred texts from 1450 to 1830, and is available online (with some parts free and some by license) at http://www.wwp.brown.edu. For further references to the vast literature on English women writers, see Travitsky and Roberts, English Women Writers, 1500–1640: A Reference Guide. The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe series has published a number of translations of the writings of secular women from continental Europe, especially Italy.

¹² Crawford, Women and Religion; Westphal, Frau und lutherische Konfessionalisierung; Matheson, Argula von Grumbach; Watt, Secretaries of God; McKee, Katharina Schütz Zell; Wiesner, Gender, Church and State; Conrad, “In Christo”; Burschel and Conrad, Vorbild, Inbild, Abbild; Peters, Patterns of Piety; and Diefendorf, From Penitence to Charity.

¹³ Kobelt-Groch, Aufsässige Töchter Gottes; Snyder and Hecht, Profiles of Anabaptist Women; and Umble and Schmidt, Strangers at Home.

¹⁴ Thompson, John Calvin and Daughters of Sarah; and Thompson, Writing the Wrongs; Rummel, Erasmus on Women; Schnell, Text and Geschlecht; Selderhuis, Marriage and Divorce; Bast, Honor Your Fathers; Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women; Kreitzer, Reforming Mary; Mattox, Most Holy Matriarchs; and Petry, Gender, Kabbalah and the Reformation.

¹⁵ Scott Hendrix and Susan Karant-Nunn are currently editing a collection of essays on the Reformation and masculinity. Works that consider religious issues include Schnell, Text und Geschlecht; and Schnell, Frauendiskurs; Dinges, Hausväter, Priester, Kastraten; Tlusty, Bacchus and Civic Order; Martin, Alcohol, Sex, and Gender; Long, High Anxiety; Shepard, Meanings of Manhood; and Biberman, Masculinity, Anti-Semitism.

¹⁶ In early 2005, I found more than thirty titles on the construction of masculinity in England, not including studies of masculinity in literature, which would add at least another thirty.

¹⁷ McKee, Reforming Popular Piety; and idem, Katharina Schütz Zell.

¹⁸ Matheson, Argula von Grumbach; and Joldersma and Grijp, “Elisabeth’s Manly Courage.”

¹⁹ Todd, Christian Humanism.

²⁰ Peters, Patterns of Piety.

²¹ Both Anthony Fletcher (Gender, Sex, and Subordination in England 1500–1800) and Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford (Women in Early Modern England) find little dramatic change.

²² Wunder, “Er ist die Sonn”; and Wunder and Engel, Geschlechterperspektiven.

²³ Bennett, “Medieval Women, Modern Women”; and Bennett, “Confronting Continuities.”

²⁴ Foucault, L’Histoire de la sexualité 1: La Volonté de savoir.

²⁵ Murray and Eisenbichler, Desire and Discipline; Fradenburg and Freccero, Premodern Sexualities; and McLanan and Encarnación, Material Culture of Sex, Procreation, and Marriage.

²⁶ Lyndal Roper traces other problems with the “exaggerated significance [of] the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as the crucial period of change” on notions of sexuality and the body, in her review article of gender and the Reformation in Archives for Reformation History 92 (2001): 298–301, quote at 299.

²⁷ For examples of gendered scholarship on social discipline, see Watt, Making of Modern Marriage; Carlson, Marriage and the English Reformation; Harrington, Reordering Marriage and Society; Kingdon, Adultery and Divorce; Farr, Authority and Sexuality; Fernándes, Espelhos, cartas e guias; Adair, Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage; Graham, Uses of Reform; Dixon, Reformation and Rural Society; Bast, Honor Your Fathers; Karant-Nunn, Reformation of Ritual; Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death; Burghartz, Zeiten der Reinheit; Wiesner-Hanks, Christianity and Regulation of Sexuality; Parish, Clerical Marriage; Black, Perfect Wives, Other Women; Boer, Conquest of the Soul; Puff, Sodomy; Barahona, Sex Crimes, Honour, and the Law; Hacke, Women, Sex, and Marriage; and Eisenach, Husbands, Wives, and Concubines.

²⁸ Conrad, I Congreso; Giles, Women in the Inquisition; Blackmore and Hutcheson, Queer Iberia; Burns, Colonial Habits; Ibsen, Women’s Spiritual Autobiography; Black, Creating the Cult of St. Joseph; Myers, Neither Saints nor Sinners; Brewer, Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations; Jaffary, Gender, Race, and Religion.

²⁹ Davis, Women on the Margins; Simpson, Marquerite Bourgeoys; Dinan and Meyers, Women and Religion; Greer and Bilinkoff, Colonial Saints; and Greer, Mohawk Saint.

³⁰ Waldseemüller’s 1507 Introduction to Cosmography is translated in George Kish, A Source Book in Geography (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

¹ Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance.

² Kaufmann, Court, Cloister, City. On Augsburg, see Cuneo, Art and Politics in Early Modern Germany; Morrall Jörg Breu the Elder; and Bierende Lucas Cranach d. Ä. Und der deutsche Humanismus.

³ Smith, German Sculpture of the Later Renaissance; and Baxandall, Limewood Sculptors of Renaissance Germany.

⁴ Zerner, Renaissance Art in Florence; and Zorach, Blood, Milk, Ink, Gold.

⁵ Sobré, Behind the Altar Table; and Mulcahy Decoration of the Royal Basilica of El Escorial.

⁶ Bailey, Art of Colonial Latin America.

⁷ Hearn, Dynasties; Howarth, Images of Rule; and Starkey and Doran, Elizabeth.

⁸ Marks and Williamson, Gothic; Erickson and Hulse, Early Modern Visual Culture; Fumerton Cultural Aesthetics; and Gent and Llewellyn, Renaissance Bodies.

⁹ Foister, Holbein and England.

¹⁰ Cole, Virtue and Magnificence; Welch, Art and Authority in Renaissance Milan; Chambers and Martineau, Splendours of the Gonzaga; and Campbell, Artists at Court.

¹¹ Campbell, Tapestry in the Renaissance; Lincoln, Invention of the Renaissance Printmaker; Alexander, Painted Page; and Baskins, Cassone Painting, Humanism and Gender.

¹² Aikema, Brown, and Sciré, Renaissance Venice and the North; Nuttall, From Flanders to Florence; and Levenson, Encompassing the Globe.

¹³ Farago, Reframing the Renaissance.

¹⁴ Vandenbroeck, Bride of the Sun; Eisler and Smith, Terra Australis; and Levenson, Circa 1492.

¹⁵ Bailey, Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America; and O’Malley, Jesuits.

¹⁶ Schmidt, Innocence Abroad; and Zandvliet, Dutch Encounter with Asia.

¹⁷ Jackson and Jaffer, Encounters.

¹⁸ Kaufmann, Towards a Geography of Art.

¹⁹ Zandvliet, Mapping for Money; Mignolo, Darker Side of the Renaissance; and Kagan, Urban Images of the Hispanic World.

²⁰ Woodward, Cartography in the European Renaissance.

²¹ Stock, Printing Images in Antwerp. On the incunabula of woodcuts, see Parshall and Schoch, Origins of European Printmaking.

²² Landau and Parshall, Renaissance Print.

²³ Parshall, “Imago contrafacta.” On curiosity, see Parshall, Origins of European Printmaking; and Kenseth, Age of the Marvelous.

²⁴ Daston and Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature; Smith, Sensuous Worship; and Smith, Body of the Artisan.

²⁵ Filipczak, Hot Dry Men, Cold Wet Women; and Richter Sherman, Writing on Hands.

²⁶ Barkan, Unearthing the Past; Bober and Rubinstein, Renaissance Artists and Antique Sculpture; Rowland, Culture of the High Renaissance; Brown, Venice and Antiquity; and Campbell, Artists at Court.

²⁷ Bull, Mirror of the Gods; Freedman, Revival of the Olympian Gods in Renaissance Art; and Dempsey, Portrayal of Love.

²⁸ Howard, Venice and the East; and Carboni, Venice and the Islamic World.

²⁹ Freedberg, Power of Images; Michalski, Reformation and the Visual Arts; and Parshall, Art and the Reformation.

³⁰ Duffy, Stripping of the Altars; Belting, Likeness and Presence; Hamburger, Visual and the Visionary; and Wolf, Schleier und Spiegel.

³¹ Merback, The Thief, the Cross, and the Wheel; Falkenburg, Joachim Patinir; and Falkenburg, Fruit of Devotion.

³² Nagel, Michelangelo and the Reform of Art; Holmes, Fra Filippo Lippi, the Carmelite Painter; Hood, Fra Angelico at San Marco; Verdon and Henderson, Christianity and the Renaissance; and Humfrey and Kemp, Altarpiece in the Renaissance.

³³ Shearman, Only Connect; Lavin, Bernini and the Unity of the Arts; Stoichita, Visionary Experience in the Gold Age of Spanish Art; and Krüger, Das Bild als Schleier des Unsichtbaren.

³⁴ Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk; Koerner, Reformation of the Image; and Noble, “‘A work in which the angels are wont to rejoice.’”

³⁵ Smith, Sensuous Worship; and Levy, Propaganda and the Jesuit Baroque.

³⁶ Finney, Seeing Through the Word.

³⁷ Meadow, Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s Netherlandish Proverbs and the Practice of Rhetoric; and Hulse, Rule of Art.

³⁸ Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators; Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy; Kemp, Behind the Picture; and Ames-Lewis, Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist.

³⁹ Cole and Pardo, Inventions of the Studio.

⁴⁰ Rubin, Giorgio Vasari; Barolsky, Michelangelo’s Nose; idem, Why Mona Lisa Smiles and Other Tales by Vasari; and idem, Giotto’s Father and the Family of Vasari’s Lives.

⁴¹ Melion, Shaping the Netherlandish Canon; and Miedema, Karel van Mander.

⁴² Stoichita, Self-Aware Image.

⁴³ Moxey, Peasants, Warriors, and Wives; Hale, Artists and Warfare in the Renaissance; Cuneo, Artful Armies, Beautiful Battles; Kunzle, From Criminal to Courtier; and Clifton, Plains of Mars.

⁴⁴ Vandenbroeck, Beeld van der andere, vertoog over zichzelf; and Jongh and Luijten, Mirror of Everyday Life.

⁴⁵ Bedaux and Ekkart, Pride and Joy; and Musacchio, Art and Ritual of Childbirth in Renaissance Italy.

⁴⁶ Bleyerveld, Hoe bedreichelijck dat die vrouwen zijn; Grössinger, Picturing Women in Late Medieval and Renaissance Art; Franits, Paragons of Virtue; and Salomon, Shifting Priorities.

⁴⁷ Schade, Schadenzauber und die Magie des Körpers; Roper, Oedipus and the Devil; Zika, Exorcising Our Demons; and Hults, Witch as Muse.

⁴⁸ Wolfthal, Images of Rape; Talvacchia, Taking Positions; Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance; Barkan, Transuming Passion; and Randolph, Engaging Symbols.

⁴⁹ Jones and Stallybrass, Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.

⁵⁰ Kempers, Painting, Power, and Patronage; Norman, Siena, Florence, and Padua; Starn and Patridge, Arts of Power; and Rosand, Myths of Venice.

⁵¹ Kent, Cosimo de’ Medici and the Florentine Renaissance. For popes, see Hochrenaissance im Vatikan.

⁵² Campbell, Artists at Court; and Fliegel, Jugie, and Barthélémy, Art from the Court of Burgundy 1364–1419.

⁵³ Wisch and Ahl, Confraternities and the Visual Arts in Renaissance Italy; and Brown, Venetian Narrative Painting in the Age of Carpaccio.

⁵⁴ See also Lawrence, Women and Art in Early Modern Europe; and Reiss and Wilkins, Beyond Isabella.

⁵⁵ Jacobs, Defining the Renaissance Virtuosa. On early women artists from Italy, see Perlingieri, Sofonisba Anguissola; and Murphy, Lavinia Fontana.

⁵⁶ Campbell, Renaissance Portraits; Dülberg, Privatporträts; Woods-Marsden, Renaissance Self-Portraiture; Cranston, Poetics of Portraiture in the Italian Renaissance; and Adams, Public Faces and Private Identities.

⁵⁷ Vermeylen, Painting for the Market; Montias, “Socio-Economic Aspects of Netherlandish Art”; De Marchi and Van Miegroet, “Exploring Markets for Netherlandish Paintings”; and De Marchi and Van Miegroet, “Rules Versus Play in Early Modern Markets.”

⁵⁸ Yamey, Art and Accounting; Jacobs, Early Netherlandish Carved Altarpieces; Wilson, Painting in Bruges at the Close of the Middle Ages; Honig, Painting and the Market in Early Modern Antwerp; Stock, Printing Images in Antwerp; and Silver, Peasant Scenes and Landscapes.

⁵⁹ Smith and Findlen, Merchants and Marvels.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

¹ Eisenstein, Printing Press as an Agent of Change.

² Eisenstein, Printing Press as an Agent of Change, 150–51.

³ Benzing, Lutherbibliographie.

⁴ On the Tübingen Flugschriften project, see Köhler, Flugschriften als Massenmedium.

⁵ Edwards, Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther; and Edwards, “Statistics on Sixteenth-Century Printing.”

⁶ Crofts, “Books, Reform and Reformation”; Crofts, “Printing, Reform and the Catholic Reformation”; and Chrisman, Conflicting Visions of Reform.

⁷ Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk.

⁸ Geisberg, German Single-Leaf Woodcut; Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut; and Anderson, German Single-Leaf Woodcut.

⁹ Pettegree and Hall, “Reformation and the Book.”

¹⁰ Febvre and Martin, Coming of the Book.

¹¹ Index Aureliensis.

¹² Pollard and Redgrave, Short Title Catalogue of Books.

¹³ The OSTC is available free online at The British Library’s website, http://estc.bl.uk. Early English Books Online is available at http://eebo.chadwyck.com/home.

¹⁴ L’Epistre du roy d’angleterre aux princes & peuple chrestien touchant le concile à venire (London: Thomas Berthelet, 1539); and La protestation et advis du roy d’Angleterre touchant le Concile qui se debuoit tenir à Mantue (London: Thomas Berthelet, 1539). Both books are located in Halle Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek (ULB): AB 154113 (15 & 16).

¹⁵ Moreau, Inventaire Chronologique.

¹⁶ Renouard, Imprimeurs et libraires Parisiens.

¹⁷ Baudrier, Baudrier, and Tricou, Bibliographie lyonnaise.

¹⁸ Gültingen, Bibliographie des livres imprimés. Thus far, this covers Lyon print between 1500 and around 1540.

¹⁹ Desgraves, Répertoire Bibliographique.

²⁰ Information on the current state of the project and libraries surveyed is available online on the project website: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/reformation/book/. See also Pettegree, Walsby, and Wilkinson, French Vernacular Books.

²¹ VD16 is available online at http://www.vd16.de.

²² For example, if one cataloger in one library transcribed Wittenberg as it actually appears on many sixteenth-century publications as VVittenberg, while another updated it by using the W instead of two Vs, the HPBD will produce two hits.

²³ Nijhoff and Kronenberg, Nederlandsche Bibliographie.

²⁴ Dutch Pamphlets, 1486–1853, commonly known as The Knuttel Collection.

²⁵ Cockx-Indestege and Glorieux, Belgica typographica; and Blouw, Typographia Batava. These two, with the NK, log some twenty-one thousand editions of books published in Belgium or the Netherlands during the sixteenth century.

²⁶ Edit 16, Censimento delle edizioni italiane del XVI secolo.

²⁷ Harris, “Tribal Lays.”

²⁸ Istituto Centrale per il Catálogo Unico delle Biblioteche Italiane e per le Informazioni Bibliografiche: http://www.iccu.sbn.it.

²⁹ http://www.mcu.es/ccpb/ccpb-eng.html.

³⁰ http://picarta.pica.nl/login/DB=3.29/LNG=EN/. The I-STC records more than twenty-five thousand editions published before 1501, including around fifteen hundred items of single-sheet printing. The expectation is that the total will eventually settle at around twenty-eight thousand editions. Full information about the project is available online at http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/. See also Hellinga and Goldfinch, “Ten Years of the Incunabula Short-Title Catalogue”; and Hellinga and Goldfinch, Bibliography and the Study of 15th Century Civilization.

³¹ IDC: http://www.idc.nl/.

³² Sixteenth Century Pamphlets: Flugschriften des 16. Jahrhunderts. Part I (1500–1530) contains five thousand German and Latin pamphlets. Part II (1531–1600), still in progress, contains between three thousand five hundred and five thousand pamphlets.

³³ For British and French libraries, see Pegg, Bibliotheca Lindesiana. For Swiss libraries, see Pegg, Catalogue of German Reformation Pamphlets in Swiss Libraries. For Swedish libraries, see Pegg, Catalogue of German Reformation Pamphlets in Swedish Libraries.

³⁴ Strehle, Cranach im Detail; and Reinitzer, Biblia deutsch.

³⁵ Kusokawa, Wittenberg University Library Catalogue.

³⁶ Chrisman, Bibliography of Strasbourg Imprints; and Chrisman, Conflicting Visions of Reform.

³⁷ Oettinger, Music as Propaganda; and Fisher, Music and Religious Identity.

³⁸ Bagchi, Luther’s Earliest Opponents; Aurich, Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks; and Volkmar, Die Heiligenerhebung Bennos von Meissen.

³⁹ Thayer, Penitence, Preaching and the Coming of the Reformation.

⁴⁰ Rein, Chancery of God.

⁴¹ http://www.litdb.evtheol.uni-mainz.de/databank/index.php.

⁴² Bibliotheca Dissidentium.

⁴³ Lau, “Die Zürcher Buch- und Lesekultur.”

⁴⁴ Vischer, Bibliographie des Zürcher Druckschriften; and Vischer, Zürcher Einblattdrucke.

⁴⁵ Bietenholz, Basle and France in the Sixteenth Century.

⁴⁶ Chaix, Les Livres imprimés; and Gilmont and Rodolphe, Bibliotheca Calviniana.

⁴⁷ Gardy, Bibliographie des oeuvres théologiques.

⁴⁸ Gilmont, Jean Calvin; and Gilmont, Le livre et ses secrets.

⁴⁹ Jostock, “La censure au quotidien.”

⁵⁰ Higman, “Luther et la piété de l’église gallicane”; Higman, “Theology for the Layman”; and Higman, Lire et découvrir.

⁵¹ Chambers, Bibliography of French Bibles; and Delano-Smith and Morley Ingram, Maps in Bibles.

⁵² Droz, L’imprimerie à La Rochelle, vol. 3, La veuve Berton; Droz, L’imprimerie à La Rochelle, vol. 1, Barthélémy Berton; Desgraves, L’imprimerie à La Rochelle, vol. 2, Les Haultin; Desgraves, Eloi Gibier; Pettegree, “Protestantism, Publication and the French Wars of Religion”; Pettegree, “Protestant Printing”; and Gilmont, “La première diffusion.”

⁵³ Giese, Artus Désiré.

⁵⁴ Elwood, Body Broken; and Racaut, Hatred in Print.

⁵⁵ Rosier, Bible in Print; and Den Hollander, De Nederlandse Bijbelvertalingen.

⁵⁶ Heijting, De catechisme en confessies; and Pettegree, Emden and the Dutch Revolt.

⁵⁷ Hamilton, Documenta anabaptistica Neerlandica.

⁵⁸ Rijsing, “Book and the Reformation.”

⁵⁹ Rozzo and Seidel, “Book and the Reformation.”

⁶⁰ Kinder, Spanish Protestants and Reformers.

⁶¹ Griffin, Journeymen-Printers, Heresy, and the Inquisition.

⁶² Kinder, Casiodoro De Reina; and Kinder, Confessión de fe Christiana.

⁶³ The dictionary is also available online through monthly, quarterly, or yearly subscription to individuals or through institutions: http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

⁶⁴ Green, Christian’s ABC; and Green, Print and Protestantism.

⁶⁵ Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety; and Fox, Oral and Literate Culture.

⁶⁶ Higman, “Calvin’s Works in Translation”; and Pettegree, “Reception of Calvinism in Britain.”

⁶⁷ Leedham-Green, Books in Cambridge Inventories.

⁶⁸ Hellinga and Trapp, Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, vol. 3, 1400–1557; and Barnard and Mckenzie, Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, vol. 4, 1557–1695.

⁶⁹ McKitterick, History of Cambridge University Press, vol. 1, Printing and the Book Trade in Cambridge.

⁷⁰ Krummel, English Music Printing; and Smith, Thomas East and Music Publishing.

⁷¹ Amory and Hall, History of the Book in America, vol. 1, The Colonial Book.

⁷² Armstrong, Before Copyright.

⁷³ Reusch, Der Index der verboten Bücher; Putnam, Censorship of the Church of Rome; and Grendler, Roman Inquisition and the Venetian Press.

⁷⁴ Chaix, Recherches sur l’imprimerie.

⁷⁵ Bujanda, Index des livres interdits.

⁷⁶ La bibliothèque d’Antoine dv Verdier (Lyon: Honorati, 1585); and Premier volume de la bibliothèque de la Croix du Maine (Paris: Langelier, 1584).