137
840–959/1437–1552
The middle Volga region
1. The line of Ulugh Muhammad
|
840/1437 |
Ulugh Muhammad b. Jalāl al-Dīn b. Toqtamïsh |
|
849/1445 |
Maḥmūd (Mahmūdak) b. Ulugh Muḥammad |
|
866/1462 |
Khalīl b. Mahmūd |
|
871/1467 |
Ibrāhīm b. Maḥmūd |
|
884/1479 |
‘Alī b. Ibrāhīm, first reign |
|
889/1484 |
Muḥammad Amīn b. Ibrāhīm, first reign |
|
890/1485 |
‘Alī b. Ibrāhīm, second reign |
|
892/1487 |
Muḥammad Amīn b. Ibrāhīm, second reign |
|
(900/1495 |
Mamūq b. Ibaq, Khān of the Tatars of Siberia) |
|
901/1496 |
‘Abd al-Laṭīf b. Ibrāhīm |
|
907–24/1502–18 |
Muḥammad Amīn b. Ibrāhīm, third reign |
2. Khāns from various outside lines
|
925/1519 |
Shāh ‘Alī b. Sayyid Awliyār, from the Khāns of Qāsimov, first reign |
|
927/1521 |
Ṣāḥib Giray (I) b. Mengli I, from the Khāns of Crimea |
|
930/1524 |
Ṣafā’ Giray b. Fatḥ, from the Khāns of Crimea, first reign |
|
937/1531 |
Jān ‘Alī b. Sayyid Awliyār, from the Khāns of Qāsimov |
|
939/1533 |
Ṣafā’ Giray b. Fatḥ, second reign |
|
953/1546 |
Shāh ‘Alī b. Sayyid Awliyār, second reign |
|
953/1546 |
Ṣafā’ Giray b. Fatḥ, third reign |
|
956/1549 |
Ötemish b. Ṣafā’ Giray, from the Khāns of Crimea, regent for Süyün Bike |
|
958/1551 |
Shāh ‘Alī b. Sayyid Awliyār, third reign |
|
959/1552 |
Yādigār Muḥammad b. Qāsim, from the Khāns of Astrakhan |
|
959/1552 |
Russian conquest |
The Kazan khanate was another of the groupings founded by a Jochid epigone. Toqtamïsh’s grandson Ulugh Muhammad rose to power in what later became eastern Russia as the Golden Horde decayed, and his son Maḥmūd in 849/1445 seized the actual town of Kazan from a local prince, possibly of Bulghār descent, ‘Alī Beg. It was likewise around this time that the sister khanate of Qāsimov (see below, no. 138) emerged. The khanate spanned the middle Volga basin around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers and in the south bordered on the khanate of Astrakhan (see above, no. 136). It thus covered a region which had been exposed to Islamic influences since the constituting of the Bulghār kingdom towards the opening of the tenth century. Kazan’s position gave it a considerable commercial importance, not least as a mart for slaves.
All through the khanate’s life, its history was bound up with that of the Princedom of Muscovy, its western neighbour, now reasserting itself after some two centuries of thraldom to the Golden Horde and its successors. From the outset, the Princes interfered in succession disputes within Kazan. This intervention intensified after the end of the family of Ulugh Muhammad, and the last three decades or so of the khanate saw rulers installed at Kazan from various outside Chingizid lines, with internal tensions between the partisans of an accommodation with Muscovy and those hoping to preserve Kazan’s independence through links with the Crimean Tatars and the Noghay Horde. Finally, the army of Tsar Ivan IV captured Kazan in 959/1552, and a systematic Russian occupation and colonisation of the lands of the former khanate began. A considerable proportion of the Muslim Tatar population has nevertheless survived over the centuries, and a reduced part of the khanate formed under the Soviets the Tatar Autonomous SSR.
Lane-Poole, genealogical table at p. 240; Zambaur, 249 and Table S.
İA ‘Kazan’ (Reşid Rahmati Arat), with a genealogical table; EI2 ‘Ḳāzān’ (W. Barthold and A. Bennigsen).
Azade-Ayşe Rorlich, The Volga Tatars. A Profile in National Resilience, Stanford CA 1986, 3–33.