NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS

ZGFQJ   Zeng Guofan quanji (The complete works of Zeng Guofan), 16 vols. (Beijing: Zhongguo Zhigong Chubanshe, 2001).

TPTG     Luo Ergang and Wang Qingcheng, eds., Taiping Tianguo (The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), 10 vols. (Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004).

PROLOGUE: HEAVEN’S CHILDREN

  1. Xianfeng was actually absent from the palace on the day Nanjing fell, performing rituals and holding audience in Beijing. He had moved his main residence to the Forbidden City (which he detested) as a desperate response to the Taiping, denying himself the pleasures of the Summer Palace as an act of self-punishment. It did no good, and by 1854 he would move back into the Summer Palace full-time and spend most of his remaining years refusing to leave it. His short-lived self-punishment is mentioned in Wong Young-tsu, A Paradise Lost: The Imperial Garden Yuanming Yuan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001), pp. 113–114, citing Yuanmingyuan (Shanghai: Guji Chubanshe, 1991), vol. 1, pp. 544–545; Xianfeng’s ritual activities on March 19, 1853, which place him in Beijing, are given in the court diary, Qingdai qijuzhu ce. Xianfeng chao (Taipei: National Palace Museum, 1983), Xianfeng 3 (1853), vol. 11. In further sign of his panic, Xianfeng had recently been praying to his ancestors for protection, and he issued two edicts blaming himself for the rebellion. See Mao Haijian, Kuming tianzi: Xianfeng huangdi Yixin (Taipei: Lianjing, 2008), p. 88. The description of the fall of Nanjing is based on that of Thomas Taylor Meadows, as narrated to him by the rebels he spoke to in Nanjing a month after the fact (during the voyage of the Hermes). Meadows’s account was first published in The North-China Herald of May 7, 1853; also see Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen), The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 117–118; some accounts cite a higher population of Manchus; others give a greater measure of heroism to the Manchu defenders, though the genocidal outcome is not a matter of dispute.

CHAPTER 1: THE PREACHER’S ASSISTANT

  1. James Legge, “The Colony of Hong Kong,” The China Review 3 (1874): 165, 173–175.

  2. The Rev. Theodore Hamberg, The Visions of Hung-Siu-Tshuen, and Origin of the Kwang-si Insurrection (Hong Kong: China Mail Office, 1854), pp. 61–62.

  3. “China,” The Times, June 21, 1853.

  4. Jonathan Spence, God’s Chinese Son (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 198.

  5. The report on the Hermes visit in The North-China Herald of May 7, 1853, notes, “The history of the originators of this insurrection is still involved in obscurity, which we trust strenuous efforts will be made to clear up.”

  6. Quoted in Dona Torr, ed., Marx on China: 1853–1860 (London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1968), p. 1, n. 3.

  7. Karl Marx, “Revolution in China and Europe,” New-York Daily Tribune, June 14, 1853; in Torr, Marx on China, p. 1.

  8. Ibid., p. 4.

  9. “The Revolution in China” (editorial), Daily Picayune, May 22, 1853.

10. “The Rebellion in China,” North China Mail, reprinted in The Times, April 8, 1853.

11. The Times, August 30, 1853 (editorial beginning “The Chinese revolution is in all respects”).

12. Carl T. Smith, “Notes on Friends and Relatives of Taiping Leaders,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 16 (1976): 117–134, see p. 121.

13. “The Confession of Hung Jen-kan,” trans. in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, pp. 1511–1530, see p. 1511.

14. Except where otherwise noted, the following section is based on Theodore Hamberg’s The Visions of Hung-Siu-Tshuen, with quotations from pp. 10, 13, 14, 24, and 29.

15. Hamberg, The Visions of Hung-Siu-Tshuen, p. 63.

16. Shen Weibin, Hong Rengan (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1982), p. 21.

17. Smith, “Notes on Friends and Relatives,” p. 122.

18. “The Confession of Hung Jen-kan,” pp. 1511–1512.

19. Lauren F. Pfister, Striving for “The Whole Duty of Man”: James Legge and the Scottish Protestant Encounter with China (New York: Peter Lang, 2004), pp. 32–33.

20. Legge, “The Colony of Hong Kong,” p. 172.

21. Helen Edith Legge, James Legge: Missionary and Scholar (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1905), p. 91.

22. Ralph Wardlaw Thompson, Griffith John: The Story of Fifty Years in China (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1906), p. 125.

23. Ibid.

24. Smith, “Notes on Friends and Relatives,” p. 125.

25. “The Taiping Rebellion: Its Rise and Fall,” The Merchant’s Magazine and Commercial Review, January 1865, pp. 38–49, see p. 44.

26. Described in John Scarth, Twelve Years in China (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable & Co., 1860), pp. 106, 239; also George Wingrove Cooke, China: Being “The Times” Special Correspondence from China in the Years 1857–58 (London: G. Routledge & Co., 1858), p. 50.

27. Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and Their Rebellions (Stanford, Calif.: Academic Reprints, 1953, orig. published 1856 by Smith, Elder & Co.), p. 454.

28. Scarth, Twelve Years in China, pp. 237–238.

29. Yung Wing, My Life in China and America (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1909); see p. 41 for his educational plans, p. 52 on relearning Chinese, pp. 53–54 for quotations.

30. James Legge, “The Colony of Hong Kong,” p. 171.

31. Xia Chuntao, Hong Rengan (Wuhan: Hubei Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 1999), p. 51.

32. Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen), The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 355.

33. Pfister, Striving for “The Whole Duty of Man,” p. 43.

34. Adapted from translation in Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, p. 836.

CHAPTER 2: NEUTRALITY

  1. Alfred Moges, Recollections of Baron Gros’s Embassy to China and Japan in 1857–58 (London: Griffin, Bohn, and Company, 1861), p. 203; p. 206 lists fifteen English gunboats and four French, plus the British and French flagships. Sailing distance of 1,800 miles given in Thomas Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission and Death of Thomas William Bowlby, ed. C. C. Bowlby (printed for private circulation, 1906), p. 154.

  2. D. J. MacGowan, “Contributions to the History of the Insurrection in China,” a companion to the Shanghai Almanac for 1857 (Shanghai, 1857), p. 3.

  3. Lewis Hertslet (comp.), A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions … Subsisting between Great Britain and Foreign Powers…(London: Butterworth, 1859), vol. 10, pp. 61–62.

  4. MacGowan, “Contributions to the History of the Insurrection,” p. 3.

  5. Teng Ssu-yu, The Taiping Rebellion and the Western Powers: A Comprehensive Survey (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 191.

  6. Ibid., p. 189.

  7. Douglas Hurd, The Arrow War: An Anglo-Chinese Confusion, 1856–1860 (London: Collins, 1967), p. 98.

  8. James Bruce, Earl of Elgin, Letters and Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin, ed. Theodore Walrond (London: John Murray, 1872), p. 199.

  9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., p. 185.

11. Phosphorescence described in Sherard Osborn, “Notes, Geographical and Commercial, Made During the Passage of HMS Furious, in 1858, from Shanghai to the Gulf of Pecheli and Back,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 3, no. 2 (November 22, 1858): 55–87; see p. 66, where Osborn notes that the phosphorescence was “as brilliant as any ever witnessed in equatorial regions.”

12. Moges, Recollections, p. 208.

13. Ibid., p. 206.

14. Laurence Oliphant, Narrative of the Earl of Elgin’s Mission to China and Japan in the Years 1857, ’58, ’59, 2 vols. (London and Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859), vol. 1, p. 295.

15. Augustus F. Lindley (Lin-le), Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, 1866), p. 621.

16. Moges, Recollections, pp. 209–210.

17. Oliphant, Narrative, vol. 1, p. 299.

18. “China: History of the Allied Expedition,” The New York Times, August 20, 1858.

19. Ibid.

20. Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 248.

21. Oliphant, Narrative, vol. 1, p. 305.

22. Osborn, “Notes, Geographical and Commercial,” pp. 71–72.

23. Oliphant, Narrative, vol. 1, p. 316.

24. Osborn, “Notes, Geographical and Commercial,” p. 72.

25. Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 250.

26. Oliphant, Narrative, vol. 1, pp. 316–317.

27. Moges, Recollections, pp. 216–217.

28. Ibid., p. 217; Osborn, “Notes, Geographical and Commercial,” p. 73.

29. Osborn, “Notes, Geographical and Commercial,” p. 73.

30. Oliphant, Narrative, vol. 1, p. 326.

31. Osborn, “Notes, Geographical and Commercial,” p. 73.

32. Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, China’s Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Diplomatic Phase, 1858–1880 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 67–68.

33. Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 209.

34. John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (New York: Macmillan, 1911), p. 563; for the speech itself, see Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T. C. Hansard), March 3, 1857, vol. 144, cc. 1787–1808.

35. Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 279.

36. “The First News Dispatch Over the Atlantic Cable,” The New York Times, August 27, 1858; this particular cable, though the first successfully laid over the Atlantic, would last only about a month.

37. “Our Relations with China,” The New York Times, August 20, 1858.

38. “The Chinese Treaties,” The New York Times, September 23, 1858.

39. “End of the China War,” The New York Times, August 27, 1858.

40. Elgin noted in his journal, “the Consul had contrived to make a pretty good treaty with Japan, evidently under the influence of the contrecoup of our proceedings in China”; Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 263.

41. Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 261.

42. Ibid., p. 274.

43. Ibid., p. 272.

44. Elgin to Malmesbury, January 5, 1859, in Foreign Office, Great Britain, Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin’s Special Missions to China and Japan, 1857–1859 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1859), p. 440.

45. Ibid., p. 443.

46. Oliphant, Narrative, vol. 2, p. 299.

47. Elgin to Malmesbury, Shanghai, January 5, 1859, in Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin’s Special Missions, p. 443.

48. Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 285.

49. Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 2, p. 713.

50. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 720.

51. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 724–725.

52. “Sir Thomas F. Wade, K.C.B.,” The Far East, new ser., vol. 1 (July–December 1876): 37–41.

53. Thomas Wade, “Report on the Town of Woo-hoo,” in Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin’s Special Missions, p. 448, romanization modified.

54. Thomas Wade, “Report on the Town of Nganking [Anqing],” in Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin’s Special Missions, p. 449; quoted in Scarth, Twelve Years in China, to make a similar point, p. 270.

55. Thomas Wade, “Translation of a Paper Handed to Captain Barker, R.N., by an Insurgent at Woo-hoo,” in Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin’s Special Missions, p. 450.

56. Lindesay Brine, The Taeping Rebellion in China: A Narrative of Its Rise and Progress (London: John Murray, 1862), p. 268.

57. Elgin to Malmesbury, Shanghai, January 5, 1859, in Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin’s Special Missions, p. 442.

58. Elgin, Letters and Journals, pp. 304–305.

59. “Address of the Shanghae Merchants to the Earl of Elgin,” Shanghai, January 18, 1859, in Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin’s Special Missions, pp. 457–458.

60. Ibid., p. 458.

61. “Bruce, Sir Frederick William Adolphus Wright,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2004–2010).

62. Frederick Wells Williams, The Life and Letters of Samuel Wells Williams, LL.D. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889), p. 299.

63. Edgar Stanton Maclay, Reminiscences of the Old Navy: From the Journals and Private Papers of Captain Edward Trenchard, and Rear-Admiral Stephen Decatur Trenchard (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), p. 91.

64. Zhang Gongchen, Senggelinqin chuanqi (Biography of Senggelinqin) (Beijing: Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Chubanshe, 2003), p. 96.

65. Guo Songtao, Yuchi laoren zishu (Memoir of the Old Man at Jade Pond), excerpted in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng (The Second Opium War), 6 vols., ed. Qi Sihe et al. (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1978–1979), vol. 2, p. 277; he is specifically referring here to the Nian rebels in north China.

66. Ibid., p. 277.

67. Zhang, Senggelinqin chuanqi, p. 97.

68. George Battye Fisher, Personal Narrative of Three Years’ Service in China (London: Richard Bentley, 1863), pp. 190–193.

69. Williams, Life and Letters, p. 309.

70. James D. Johnston, China and Japan: Being a Narrative of the Cruise of the U.S. Steam-Frigate Powhatan in the Years 1857, ’58, ’59, and ’60 (Philadelphia: Charles Desilver, 1860), p. 234.

71. Williams, Life and Letters, pp. 308–311.

72. Maclay, Reminiscences of the Old Navy, p. 83.

73. The Times, September 16, 1859 (editorial beginning “We fear that we cannot accuse the Mongols”); quoted in Leavenworth, The Arrow War with China, p. 138.

74. Williams, Life and Letters, p. 310.

75. “Blood Is Thicker than Water,” in Wallace Rice and Clinton Scollard, Ballads of Valor and Victory: Being Stories in Song from the Annals of America (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1903), p. 84.

76. T. F. Tsiang, “China after the Victory of Taku, June 25, 1859,” American Historical Review 35, no. 1 (October 1929): 79–84, see p. 81.

77. Ibid., pp. 83–84.

78. Samuel Wells Williams, letter to William Frederick Williams, July 5, 1859, from USS Powhatan off Peiho. Samuel Wells Williams Family Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

79. Williams, Life and Letters, p. 312.

CHAPTER 3: THE SHIELD KING

  1. Hong Rengan’s route is given in his third Nanchang confession, “Nanchang fu tixun niqiu gong,” in TPTG, vol. 2, pp. 412–414; also his confession at the Jiangxi governor’s yamen, “Benbuyuan tixun niqiu gong,” in ibid., pp. 415–416; description of the route through the Meiling Pass based on contemporaneous account (of a journey in the opposite direction) in William Charles Milne, Life in China (London: G. Routledge & Co., 1857), pp. 356–364.

  2. Luo Ergang, Lüying bingzhi (Chongqing: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1945).

  3. Shen Weibin, Hong Rengan (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1982), p. 25.

  4. Archibald Little, Gleanings from Fifty Years in China (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1910), p. 113.

  5. Hong Rengan, third Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 413.

  6. Shen Weibin, Hong Rengan, p. 26.

  7. Xia Chuntao, Cong shushi, Jidutu dao wangye: Hong Rengan (From scholar and Christian to king: Hong Rengan) (Wuhan: Hubei Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 1999), p. 64.

  8. Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu “Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi” jiaobu (Emendations to Guo [Tingyi’s] Daily Calendar of Events in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 2001), p. 127.

  9. Xia Chuntao, Hong Rengan, p. 64.

10. Hong Rengan, third Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 413.

11. John Lovelle Withers, “The Heavenly Capital: Nanjing Under the Taiping, 1853–1864,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1983, pp. 159 ff.

12. Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 2, pp. 15–16.

13. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 200.

14. Ibid., p. 148.

15. Ibid., p. 83.

16. Ibid.

17. Hong Rengan, third Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 413.

18. Philip Kuhn, “The Taiping Rebellion,” in The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1978), vol. 10, part 1, pp. 264–317.

19. William C. Wooldridge, “Transformations of Ritual and State in Nineteenth-Century Nanjing,” Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 2007, pp. 160–179.

20. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, p. 735.

21. This was also the sentiment expressed by the Richmond Daily Dispatch, which pronounced that “The warlike Tartars are certainly a nobler race than the sordid Chinese” (“Honorable War Not to Be Deplored,” The Daily Dispatch, May 18, 1861).

22. D. J. MacGowan, “Contributions to the History of the Insurrection in China,” a companion to the Shanghai Almanac for 1857 (Shanghai, 1857), p. 6.

23. W. A. P. Martin, “The Recognition of the Nanking Government,” The North-China Herald, June 20, 1857.

24. Hong Rengan, Zizheng xinbian (A new work for the aid of government), translated in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, pp. 751–776, quotation on p. 758.

25. Ibid., pp. 758–759, 765.

26. Ibid., p. 759.

27. Ibid., p. 761.

28. “The Chinese Insurgents, and Our Policy with Respect to Them,” The London Review 16, no. 31 (April 1861): 222–246, quotation on p. 229.

29. Hong Rengan, “A new work,” p. 763.

30. Ibid., p. 771.

31. Hong Rengan, second confession at Xi Baotian’s military camp, in TPTG, vol. 2, pp. 401–405; plan is given on p. 402.

32. Arthur W. Hummel, ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644–1912) (Taipei: Chengwen, reprint, 1967), p. 294.

33. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 188, n. 66.

34. Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen), The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 370.

35. Hong Rengan, second confession at Xi Baotian’s military camp, TPTG, vol. 2, p. 403.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid., p. 404.

39. Pamela Crossley, Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 128–130.

40. Janet Theiss, “Managing Martyrdom: Female Suicide and Statecraft in Mid-Qing China,” in Passionate Women: Female Suicide in Late Imperial China, ed. Paul S. Ropp, Paola Zamperini, and Harriet T. Zurndorfer (Boston: E. J. Brill, 2001): 47–76; see “Epilogue” on p. 74.

41. Crossley, Orphan Warriors, p. 129; Jen Yu-wen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 372.

42. Based on Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, pp. 371–372.

43. Augustus F. Lindley (Lin-le), Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), p. 269.

44. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 380.

CHAPTER 4: SOUNDINGS

  1. Xue Fengjiu, Nanqing zaji (Miscellaneous records of difficult circumstances), in TPTG, vol. 5, p. 273.

  2. Ibid., p. 274.

  3. C. A. Montalto de Jesus, Historic Shanghai (Shanghai: The Shanghai Mercury, Ltd., 1909), p. 41.

  4. William Minns Tileston, letter to his mother, October 18, 1860, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

  5. Lindesay Brine, The Taeping Rebellion in China: A Narrative of Its Rise and Progress (London: John Murray, 1862), map after p. 254; “queer flat lonely” from Edward Bowra, diary, at School of Oriental and African Studies (PPMS 69, Bowra, Box 1, Folder 6), accessed via Adam Matthew Digital, “China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 1793–1980,” entry for October 15, 1863.

  6. Bowra diary, May 3, 1863, on his arrival in Shanghai.

  7. Bowra diary, October 15, 1863, five months after arrival.

  8. Ralph Wardlaw Thompson, Griffith John: The Story of Fifty Years in China (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1906), p. 47.

  9. William C. Milne, quoted in Montalto de Jesus, Historic Shanghai, p. 43.

10. Bruce to Russell, June 10, 1860, in Correspondence Respecting Affairs in China, 1859–1860 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1861), p. 66.

11. Loch, Henry Brougham, Personal Narrative of Occurrences During Lord Elgin’s Second Embassy to China in 1860 (London: John Murray, 1900), pp. 11–12.

12. Bruce to Russell, June 10, 1860, in Correspondence Respecting Affairs in China, 1859–1860, p. 66.

13. Bruce to Russell, May 30, 1860, in ibid., p. 60, romanization modified.

14. Bruce to Russell, June 10, 1860, in ibid., p. 67.

15. William Minns Tileston, letter to his mother, March 3, 1863, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

16. Hallett Abend, The God from the West (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947), p. 73.

17. Ibid., p. 14.

18. Ibid., p. 15.

19. Holger Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer: The Story of Ward and the Taiping Rebellion (New York: Macaulay, 1930), p. 40.

20. Edward Forester, “Personal Recollections of the Tai-ping Rebellion,” in Cosmopolitan 21, no. 6 (October 1896): 628.

21. D. J. MacGowan, “Contributions to the History of the Insurrection in China,” a companion to the Shanghai Almanac for 1857 (Shanghai, 1857), p. 3.

22. Abend, God from the West, p. 74.

23. On stinkpots, see Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1986), vol. 3, part 7, sect. 30 (continued), pp. 191–192.

24. Forester, “Personal Recollections,” pp. 627–629.

25. Demetrius Boulger, The History of China, 2 vols. (London: W. Thacker & Co., 1898), vol. 2, p. 364.

26. “Visit of Missionaries to Soo-chow; Conferences with Hung-Jin,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 294 (November 1860): 299–302, quotation on p. 300. (Hung-Jin is Hong Rengan.)

27. “Mission of Hung-Jin to Tae-Ping-Wang, Chief of the Chinese Insurgents at Nanking,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 293 (October 1860), p. 277.

28. Joseph Edkins, “City of Su-Chow,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 292 (September 1860), pp. 253–254.

29. “Visit of Messrs. Edkins, John, MacGowan, and Hall, to the Chinese Insurgents,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 293 (October 1860), pp. 270–277.

30. Ibid., p. 273, with romanization modified.

31. “The Rebellion in China,” The New York Times, September 1, 1860.

32. “The Chinese Insurgents, and Our Policy with Respect to Them,” The London Review 16, no. 31 (April 1861): 222–246, quotation on p. 246.

33. “Visit of Messrs. Edkins, John, MacGowan, and Hall,” p. 272. The authorship of this narrative is attributed to Joseph Edkins by Griffith John’s biographer Richard Thompson. See Thompson, Griffith John: The Story of Fifty Years in China, p. 128.

34. Augustus F. Lindley (Lin-le), Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), pp. 71–72.

35. “Visit of Messrs. Edkins, John, MacGowan, and Hall,” p. 276.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., p. 274.

38. Ibid., p. 275.

39. Ibid., pp. 276, 277.

40. Jane Edkins, letter to her mother-in-law, July 1860, in Jane R. Edkins, Chinese Scenes and People: With Notices of Christian Missions and Missionary Life in a Series of Letters from Various Parts of China (London: James Nisbet and Co., 1863), p. 129.

41. Jane Edkins, letter to her father, August 1860, in Chinese Scenes and People, p. 143.

42. Jane Edkins, letter to her mother-in-law, July 31, 1860, in Chinese Scenes and People, pp. 134–135.

43. Thompson, Griffith John, p. 138.

44. “Visit of Missionaries to Soo-chow; Conferences with Hung-Jin,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 294 (November 1860), p. 301.

45. “Mission of Hung-Jin to Tae-Ping-Wang, Chief of the Chinese Insurgents at Nanking,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 293 (October 1860), p. 277.

46. “Sketch of the Early History of Hung-Jin,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 294 (November 1860), p. 296.

47. “Mission of Hung-Jin to Tae-Ping-Wang,” p. 278

48. Cited in J. S. Gregory, Great Britain and the Taipings (London: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), p. 135.

49. “The Chinese Revolution—Its Principles—British Duty and Policy,” Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine, November 1860, pp. 562–563, “Kwang-si” changed to “Taiping” for clarity.

50. “The Chinese Insurgents, and Our Policy with Respect to Them,” The London Review 16, no. 31 (April 1861): 222–246, quotation on p. 225.

51. Ibid., p. 226.

52. Ibid., p. 223, romanization modified.

CHAPTER 5: AN APPOINTMENT IN THE NORTH

  1. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T. C. Hansard), January 24, 1860, vol. 156, c. 21.

  2. Ibid., c. 25.

  3. Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 215; George Armand Furse, Military Transport (London, 1882), pp. 40–41 on commissariat; Robert Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign of 1860 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1861), pp. 44–45 on numbers of cavalry horses; Michael Mann, China, 1860 (Salisbury, Wiltshire: M. Russell, 1989), pp. 5–6 have a chart of overall numbers.

  4. As quoted in R. K. I. Quested, The Expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1857–1860 (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1968), p. 261.

  5. Nikolaĭ Pavlovich Ignat’ev, The Russo-Chinese Crisis: N. P. Ignatiev’s Mission to Peking, 1859–1860, ed. and tr. John Evans. (Newtonville, Mass.: Oriental Research Partners, 1987), p. 100, romanization modified.

  6. Bruce to Russell, Shanghai, December 5, 1859, in Further Correspondence with Mr. Bruce, Her Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in China (London: Harrison and Sons, 1860), p. 1.

  7. “The British Expedition to China (from our Special Correspondent),” The Times, August 29, 1860, reprinted in Thomas Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission and Death of Thomas William Bowlby, ed. C. C. Bowlby (printed for private circulation, 1906), pp. 154–175, see especially pp. 158, 160.

  8. Frederick Bruce to Joseph Edkins, Shanghai, July 28, 1860, in Correspondence Respecting Affairs in China, 1859–1860 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1861), p. 92.

  9. Bruce to Russell, Shanghai, August 1, 1860, in Correspondence Respecting Affairs in China, 1859–1860, p. 91.

10. On Meadows, see John King Fairbank, “Meadows on China: A Centennial Review,” The Far Eastern Quarterly 14, no. 3 (May 1955): 365–371; for another positive assessment of Meadows’s sources and insight, see pp. 152–153 of Pierre-Étienne Will, “Views of the Realm in Crisis: Testimonies on Imperial Audiences in the Nineteenth Century,” Late Imperial China 29, no. 1 suppl. (June 2008): 125–159.

11. Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and Their Rebellions (Stanford, Calif.: Academic Reprints, 1953, orig. published by Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1856), p. 464; also quoted in Fairbank, “Meadows on China,” p. 370.

12. Meadows, The Chinese and Their Rebellions, p. 465.

13. Meadows to Bruce, July 27, 1860, in Correspondence Respecting Affairs in China, 1859–1860, p. 93, romanization modified.

14. Bruce to Meadows, July 31, 1860, in ibid., romanization modified.

15. The letter is in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents, 3 vols. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, p. 1119.

16. Account in The North-China Herald, August 25, 1860, quoted in Augustus Lindley (Lin-le), Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, 1866), p. 297; C. A. Montalto de Jesus, Historic Shanghai (Shanghai: The Shanghai Mercury, Ltd., 1909), pp. 107–111.

17. Letter from Jane Edkins to her brother, Shanghai, September 4, 1860, in Edkins, Chinese Scenes and People: With Notices of Christian Missions and Missionary Life in a Series of Letters from Various Parts of China (London: James Nisbet and Co., 1863), pp. 147–151.

18. “The Advance of the Tai-ping Insurgents on Shanghai,” The North-China Herald, August 25, 1860.

19. Ibid.

20. Account in The North-China Herald, reprinted in the Nonconformist, November 14, 1860; quoted in Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, p. 297.

21. Earl Cranston, “Shanghai in the Taiping Period,” Pacific Historical Review 5, vol. 2 (June 1936): 147–160, see p. 158.

22. “The Chinese Rebellion and the Allies,” The New York Times, October 1, 1860.

23. Ibid.

24. “The Chinese Insurgents, and Our Policy with Respect to Them,” The London Review 16, no. 31 (April 1861): 222–246, quotation on p. 246.

25. “The Visit of the Rebel Forces to Shanghai: No Attack Made by Them,” The New York Times, November 17, 1860.

26. “The Chinese Revolution,” Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine, November 1860, p. 581.

27. Descriptions from Michael Mann, China, 1860 (Salisbury, Wiltshire: M. Russell, 1989), p. 9; Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, pp. 38, 204; David Field Rennie, The British Arms in North China and Japan: Peking 1860; Kagosima 1862 (London: John Murray, 1864), pp. 19, 43.

28. George Armand Furse, Military Transport (London, 1882), p. 41; rations on p. 72.

29. Rennie, The British Arms in North China, p. 98.

30. Mark S. Bell, China: Being a Military Report on the North-Eastern Portions on the Provinces of Chih-li and Shan-tung; Nanking and Its Approaches; Canton and Its Approaches … and a Narrative of the Wars Between Great Britain and China (Calcutta, India: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1884), vol. 2, p. 423.

31. James Bruce, Earl of Elgin, Letters and Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin, ed. Theodore Walrond (London: John Murray, 1872), pp. 376–377.

32. Robert Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign of 1860 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1861), pp. 191–193.

33. Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, p. 165.

34. Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign, p. 195.

35. Rennie, The British Arms in North China, p. 112.

36. Laurence Oliphant, Narrative of the Earl of Elgin’s Mission to China and Japan in the Years 1857, ’58, ’59, 2 vols. (London and Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859), pp. 362–363.

37. Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, p. 62.

38. Ibid., p. 63.

39. Harry Parkes’s observation on the moon, from letter of August 6, 1860, in Stanley Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1894), vol. 1, p. 354; Parkes says ten to twelve boats, though Elgin gave the number as eight (Letters and Journals, p. 341).

40. George Allgood, China War 1860: Letters and Journal (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1901), p. 41.

41. Bowlby claimed it was just the French, but Harry Parkes’s letter of August 6 (see Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, vol. 1, p. 358) admits that both sides took part, the only difference being that the British tried to punish their own offenders while the French did not.

42. “Gengshen beilüe,” (An account of what happened in the North in 1860), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng (The Second Opium War), 6 vols., ed. Qi Sihe et al. (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1978–1979), vol. 2, pp. 28–33, see p. 28.

43. Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, pp. 63–64.

44. Parkes, letter of August 6, 1860, in Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, vol. 1, p. 355.

45. Thomas Bowlby, diary entry for August 9, 1860, in Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, p. 73.

46. Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, p. 245.

47. Ibid., p. 285.

48. The Rev. R. J. L. M’Ghee, How We Got to Pekin: A Narrative of the Campaign in China of 1860 (London: Bentley, 1862), p. 114.

49. Mann, China, 1860, p. 58.

50. Rennie, The British Arms in North China, p. 88 (“it was the first war-shot from an Armstrong gun”).

51. Mann, China, 1860, p. 59, quoting James Hope Grant; Rennie, The British Arms in North China, pp. 91–92.

52. Allgood, China War 1860, pp. 75–76.

53. Ibid., p. 46.

54. Thomas Bowlby, diary entry for August 23, 1860, in Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, p. 83.

55. Parkes, letter of August 26, 1860, in Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, vol. 1, p. 364.

56. Mann, China, 1860, p. 91.

57. “The Capture of the Taku Forts (from our Special Correspondent),” The Times, November 3, 1860; reprinted in Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, p. 281.

58. “Parkes, Sir Harry Smith,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2004–2010). “Parkes had possessed a short, lean frame, with a large head, thinning fair hair descending to full sideburns, and bright blue eyes. His quick gait and alert features were tokens of a brusque and irritable temperament. He was a zealot for official work and could barely endure passive recreation.”

59. See J. Y. Wong, “Harry Parkes and the ‘Arrow’ War in China,” Modern Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (1975): 303–320.

60. Thomas Bowlby, diary entry for September 1, 1860, in Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, p. 90.

61. Parkes, letter of August 26, 1860, in Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, vol. 1, p. 368.

62. Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, pp. 37, 93.

63. Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign, p. 197; Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, vol. 1, p. 369.

64. Elgin, journal, September 8, 1860, in Letters and Journals, p. 350.

65. Bowlby, An Account of the Last Mission, pp. 289, 292.

66. Bowlby, diary, September 3, 1860, in ibid., p. 93.

67. “Gengshen beilüe,” XF10/7/1–2 (August 17–18, 1860), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, pp. 28–29.

68. Weng Tonghe, Weng wengong gong riji, diary entries for XF10/7/10 and XF10/7/23 (August 26 and September 8, 1860), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, pp. 88–89.

69. Allgood, China War 1860, p. 80.

70. Rennie, The British Arms in North China, pp. 161–162; Elgin, Letters and Journals, p. 355.

71. The secret order is mentioned in Weng Tonghe’s diary entry for XF10/7/24 (September 9, 1860), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, p. 89; Henry Loch witnessed the secret preparations—see Henry Brougham Loch, Personal Narrative of Occurrences During Lord Elgin’s Second Embassy to China in 1860 (London: John Murray, 1900), pp. 88–90.

72. “Gengshen ducheng jieyan shiji,” (A record of affairs under martial law in the capital in 1860), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, p. 34.

73. “Gengshen beilüe,” XF10/8/3 (September 17, 1860), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, pp. 29–30.

74. Elgin, Letters and Journals, pp. 356–357.

75. Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign, pp. 253–254.

76. Viscount Garnet Wolseley, Narrative of the War with China in 1860, to Which Is Added the Account of a Short Residence with the Tai-ping Rebels at Nankin…(London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1862), p. 189.

77. Wu Kedu, “Wang ji bian,” (Extreme transgressions), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, pp. 66–69; see p. 67.

78. Wenxiang, diary, Wen wenzhong gong shilüe (Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe, reprint of 1882 edition), juan 2, pp. 32a–33b; Zhao Liewen, diary entry for XF10/9/24 (November 6, 1860), in TPTG, vol. 7, pp. 70–71; Wu Kedu, “Wang ji bian,” in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, p. 66.

79. “Gengshen beilüe,” XF10/8/8–19 (September 22–October 3, 1860), Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, pp. 30–31.

80. Ibid., XF10/8/22 (October 6, 1860), Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, vol. 2, p. 31.

81. Allgood, China War 1860, p. 84.

82. Alexander Bruce Tulloch, Recollections of Forty Years’ Service (London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), pp. 117–118.

83. Ibid., p. 119.

84. Elgin, Letters and Journals, pp. 361–362.

85. Loch, Personal Narrative, pp. 102–103.

86. “Deposition of Bughel Sing, sowar, 1st troop Fane’s Horse; and also of sowar Khan Sing, of the same regiment,” quoted in Loch, Personal Narrative, p. 165.

87. Tulloch, Recollections of Forty Years’ Service, p. 117.

88. Rennie, The British Arms in North China, pp. 166–167; James Hevia, English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), p. 90.

89. Sarah A. Southall Tooley, The Personal Life of Queen Victoria (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1897), p. 256; Hevia, English Lessons, pp. 86–88.

90. Account quoted in Rennie, The British Arms in North China, pp. 165–166; also Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign, p. 331.

91. Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign, p. 330.

92. Ibid., pp. 330–331.

CHAPTER 6: A RELUCTANT GENERAL

  1. Zeng Guofan, diary entries for XF10/9/2, XF10/9/3 and XF10/9/4 (October 15–17, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3591.

  2. Andrew C. K. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1975, pp. 9–13.

  3. A. L. Y. Chung, “The Hanlin Academy in the Early Ch’ing Period,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 6 (1966): 100–119; p. 101 puts number at one hundred through the eighteenth century.

  4. Jen Yu-wen makes a similar observation in The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 218.

  5. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” p. 17.

  6. Zeng Guofan, family letter of DG22/12/20 (January 20, 1843), in ZGFQJ, vol. 6, p. 2012.

  7. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” p. 22, and many other places.

  8. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan (Biography of Zeng Guofan) (Tianjin: Baihua Wenshu Chubanshe, 2000), p. 51.

  9. Joanna Waley-Cohen, “Militarization of Culture in Eighteenth-Century China,” in Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola di Cosmo (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), pp. 278–295.

10. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” p. 64; see also p. 209, n. 29, for original reference to Tang Jian’s biography.

11. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 55.

12. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” p. 78.

13. William James Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, with a Short Sketch of His Later Career (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1927), p. 148, citing letters from XF2/12/16 to XF2/12/22 (January 24–30, 1853); specifically, he expected two parts success to eight parts effort.

14. Zeng Guofan nianpu (Chronological biography of Zeng Guofan), in ZGFQJ, vol. 1, p. 158, entry for XF2/12/13 (January 21, 1853).

15. Thomas Wade, “The Army of the Chinese Empire,” in Chinese Repository, vol. 20 (January–December 1851), pp. 250–280, 300–340, and 363–421; see p. 421.

16. Dai Yingcong, “Military Finance of the High Qing Period,” in Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola di Cosmo (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), pp. 296–316.

17. Ralph Powell, The Rise of Chinese Military Power, 1895–1912 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955), pp. 13–16.

18. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF1/3/9 (April 10, 1851), in ZGFQJ, vol. 2, p. 385.

19. Zeng Guofan, letter to Kui Yinting, in ZGFQJ, vol. 13, p. 4747.

20. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF2/12/22 (January 30, 1853), in ZGFQJ, vol. 2, pp. 401–402.

21. Ibid.

22. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF5/4/1 (May 16, 1855), in ZGFQJ, vol. 2, pp. 561–562.

23. Luo Ergang, Xiangjun xin zhi (A new history of the Hunan Army) (Taipei: Liming Wenhua Shiye Gongsi, 1988), pp. 201–210.

24. Zeng Guofan, instructions from the Jiangxi Field Headquarters, in ZGFQJ, vol. 5 (pidu), p. 1678.

25. Zeng Guofan, “She” (Forgiveness), in ZGFQJ, vol. 16 (wenji), pp. 5968–5969.

26. Quoted in Li Zhiming, Xiangjun: chengjiu shusheng xunye de “minbing” (The Hunan Army: accomplished “people’s militia” of elite scholars) (Shanghai: Guji Chubanshe, 2007), p. 52.

27. Maochun Yu, “The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution,” in A Military History of China, ed. David Graff and Robin Higham (Boulder: Westview, 2002), pp. 135–152, see p. 148.

28. Luo Ergang, Xiangjun xin zhi, pp. 201–202.

29. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 227.

30. Green Standard pay scale given in Wade, “The Army of the Chinese Empire,” Chinese Repository, vol. 20 (1851), p. 414: 4.2 taels per month in the Hunan Army versus 1.5 taels per month in the Green Standard.

31. Zeng Guofan, “Xiaoyu xinmu xiangyong” (Instructions to new recruits), in ZGFQJ, vol. 15 (wenji), pp. 5953–5955; prizes listed on p. 5955.

32. Ibid., p. 5953.

33. Ibid., p. 5955.

34. Zeng Guofan, “Ying gui” (Rules of camp), section on “Zhaomu zhi gui” (Rules for recruitment), in ZGFQJ, vol. 15 (wenji), p. 5999.

35. Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, p. 201, n. 34.

36. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” pp. 98–99.

37. Zeng Guofan, “Tao yuefei xi,” (A call to arms against the Guangxi bandits) in ZGFQJ, vol. 15 (wenji), p. 5768.

38. As described in “Gengshen (jia) binan riji” (A diary of avoiding calamity in 1860–1861), entry for XF11/2/19 (March 29, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 6, p. 214.

39. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 100.

40. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi (Annals of the Hunan Army) (Changsha: Yuelu Shushe, 1983), p. 159; see also Luo Ergang, Xiangjun bingzhi, p. 93; Zeng Guofan, “Ying gui” (Rules of camp), in ZGFQJ, vol. 16 (wenji), pp. 5996–5999; Luo Ergang dates this version of the ying gui to 1860 in Qimen and notes that it wasn’t changed afterward (Luo Ergang, Xiangjun bingzhi, p. 92).

41. Luo Ergang, Xiangjun bingzhi, pp. 94–95.

42. William Minns Tileston, letter to his mother, February 12, 1863, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

43. Specifically, 40 fast crabs, 50 long dragons, and 150 armed sampans.

44. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 102.

45. Ibid., p. 103; Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 236.

46. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 242, quoting from Xue Fucheng, Yong’an biji.

47. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 144 on Duolonga; Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi, p. 62.

48. Zeng Guofan, “Ai min ge” (Song of loving the people), in ZGFQJ, vol. 16 (wenji), pp. 5966–5967.

49. Zeng Guofan, instructions from Jiangxi Field Headquarters, in ZGFQJ, vol. 5 (pidu), p. 1671.

50. Zeng Guofan nianpu, entry for XF4/12/25 (February 11, 1855), in ZGFQJ, vol. 1, p. 189.

51. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, pp. 328–336.

52. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/4/24 (June 13, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2389.

53. Zeng Guofan, instructions from Jiangxi Field Headquarters, in ZGFQJ, vol. 5 (pidu), p. 1674.

54. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF9/6/22 (August 8, 1859), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 814.

55. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF9/6/18 (August 4, 1859), in ibid., pp. 809–811.

56. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 341; Zeng Guofan, letter to Zuo Zongtang, in ZGFQJ, vol. 13 (letters), p. 4959.

57. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ3/4/8 (May 13, 1864), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 249; Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 147.

58. He almost immediately (in June) made the provincial treasurer of Jiangxi serve as director of supplies for his army. See David Pong, “The Income and Military Expenditure of Kiangsi Province in the Last Years (1860–1864) of the Taiping Rebellion,” The Journal of Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (November 1966): 49–65, p. 57.

59. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF9/10/17 (November 11, 1859), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, pp. 820–822.

60. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 152.

61. Formations given in Zhang Dejian, Zeiqing huizuan (Intelligence reports on the Taiping rebels) (Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe, 1968, reprint of 1855 original), pp. 366–378.

62. Zeng Guofan, “Bing” (The Military), in ZGFQJ, vol. 16 (wenji), pp. 5992–5993.

63. Zeng Guofan, letter to Li Xuyi (Li Xi’an) in ZGFQJ, vol. 14 (letters), p. 5092.

64. Zeng Guofan, family letters of XF10/8/4 and XF10/8/5 (September 18 and 19, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, pp. 2407–2408.

65. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/9/14 (October 27, 1860), in ibid., p. 2419; Zhu Dong’an makes a related argument on pp. 156–161 of Zeng Guofan zhuan.

66. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/9/17 (October 30, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2420.

67. Zeng Guofan, diary entries for middle of XF10/9 (late October 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, pp. 3594–3595.

68. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/9/4 (October 17, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2416.

69. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/9/1 (October 14, 1860), in ibid., pp. 2414–2415.

70. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF10/9/24 (November 6, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3596.

CHAPTER 7: THE FORCE OF DOCTRINE

  1. Augustus F. Lindley (Lin-le), Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), p. 281.

  2. Hong Rengan, third Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 414.

  3. Hong Rengan, second confession at Xi Baotian’s military camp, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 404.

  4. Hong Rengan, confession at the Jiangxi governor’s yamen, in ibid., vol. 2, p. 416.

  5. A rubbing of the tablet was preserved by the British and Foreign Bible Society and is reproduced in Thomas Jenner’s pamphlet “The Nanking Monument of the Beatitudes” (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1911); it is also described in Joseph Edkins, “Narrative of a Visit to Nanking,” in Jane R. Edkins, Chinese Scenes and People: With Notices of Christian Missions and Missionary Life in a Series of Letters from Various Parts of China (London: James Nisbet and Co., 1863), pp. 241–307, see p. 264; Edkins translates fu incorrectly as “happiness.”

  6. From the account of J. S. Burdon in Prescott Clarke and J. S. Gregory, Western Reports on the Taiping: A Selection of Documents (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1982), p. 240; description of tablet from Catharina Van Rensselaer Bonney, A Legacy of Historical Gleanings (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1875), p. 341.

  7. Thomas W. Blakiston, Five Months on the Yang-tsze (London: John Murray, 1862), pp. 49–51; Josiah Cox, “A Missionary Visit to Nanking and the ‘Shield King,’ ” in The Wesleyan Missionary Notices, 3rd ser., vol. 10 (April 1862): 61–66, see esp. p. 62.

  8. Edmund F. Merriam, A History of American Baptist Missions (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1900), p. 59.

  9. George Blackburn Pruden, Jr., “Issachar Jacox Roberts and American Diplomacy in China During the Taiping Rebellion,” Ph.D. diss., The American University, 1977, pp. 34–35.

10. Merriam, A History of American Baptist Missions, p. 59.

11. Pruden, “Issachar Jacox Roberts and American Diplomacy in China,” pp. 164–166.

12. Ibid., pp. 193–195.

13. Ibid., p. 215.

14. Notice in the Vermont Chronicle, February 6, 1855, p. 22. “Wang” changed to “King” for clarity.

15. W. A. P. Martin, A Cycle of Cathay (New York: F. H. Revell Co., 1896), p. 29.

16. Edkins, “Narrative of a Visit to Nanking,” p. 275.

17. Viscount Garnet Wolseley, Narrative of the War with China in 1860, to Which Is Added the Account of a Short Residence with the Tai-ping Rebels at Nankin…(London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1862), p. 338.

18. Masataka Banno, China and the West, 1858–1861: The Origins of the Tsungli Yamen (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 71.

19. Clarke and Gregory, Western Reports on the Taiping, pp. 253–254.

20. Jane Edkins, letter to her mother-in-law, Chefoo, December 12, 1860, in Edkins, Chinese Scenes and People, p. 192.

21. Ralph Wardlaw Thompson, Griffith John: The Story of Fifty Years in China (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1906), p. 143.

22. Jane Edkins, letter to her brother Simon, Chefoo, December 11, 1860, in Edkins, Chinese Scenes and People, p. 189.

23. Thompson, Griffith John, pp. 147–148.

24. Clarke and Gregory, Western Reports on the Taiping, p. 278.

25. Thompson, Griffith John, p. 150.

26. William Robson, Griffith John: Founder of the Hankow Mission Central China (London: S. W. Partridge & Co., n.d. [1901?]), p. 51.

27. Yung Wing, My Life in China and America (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1909), p. 96 (he erroneously gives the date as 1859).

28. Ibid., pp. 100–101.

29. Ibid., p. 110.

30. Ibid., p. 109.

31. Ibid., p. 134.

32. Weng Tonghe, Weng wengong gong riji, diary entry for XF10/7/25 (September 10, 1860), in Dierci Yapian Zhanzheng, 6 vols., ed. Qi Sihe et al. (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1978–1979), vol. 2, p. 89.

33. Jerome Ch’ên, “The Hsien-fêng Inflation,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 21, no. 1–3 (1958): 578–586.

34. After a two-month delay, both reports reached him on November 2. See Leone Levi, ed., Annals of British Legation (London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1862), vol. 10, p. 313.

35. The Times, November 16, 1860 (editorial beginning “The Empire of China, as most readers know, has two capitals”).

36. A. A. Hayes, “An American Soldier in China,” The Atlantic Monthly, February 1886, 193–199, quotation on p. 194.

37. “The Chinese Rebellion,” The New York Times, September 1, 1860.

38. Quoted in Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, p. 296.

39. “Pinghu biji,” (Pinghu diary), in TPTG, vol. 5, p. 29.

40. J. S. Gregory, Great Britain and the Taipings (London: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), pp. 88–89.

41. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for XF10/7/5 (August 21, 1860), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 67.

42. James Bruce, Earl of Elgin, Letters and Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin, ed. Theodore Walrond (London: John Murray, 1872), p. 376.

43. Quoted in Gregory, Great Britain and the Taipings, pp. 89–90.

44. Quoted in ibid., pp. 95–96; a similar exchange between Elgin and Bruce is mentioned in Thomas Bowlby’s diary entry for September 1, 1860, while Elgin was in Tianjin and Bruce in Shanghai. See James Bowlby, ed. C. C. Bowlby (printed for private circulation, 1906), An Account of the Last Mission and Death of Thomas William Bowlby, p. 91.

45. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for XF10/7/23 (September 8, 1860), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 68.

46. Ibid. In translating this, I have assumed that there is an error in the transcription of the diary in TPTG, which reads, “The emperor of the Qing is not the emperor of a lost country” (emphasis added).

47. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for XF10/9/4 (October 17, 1860), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 69.

48. “Gengshen (jia) binan riji” (A diary of avoiding calamity in 1860–1861), entry for XF10/8/27 (October 11, 1860), in TPTG, vol. 6, p. 206.

49. Wang Shihui, Xianfeng Xiangshan yue fen jishi (A record of actual events under the rebels in Xiangshan during the Xianfeng reign), in TPTG, vol. 5, p. 219.

50. Wang Yishou, Yuenan zhi (A chronicle spanning hardships), in ibid., p. 143.

51. “Lu zai muzhong” (Firsthand account of Taiping military organization), in ibid., p. 436.

52. Zhang Xiaoqiu, Yuefei jilüe (Brief records of the Guangxi bandits), in TPTG, vol. 4, p. 56.

53. Wang Yishou, Yuenan zhi, in TPTG, vol. 5, p. 144.

54. Kathryn Bernhardt, “Elite and Peasant During the Taiping Occupation of the Jiangnan, 1860–1864,” Modern China 13, no. 4 (October 1987): 379–410; Xiaowei Zheng, “Loyalty, Anxiety, and Opportunism: Local Elite Activism during the Taiping Rebellion in Eastern Zhejiang, 1851–1864,” Late Imperial China 30, no. 2 (December 2009): 39–83.

55. Bernhardt, “Elite and Peasant,” pp. 384–388.

56. Ibid., pp. 383–384.

57. See, for example, “Gengshen (jia) binan riji” (A diary of avoiding calamity in 1860–1861), in TPTG, vol. 6, p. 200, on “true longhairs” (zhen changmao) being only a minority.

58. Blakiston, Five Months on the Yang-tsze, pp. 48–49.

59. Wang Yishou, Yuenan zhi, in TPTG, vol. 5, p. 157.

60. Mr. Tang (no given name), “Qiuwen riji” (Qiuwen diary), entry for XF11/3/2 (April 11, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 6, pp. 346–347; “Gengshen (jia) binan riji” (A diary of avoiding calamity in 1860–1861), entry for XF11/2/27 (April 6, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 6, pp. 214–215.

61. The prompt from the Analects is recorded in “Gengshen (jia) binan riji” (A diary of avoiding calamity in 1860–1861), entry for XF11/3/8 (April 17, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 6, p. 215; also in Mr. Tang (no given name), “Qiuwen riji” (Qiuwen diary), entry for XF11/3/2 (April 11, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 6, p. 346.

62. Edkins, “Narrative of a Visit to Nanking,” pp. 280–281.

63. Ibid., p. 301.

64. Hong Rengan, Yingjie guizhen (A hero’s return to the truth), trans. in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, pp. 799–831, quotations on pp. 804, 806, 807.

65. Ibid., p. 817.

66. Hong Rengan, third Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 414.

67. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 121–122.

68. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 122 (from folio 72).

69. Date given by William Muirhead, who wrote on February 12, 1861, that Hong Rengan had left the previous Sabbath, which would have been Sunday, February 10, the first day of that lunar year.

70. W. Muirhead, “Visit of the Rev. W. Muirhead to the City of Nanking,” The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, vol. 25 (July 1861): 197–209; see p. 206. Muirhead’s article is dated February 1861.

CHAPTER 8: THE PERILS OF CIVILIZATION

  1. Reported in The Economist, February 9, 1861, p. 146.

  2. The Times, December 25, 1860 (editorial beginning “The news which arrived just as the bells were ringing their first Christmas chime”).

  3. “Capture of Pekin,” The Illustrated News of the World, December 15, 1860.

  4. The full text of the letter is in Hugo’s collected works, Oeuvres Complètes: Pendant l’Exil: 1852–1870 (Paris, 1883), pp. 267–270.

  5. This is from the 1861 letter, though he also repeated the same theme in 1870: “S’associer à l’Angleterre pour donner à la Chine le spectacle de l’Europe vandale, stupéfier de notre barbarie les barbares, détruire le palais d’Été de compte à demi avec le fils de lord Elgin qui a mutilé le Parthénon,” in Oeuvres Complètes: Pendant l’Exil: 1852–1870, p. 530.

  6. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T. C. Hansard), February 14, 1861, vol. 161, c. 392.

  7. Ibid., c. 410.

  8. James Bruce, Earl of Elgin, Letters and Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin, ed. Theodore Walrond (London: John Murray, 1872), pp. 391–392.

  9. Ibid., p. 393.

10. Arthur W. Hummel, ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644–1912) (Taipei: Chengwen reprint, 1967), p. 666.

11. Lolan Wang Grady, “The Career of I-Hsin, Prince Kung, 1858–1880: A Case Study of the Limits of Reform in the Late Ch’ing,” Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1980, pp. 23–24.

12. Grady’s translation, from ibid. pp. 94–95.

13. Ibid., p. 100.

14. Ibid., pp. 100–101.

15. Jennifer Rudolph, Negotiated Power in Late Imperial China: The Zongli Yamen and the Politics of Reform (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University East Asia Program, 2008), pp. 184–185.

16. R. K. I. Quested, Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History (Boston: George Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 71–77; Quested, The Expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1857–1860 (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1968), pp. 64–153.

17. Quested, Sino-Russian Relations, pp. 75–77.

18. Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu “Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi” jiaobu (Emendations to Guo [Tingyi’s] Daily Calendar of Events in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 2001), p. 151. The superintendent of trade was Xue Huan, who was also governor of Jiangsu province, though he later relinquished that post to focus on trade in the southern treaty ports. See Rudolph, Negotiated Power, p. 113.

19. Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu, pp. 149–150.

20. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF10/11/8 (December 19, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, pp. 879–882.

21. Masataka Banno, China and the West, 1858–1861: The Origins of the Tsungli Yamen (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 209 and p. 332, n. 26.

22. Quoted in Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu, p. 154: “if we send the foreign ships there, not only will there be no possibility of a joint attack, but furthermore I fear … that [the unescorted Russians] might decide to collaborate with the rebels and give rise to new problems.”

23. Earl Grey’s speech, quoted here and in following paragraphs, is in Hansard, February 19, 1861, vol. 161, cc. 546–569.

24. Ibid., c. 580.

25. Meadows to Russell, February 19, 1861 (received April 12, 1861), in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River (London: Harrison and Sons, 1862), p. 3.

26. J. S. Gregory, “Stephen Uhalley, Jr. and Westerners in China: A Further Comment,” The Journal of Asian Studies 35, no. 2 (February 1976): 364–365.

27. Among other locations, Holmes’s letter is published in the Church Missionary Intelligencer of December 1, 1860.

28. “The Chinese Insurgents, and Our Policy with Respect to Them,” The London Review 16, no. 31 (April 1861): 222–246; quotations, including from Overland Register, on pp. 232, 235, and 242.

29. John Scarth, British Policy in China: Is Our War with the Tartars or the Chinese? (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1860), front cover.

30. Ibid., pp. 23, 31, and 32.

31. The Economist, May 11, 1861, p. 513.

32. “China,” Dublin University Magazine, May 1861, p. 569.

33. Dictionary of National Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1909), vol. 19, p. 258.

34. Sykes’s speech quoted here and in following paragraphs is in Hansard, March 12, 1861, vol. 161, cc. 1841–1856.

35. Ibid., cc. 1858–1859.

36. Hansard, April 12, 1861, vol. 162, c. 522.

37. Description of rain from Thomas W. Blakiston, Five Months on the Yang-tsze (London: John Murray, 1862), pp. 1–2.

38. “Fighting Jimmy”: Robert S. Rantoul, “Frederick Townsend Ward,” Historical Collections of the Essex Institute 44, no. 1 (January 1908): 1–64, p. 31; according to Alexander Michie, The Englishman in China During the Victorian Era (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1900), p. 349, Hope was “a tall, noble-looking man, with a prepossessing and most gentlemanlike appearance.”

39. Stanley Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1894), vol. 1, pp. 265–266.

40. Harry Parkes, “Report of an Interview with Rebel Authorities at Nanking, March 1, 1861,” in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 35–37.

41. Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, vol. 1, p. 263.

42. Ibid., p. 264.

43. Parkes to Hammond, June 12, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 45.

44. Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, vol. 1, p. 265.

45. “Report by Mr. Parkes of Visit to Woo-Hoo and Tae-Ping,” March 28, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 31.

46. Hope to Admiralty, April 6, 1861, in Correspondence Respecting the Opening of the Yang-tze-kiang River to Foreign Trade (London: Harrison and Sons, 1861), p. 10.

47. Michie, The Englishman in China, p. 376.

48. There was some controversy over whether the promise to stay thirty miles from Shanghai was just for the year or in perpetuity. Parkes’s original report said nothing about a year, but Bruce later referred to the Taipings having promised to stay out of Shanghai “for a twelvemonth,” and Parkes returned almost a year later to ask for an extension (which was refused). Also, in his instructions for his successor Kuper on October 15, 1862, Hope referred to the agreement as having been “but limited to the year.” See Bruce to Hope, Beijing, June 16, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 56; and “Extract from a Memorandum dated October 15, 1862, addressed to Rear-Admiral Kuper by Vice-Admiral Sir J. Hope, on resigning the Command of the Station,” in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China (London: Harrison and Sons, 1863), p. 111.

49. “Report by Mr. Forrest of Journey from Shanghae to Nanking,” in Correspondence Respecting the Opening of the Yang-tze-kiang River to Foreign Trade, pp. 27–30.

50. As per the captain of the Centaur, who described the banks of the Grand Canal as “literally white with human bones.” Aplin to Hope, March 21, 1861, in ibid., p. 21.

51. “Report by Mr. Forrest of Journey from Shanghae to Nanking,” in ibid., p. 29.

52. A battalion commander in Zeng Guofan’s army received 50 taels per month. Sixty taels per month was a little over $1,000 per year; William Mills Tileston, a young American working at a firm in Shanghai, was paid $900 per year.

53. Forrest to Bruce, April 20 and May 1, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 41–42.

54. Medhurst to Bruce, May 6, 1861, enclosing “Deposition” of John Hinton, in ibid., pp. 42–43.

55. The letter is in the Frederick Townsend Ward Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

56. Teng Ssu-yu, The Taiping Rebellion and the Western Powers: A Comprehensive Survey (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 305.

57. Caleb Carr, The Devil Soldier: The American Soldier of Fortune Who Became a God in China (New York: Random House, 1992), pp. 150–151.

58. Edward Forester, “Personal Recollections of the Tai-ping Rebellion,” Cosmopolitan 21, no. 6 (October 1896): 629; Carr, Devil Soldier, pp. 153–154.

CHAPTER 9: ENDURANCE

  1. Descriptions based in part on Thomas W. Blakiston, Five Months on the Yang-tsze (London: John Murray, 1862), p. 61; Viscount Garnet Wolseley, Narrative of the War with China in 1860, to Which Is Added the Account of a Short Residence with the Tai-ping Rebels at Nankin…(London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1862), pp. 369–372.

  2. As described by Laurence Oliphant in Narrative of the Earl of Elgin’s Mission to China and Japan in the Years 1857, ’58, ’59, 2 vols. (London and Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859), vol. 2, pp. 363–364.

  3. Augustus F. Lindley (Lin-le), Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), p. 345; Wolseley, Narrative of the War with China in 1860, p. 371.

  4. Zhang Dejian, Zeiqing huizuan (Intelligence reports on the Taiping rebels) (Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe, 1968, reprint of 1855 original), p. 173.

  5. Lindesay Brine, The Taeping Rebellion in China: A Narrative of Its Rise and Progress (London: John Murray, 1862), p. 307.

  6. Zhu Hongzhang, Cong rong jilüe (Zhu Hongzhang’s account of the campaign against the rebels) (Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe reprint, 1968), p. 68.

  7. “Report by Mr. Parkes of Visit to Ngan-king [Anqing], March 24, 1861,” in Correspondence Respecting the Opening of the Yang-tze-kiang River to Foreign Trade (London: Harrison and Sons, 1861), pp. 25–27, see p. 26.

  8. Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen), The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 412.

  9. This reflects the reality of what they tried to accomplish, which differs somewhat from the description of their strategy that Li Xiucheng provided in his confession.

10. From Guan Wen memorial, quoted in Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu “Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi” jiaobu (Emendations to Guo (Tingyi’s) Daily Calendar of Events in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 2001), p. 157.

11. Parkes, “Report of Mr. Parkes of his Visit to the Ying Wang at Hwang-chow, March 22, 1861,” in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River (London: Harrison and Sons, 1862): 53–56, see p. 55.

12. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/7/3 (August 19, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2400.

13. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF10/10/11 (November 23, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3600.

14. Zeng Guofan, diary entries for XF10/10/11 and XF10/10/19 (November 23 and December 1, 1860), ibid., pp. 3600, 3602.

15. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan (Biography of Zeng Guofan) (Tianjin: Baihua Wenshu Chubanshe, 2000), p. 162.

16. Chen Chang, Tingjun jilüe (History of Bao Chao’s army) (Shanghai: Shanghai Shenbao Guan, 1882), juan 3, p. 26b.

17. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/10/20 (December 2, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2430.

18. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 122–123.

19. Chen Chang, Tingjun jilüe, juan 3, p. 27a.

20. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF10/11/14 (December 25, 1860), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, pp. 2436–2437. (N.B.: there is a typographical error in Zeng Guofan quanji, where this letter is listed as XF10/11/4 rather than XF10/11/14.)

21. Zeng Guofan, letter to Hu Linyi of XF10/11/16 (December 27, 1860), quoted in Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu, p. 150.

22. Zeng Guofan, family letters of XF10/11/18, XF10/11/22, and XF10/11/24 (December 29, 1860, and January 2 and 4, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, pp. 2437, 2438–2439.

23. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF10/11/28 (January 8, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, pp. 887–888.

24. Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen), The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 415; Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 163.

25. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF11/3/5 (April 14, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3641; also quoted in Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 164.

26. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF11/3/13 (April 22, 1861), in ibid., p. 3644.

27. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/3/13 (April 22, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, pp. 2475–2476.

28. Ibid., p. 2476.

29. “Report of Mr. Parkes of His Visit to the Ying Wang at Hwang-chow, March 22, 1861,” in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 53–56, quotation on p. 54.

30. Ibid., p. 54.

31. Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, p. 350.

32. “Report by Mr. Parkes of Visit to Ngan-king [Anqing], March 24, 1861,” in Correspondence Respecting the Opening of the Yang-tze-kiang River to Foreign Trade, pp. 25–27.

33. “Report by Mr. Parkes on Communications with the Insurgents at Nanking, March 29 to April 2, 1861,” in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 10–15, see p. 12.

34. As reported by Garnet Wolseley, who passed by in the spring of 1861; Wolseley, Narrative of the War with China in 1860, p. 370.

35. “Report by Mr. Parkes of Visit to Ngan-king [Anqing], March 24, 1861,” p. 27.

36. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 123.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid., pp. 124–125.

39. “Li Hsiu-ch’eng’s letter to Lai Wen-kuang Seeking Military Information,” trans. in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents, 3 vols. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, pp. 1043–1044; the letter wound up in the British Museum.

40. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, pp. 421–422.

41. Xia Chuntao, Hong Rengan (Wuhan: Hubei Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 1999), p. 257.

42. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/4/24 (June 2, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2506.

43. Hong Rengan, “Ti yuci jinbi,” (On receiving the golden brush), in Hong Rengan xuanji (The selected works of Hong Rengan), ed. Yangzhou Shifan Xueyuan Zhongwen Xi (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1978), p. 62; translation based on Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, p. 835.

44. Hong Rengan, “Zhi ge” (The end of fighting), in Hong Rengan xuanji, p. 67.

45. Xia Chuntao, Hong Rengan, p. 261.

46. Ibid., p. 248; Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 423.

47. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/5/4 (June 11, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2514; also letter of XF11/5/14 (June 21, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2522.

48. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi (1879 edition), juan 5, p. 8a.

49. Zeng Guofan got the news on July 9; see his family letter of XF11/6/2 (July 9, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2527.

50. Zhu Hongzhang, Cong rong jilüe, pp. 73–74; Zhu says 10,000, but Zeng Guoquan reported to Zeng Guofan that the number was 8,000 (which matches with the weapons count). See Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/6/4 (July 11, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2528.

51. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/6/4 (July 11, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2528.

52. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/6/5 (July 12, 1861), in ibid.

53. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/6/12 (July 19, 1861), in ibid., p. 2530.

54. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/4/24 (June 2, 1861), in ibid., p. 2506.

55. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/4/26 (June 4, 1861), in ibid., pp. 2508–2509.

56. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/5/6 (June 13, 1861), in ibid., p. 2516; the ship unloaded 3,000 dan, one dan being equal to 2.75 bushels, or 124 pounds of rice. At a later date, Zeng Guofan estimated one dan of rice per day as being the amount necessary to sustain 100 soldiers. At that rate, the 3,000 dan would last 30,000 people ten days at normal rations; see Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/9/2 (October 24, 1861), in ibid., p. 2624.

57. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/5/6 (June 13, 1861), in ibid., p. 2516.

58. “The Prince of Kung to Mr. Bruce,” July 18, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 67–68; Bruce to Medhurst, Beijing, July 23, 1861, in ibid., p. 68; quotation is from Bruce to Russell, Beijing, July 30, 1861, ibid., pp. 64–65; Jen Yu-wen, on p. 426 of The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, claims the British actually set up a naval blockade alongside Zeng’s navy, but he gives no source for the claim.

59. William James Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, with a Short Sketch of His Later Career (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1927), p. 233, citing unnamed memorial.

60. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/3/24, in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, pp. 2483–2484, quotation on p. 2484.

61. Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan, p. 234.

62. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 422; see also Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/5/30 (June 30, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2526.

63. Based on descriptions in Zhu Hongzhang, Cong rong jilüe, pp. 76–77; also Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for XF11/8/13 (September 17, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 107; Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, p. 262; the entry on Chen Yucheng (the Brave King) in Arthur W. Hummel, ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644–1912) (Taipei: Chengwen reprint, 1967), p. 106 says six days and nights of fighting and gives the starting date of August 21, but according to Zhu Hongzhang, the fighting began in earnest on August 27 (7/22 on the lunar calendar) and ended the night of September 3 (7/29).

64. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, p. 262, n. 2; Augustus Lindley, Zhu Hongzhang, and Wang Kaiyun all said the garrison had left the city (by agreement, according to Lindley; by tunnel, according to Zhu Hongzhang), contradicting Zeng Guofan’s report that they defeated the city by blowing up the wall. Zhao Liewen says the Hunan Army dug a tunnel but it wasn’t complete until early September (the end of the seventh lunar month), and the army used it to enter the city only after the fighting was already done. He describes the chained gunners and says there was no resistance when the Hunan Army entered. See Neng jingju riji (Zhao Liewen’s diary), entry for XF11/8/13 (September 17, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 108.

65. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for XF11/8/13 (September 17, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 7, pp. 107–108.

66. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/5/18 (June 25, 1861), ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2523.

67. Jian Youwen, Taiping Tianguo quanshi (Hong Kong: Mengjin Shuwu, 1962), vol. 3, p. 1893, concludes that everyone inside was killed, regardless of age or gender; Long Shengyun says the women were carried off and all of the men and boys slaughtered (Xiangjun shigao, p. 262); Zhao Liewen says the children were spared and more than ten thousand women were carried off by the soldiers, while several dozen committed suicide (Neng jingju riji, XF11/8/13, in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 108).

CHAPTER 10: HEAVEN AND EARTH

  1. David Field Rennie, Peking and the Pekingese: During the First Year of the British Embassy at Peking, 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1865), vol. 1, pp. 267–269; for further rumors of the emperor’s death in Beijing that August, see ibid., pp. 317, 335.

  2. “Pinghu biji,” (Pinghu diary), in TPTG, vol. 5, p. 31.

  3. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for XF11/8/1 (September 5, 1861), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 96.

  4. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF11/7/30 (September 4, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, pp. 3684–3685.

  5. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF11/8/10 (September 14, 1861), in ibid., p. 3687.

  6. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF11/8/10 (September 14, 1861), in ibid., pp. 3687–3688.

  7. Evelyn S. Rawski, The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 140–141; three-quarters of his consorts never conceived at all.

  8. Hong Rengan, “Proclamations on the Extermination of Demons,” trans. in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, pp. 859–869, quotation on p. 863, romanization and capitalization modified.

  9. Rennie, Peking and the Pekingese, vol. 1, p. 173.

10. Ibid., pp. 173–174.

11. Parkes to Bruce, Beijing, May 10, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River (London: Harrison and Sons, 1862), pp. 23–35; quotations on p. 32.

12. Hong Rengan, letter to Li Xiucheng, in Hong Rengan xuanji, ed. Yangzhou Shifan Xueyuan Zhongwen Xi (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1978), p. 56.

13. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, p. 1526.

14. Xu Chuanyi, Taiping Tianguo Anhui sheng shigao (Draft history of Anhui province during the Taiping Rebellion) (Hefei: Anhui Renmin Chubanshe, 1991), p. 283.

15. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, p. 969.

16. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 159–160.

17. Thomas W. Blakiston, Five Months on the Yang-tsze (London: John Murray, 1862), p. 49.

18. Ibid., p. 52.

19. Ibid., p. 54.

20. Ibid., pp. 52–54.

21. Jane R. Edkins, Chinese Scenes and People, With Notices of Christian Missions and Missionary Life…(London, James Nisbet & Co., 1863), pp. 201–206, for quotations in this paragraph and following.

22. Ibid., pp. 29–33.

23. Griffith John, letter to the Rev. Dr. Tidman, Hankow, November 5, 1861, reprinted in The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, no. 309, new ser., no. 26 (February 1862): 36–37.

24. Parkes to Bruce, Beijing, May 10, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, quotation on p. 35.

25. Roberts, letter to The North-China Herald, March 30, 1861; quoted in Prescott Clarke and J. S. Gregory, Western Reports on the Taiping: A Selection of Documents (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1992), p. 263.

26. “Our editorial of last week…,” The North-China Herald, September 14, 1861.

27. Introduction to letter from I. J. Roberts, China Mail, no. 856 (July 11, 1861).

28. “The Taeping Rebels,” The Louisville Daily Journal, May 8, 1862, for example, says that “it has been considered strange that the Christian nations of the Western world have not shown them more practical sympathy. This feeling has largely prevailed in our own country, in consequence of the well-known fact that the missionary, Mr. Roberts, who was the instructor of the ‘Heavenly Ruler,’ is an American.”

29. Letter from I. J. Roberts, China Mail, no. 856 (July 11, 1861).

30. Rawski, The Last Emperors, p. 103.

31. Ibid., p. 127.

32. Arthur W. Hummel, ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644–1912) (Taipei: Chengwen reprint, 1967), p. 668; Rawski, The Last Emperors, p.103.

33. Rennie, Peking and the Pekingese, vol. 2, pp. 141, 125.

34. Lolan Wang Grady, “The Career of I-Hsin, Prince Kung, 1858–1880: A Case Study of the Limits of Reform in the Late Ch’ing,” Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1980, p. 101.

35. Rennie, Peking and the Pekingese, vol. 2, pp. 128–129.

36. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 160.

37. Hummel, Eminent Chinese, p. 668; William Robson, Griffith John: Founder of the Hankow Mission Central China (London: S. W. Partridge & Co., n.d. [1901?]), p. 60, citing eyewitness account of Lockart; see also Rennie, Peking and the Pekingese, vol. 2, pp. 125–166.

38. Rennie, Peking and the Pekingese, vol. 2, p. 134.

39. William Minns Tileston, letter to his mother, Shanghai, October 18, 1860, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

40. Edward Bowra, diary, at School of Oriental and African Studies (PPMS 69, Bowra, Box 1, Folder 6), accessed via Adam Matthew Digital, “China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 1793–1980,” entry for June 1, 1863 (manuscript pp. 35–36).

41. Josiah Cox, “A Missionary Visit to Nanking and the ‘Shield King,’ ” in The Wesleyan Missionary Notices, no. 100, 3rd ser. (April 1862): 61–66, quotation on p. 62.

42. “Extract from the Journal of the Rev. Josiah Cox,” in The Wesleyan Missionary Notices, no. 101, 3rd ser. (May 1862): 69–76, quotation on p. 70.

43. Cox, “A Missionary Visit to Nanking and the ‘Shield King,’ ” p. 62.

44. Ibid., p. 65; Since J. S. Gregory’s 1956 dissertation, Western historians have consistently misattributed this quotation to Hong Rengan himself—it was a sign of his family’s protective concern, not of his own shift in policy.

45. Ibid., p. 62, emphasis added.

CHAPTER 11: CROSSINGS

  1. “The New War in China,” The London Review, July 12, 1862, p. 27.

  2. Eugene A. Brady, “A Reconsideration of the Lancashire ‘Cotton Famine,’ ” Agricultural History 37, no. 3 (July 1963): 156–162, see p. 159.

  3. “A History of the External Trade of China, 1834–81,” in Decennial Reports on the Trade, Navigation, Industries, etc., of the Ports Open to Foreign Commerce, and on Conditions and Development of the Treaty Port Provinces, 5th issue (1922–1931) (Shanghai: Statistical Department of the Inspectorate of Customs, 1933), vol. 1, pp. 1–144; see p. 56; also see chart in Brady, “A Reconsideration,” p. 159.

  4. Brady, “A Reconsideration,’ ” pp. 156–158.

  5. “A History of the External Trade of China, 1834–81,” pp. 61 and 77.

  6. David McLean, letter of January 10, 1863, from Shanghai. In letter book held at School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (MS380401/11), p. 26. Accessed via Adam Matthew Digital, “China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 1793–1980.”

  7. Quoted in James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 388.

  8. The Times, May 13, 1861 (editorial beginning “Every successive mail brings proof of the soundness of our latest policy towards China”).

  9. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T. C. Hansard), May 31, 1861, vol. 163, cc. 379–381.

10. Ibid., cc. 381–383.

11. Ibid., c. 391.

12. Ibid., cc. 383–385.

13. Ibid., c. 386.

14. Ibid., c. 388.

15. Ibid., c. 401.

16. The Times, June 3, 1861 (editorial beginning “Our House of Commons, which claims to unite all power and all dexterity”).

17. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 258, n. 14.

18. Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu “Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi” jiaobu (Emendations to Guo [Tingyi’s] Daily Calendar of Events in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 2001), p. 168.

19. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 128.

20. Shen Zi, Bikou riji (A diary of avoiding the bandits), entry for XF11/12/7 (January 7, 1862), in TPTG, vol. 8, p. 77.

21. Shen Zi, Bikou riji, entry for XF11/12/6 (January 5, 1862), in TPTG, vol. 8, p. 77.

22. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 129.

23. Ibid., p. 260, n. 26, quoting Xu Yaoguang.

24. Bruce to Consul Sinclair, Tianjin, December 21, 1860, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River (London: Harrison and Sons, 1862), p. 2.

25. Bruce to Hope, Tianjin, December 23, 1860, in ibid.

26. Hope, “Orders Addressed to Captain Dew,” Nagasaki, May 8, 1861, in ibid., p. 16.

27. Russell to Bruce, July 24, 1861 and August 8, 1861, in ibid., pp. 23 and 46.

28. Bruce to Hope, Beijing, June 16, 1861, in ibid., pp. 56–59.

29. Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu, p. 167.

30. Hope to Bruce, Hong Kong, July 11, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 60.

31. “Memorandum by Mr. Alabaster, on the condition of the Tae-ping Insurgents at Cha-poo,” in ibid., pp. 61–62.

32. Harvey to Bruce, Ningbo, June 18, 1861, in ibid., p. 66; specifically: “Captain Dew informed the Taoutae that he had been instructed by the Admiral to examine and concert measures for the defence of Ningpo against any rebel attacks; and that though not actually in possession of orders to resist an onslaught on the city, he had no doubt that he would find those orders at Shanghae on his return.”

33. Hope to Admiralty, Shanghai, December 22, 1861, in ibid., pp. 90–91.

34. Harvey to Bruce, Ningbo, November 12, 1861, in ibid., p. 83.

35. The Ven. Archdeacon Moule, Personal Recollections of the T’ai-p’ing Rebellion, 1861–1863 (Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury Office, 1898), pp. 8–9.

36. “Memorandum by Mr. Parkes on the Capture of Ningpo by the Rebels,” in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 92–96, see esp. p. 94.

37. Moule, Personal Recollections, p. 11.

38. Harvey to Hammond, Ningbo, December 18, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 89.

39. Moule, Personal Recollections, p. 9.

40. W. H. (William Henry) Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China: Its Origin, Progress, and Present Condition (London: Warren Hall & Co., 1863), p. 34.

41. Harvey to Hammond, Ningbo, January 3, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 106.

42. Quoted in Stephen Uhalley, Jr., “The Taipings at Ningpo: The Significance of a Forgotten Event,” The Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 11 (1971): 17–32, p. 20; also in Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China, p. 19.

43. Harvey to Bruce, Ningbo, December 31, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 107–108.

44. Lindesay Brine, The Taeping Rebellion in China: A Narrative of its Rise and Progress (London: John Murray, 1862), p. 333.

45. Bruce to Russell, Beijing, January 18, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 143.

46. Vice Admiral Sir J. Hope to the Secretary to the Admiralty, Shanghai, January 9, 1862, in ibid., p. 106.

47. Mail steamer description based on Edward Bowra’s diary entry for October 11, 1863.

48. Stanley Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1894), vol. 1, p. 465.

49. “Commander Bingham to the Tae-ping Authorities at Nanking,” January 1, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 104.

50. “Our China Correspondence,” The New York Times, March 29, 1862 (dateline January 17).

CHAPTER 12: THE POINT OF NO RETURN

  1. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan (Biography of Zeng Guofan) (Tianjin: Baihua Wenshu Chubanshe, 2000), p. 188; citing family letters of TZ1/10/16–17 (December 7–8, 1862).

  2. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/3/4 (April 2, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2588.

  3. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF11/10/14 (November 16, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 962.

  4. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 187.

  5. Arthur W. Hummel, ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644–1912) (Taipei: Chengwen reprint, 1967), p. 464.

  6. Stanley Spector, Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Regionalism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964), pp. 18–19.

  7. Lolan Wang Grady, “The Career of I-Hsin, Prince Kung, 1858–1880: A Case Study of the Limits of Reform in the Late Ch’ing,” Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1980, pp. 118–119.

  8. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF11/11/14 (December 15, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3717.

  9. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for XF11/11/25 (December 26, 1861), in ibid., pp. 3720–3721.

10. See, for example, Zeng Guofan’s memorial dated TZ1/1/10 (February 8, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, pp. 981–982.

11. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ1/1/22 (February 20, 1862), in ibid., pp. 986–987.

12. For appointments, see Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 185.

13. “Letter from Rev. I. J. Roberts,” January 22, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River (London: Harrison and Sons, 1862), pp. 142–143, for this paragraph and following.

14. John A. Rapp, “Clashing Dilemmas: Hong Rengan, Issachar Roberts, and a Taiping ‘Murder’ Mystery,” Journal of Historical Biography 4 (Autumn 2008): 27–58; Lindesay Brine, The Taeping Rebellion in China: A Narrative of Its Rise and Progress(London: John Murray, 1862), p. 299.

15. “The Confession of Hung Jen-kan,” trans. in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, pp. 1511–1530, quotation on p. 1527.

16. Brine, The Taeping Rebellion in China, p. 299.

17. “The Chinese Foreign Legion,” The North-China Herald, June 8, 1861; Bruce to Russell, July 3, 1861, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River (London: Harrison and Sons, 1862), p. 61.

18. “Colonel Ward and the Supposed Privateer Neva,” New York Herald, November 9, 1861.

19. Whiskey: William Minns Tileston, letter to his mother, Shanghai, September 2, 1861, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.; celebrated fillibuster: “The Rebels at Work in Chinese Waters,” The New York Times, November 3, 1861; seceding rascals: “Colonel Ward and the Supposed Privateer Neva,” New York Herald, November 9, 1861.

20. William Minns Tileston, letter, October 5, 1862, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

21. “From Hong Kong: The End of Our Squadron in the China Seas,” The New York Times, February 23, 1862.

22. Hallett Abend, The God from the West (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947), p. 139; Augustus Allen Hayes, “Another Unwritten Chapter in the Late War,” The International Review, vol. 11 (1881): pp. 519ff.

23. Holger Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer: The Story of Ward and the Taiping Rebellion (New York: Macaulay, 1930), p. 152.

24. William Minns Tileston, letter to his mother, Shanghai, March 5, 1862, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

25. Extract from “Shanghai Shipping News,” January 13, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 130–131.

26. William Minns Tileston, letter to his mother, Shanghai, June 2, 1862, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

27. Capt. Willes to Vice-Admiral Sir J. Hope, Wusong, January 20, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 139 (“having had an opportunity of seeing the Imperialist troops in the Peiho expedition, I was quite astonished at their apparent equipment and organisation”).

28. “A Proclamation Urging the People and Soldiers at Shanghai and Sung-chiang to Surrender,” in Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, pp. 996–998, quotation on p. 997.

29. Ibid., p. 998.

30. Robertson to Hammond, Canton, January 29, 1862 in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 129.

31. Extract from Daily Shipping and Commercial News, in ibid., pp. 129–130.

32. The North-China Herald, February 1, 1862.

33. Jonathan Spence, God’s Chinese Son (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), p. 302; The Ven. Archdeacon Moule, Personal Recollections of the T’ai-p’ing Rebellion, 1861–1863 (Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury Office, 1898), p. 15.

34. “A Remarkable Career: Col. Forrester, Once Commander in a Chinese Army,” The Sarnia Observer, November 21, 1890; that article says he was from Maine, though another, in the Baltimore Sun, says he was from Jefferson County, New York (“Remarkable Romance in Real Life: A New York Sailor Ruling a Chinese City,” The Sun, August 6, 1862).

35. D. J. MacGowan, “Memoir of Generals Ward and Burgevine, and of the Ever Conquering Legion,” The Far East, new ser., vol. 2 (January–June 1877): 104; Robert Harry Detrick, “Henry Andrea Burgevine in China: A Biography,” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1968, pp. 11–12.

36. Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer, pp. 148–149.

37. Caleb Carr, The Devil Soldier: The American Soldier of Fortune Who Became a God in China (New York: Random House, 1992), pp. 162–165.

38. John Keegan, The American Civil War: A Military History (New York: Knopf, 2009), pp. 7, 44.

39. Richard J. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever-Victorious Army in Nineteenth-Century China (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978), p. 90.

40. “China: Important Defeat of the Rebels,” Otago Witness, July 26, 1862.

41. “List of Articles Abstracted from a Pocket-Book Found on Board a Vessel with Arms &c., for Sale to the Rebels,” in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China (London: Harrison and Sons, 1863), p. 103.

42. Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu “Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi” jiaobu (Emendations to Guo [Tingyi’s] Daily Calendar of Events in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 2001), p. 172.

43. Report from Daily Shipping and Commercial News, February 10, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 155.

44. Mao Jiaqi, Guo zhu “Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi” jiaobu, p. 173.

45. See, e.g., Carr, Devil Soldier, pp. 214–215.

46. From the Frederick Townsend Ward Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

47. Carr, Devil Soldier, pp. 83, 211–212.

48. “Minute of Conference between the Military and Naval Authorities, at Shanghae, February 13, 1862,” in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 149.

49. Hope to Bruce, Shanghai, February 22, 1862, in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, p. 10.

50. Bruce to Hope, Beijing, March 19, 1862, in ibid., pp. 10–11.

51. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/5/1 (June 18, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2511.

52. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ1/1/22 (February 20, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, pp. 987–988.

53. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/12/14 (January 13, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2580.

54. Zeng Guofan, family letter of XF11/12/14 (January 13, 1862), in ibid., p. 2581.

55. Medhurst to Bruce, Shanghai, March 21, 1862 (relaying Admiral Hope’s words), in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China (In Continuation of Papers Presented to Parliament, May 2, 1862) (London: Harrison and Sons, 1862), p. 9.

56. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/3/4 (April 2, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2588.

57. Ibid.

58. Guo Tingyi, Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1976), p. 873; on Zeng Guoquan’s arrival from Hunan and subsequent departure, see Zeng Guofan’s diary entries for TZ1/2/15 and TZ1/2/24 (March 15 and 24, 1862), inZGFQJ,vol. 10, pp. 3745, 3747.

59. Medhurst to Hope, Shanghai, February 19, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, pp. 152–153.

60. Extract from the North China and Japan Market Report, February 21, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 154.

61. Sir William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Death of Queen Victoria, 7 vols. (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1903), vol. 7, p. 165.

62. William J. Boone to Samuel Wells Williams, March 17, 1862. Samuel Wells Williams Family Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

63. “Present State of the Rebellion in China,” New-York Evangelist, July 3, 1862.

64. Quoted in Augustus F. Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), p. 454.

65. Harvey to Bruce, Ningbo, May 9, 1862, in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, p. 37; Moule, Personal Recollections, p. 17.

66. “China (from Our Own Correspondent),” The Times, May 26, 1862 (dateline April 15, 1862).

67. Reports on the Trade at the Ports in China Open by Treaty to Foreign Trade, for the Year 1865 (Shanghai: Imperial Maritime Customs’ Press, 1866). The historical chart on p. 10 shows the total trade revenue from Ningbo increasing from 145,264 taels in 1861 to 263,862 taels in 1862.

68. “The Rebellion in China,” The Times, June 17, 1862.

69. Moule, Personal Recollections, p. 17, says three were killed.

70. “Hwang, General Commanding in Ningpo, to Commander Craigie,” in W. H. Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China: Its Origin, Progress, and Present Condition (London: Warren Hall & Co., 1863), p. 37; also in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, p. 44.

71. James Hope, “Orders Issued to Captain Dew,” April 25, 1862, in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, pp. 44–45.

72. “Captain Dew to Generals Hwang and Fau,” Ningbo, April 27, 1862, in ibid., p. 48.

73. “Captain Dew to the Officer in Command of Tae-ping Troops, Ningpo,” Ningbo, April 28, 1861, in ibid., p. 46.

74. Russell to Admiralty, March 11, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, and Trade in the Yang-tze-kiang River, p. 111.

75. Ibid., romanization modified.

76. The Hong Kong correspondent of The Times reported on April 27 that news of the new orders had come in “the mail just received,” which would have been a few days previous, meaning the orders would have reached Hope shortly before Dew left for Ningbo. See “China,” The Times, June 12, 1862.

77. “Generals Hwang and Fau to Captain Dew,” in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, p. 49.

78. 78. Dew to Hope, Ningbo, May 7, 1862, in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, p. 50.

79. Ibid.

80. “Captain Dew and Lieutenant Kenney to the Tae-ping Chiefs,” in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, p. 51.

81. Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China, p. 43. See also Lord Naas’s speech in the House of Commons, July 6, 1863, referring to Capt. Dew and Apak: “it appeared rather a curious thing that a British captain should enter into communication with one whom, in the pursuit of his well-known calling if he was caught outside the bar at Shanghai, he would have felt bound to hang.” Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T. C. Hansard), July 6, 1863, vol. 172, cc. 279–280.

82. Harvey to Bruce, Ningbo, May 9, 1862, in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China, pp. 37–39, quotation on p. 38.

CHAPTER 13: VAMPIRES

  1. The Ven. Archdeacon Moule, Personal Recollections of the T’ai-p’ing Rebellion, 1861–1863 (Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury Office, 1898), pp. 19–20.

  2. The China Mail, May 22, 1862; quoted in Augustus F. Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), p. 536.

  3. Stephen Uhalley, Jr., “The Taipings at Ningpo: The Significance of a Forgotten Event,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (1971): 17–32, see pp. 27–28.

  4. Quoted in Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, pp. 537–538.

  5. “Events in China,” The New York Times, July 29, 1862.

  6. “The Rebellion in China,” The New York Times, August 14, 1862.

  7. “Travels in China from Ningpo Through the Silk Country into the Fai Chow Tea District and on to Shanghai,” originally published in the Hong Kong Daily Press, July 10, 1862; reprinted in W. H. Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China: Its Origin, Progress, and Present Condition (London: Warren Hall & Co., 1863), pp. 49–53.

  8. Karl Marx, “Chinese Affairs,” Die Presse, July 7, 1862; reprinted in Schlomo Avineri, ed., Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization (New York: Anchor, 1969), pp. 442–444.

  9. The Times, May 16, 1862 (editorial beginning “Nature has been so indulgent as to create for even the most noxious and ferocious of her offspring some humble friend”).

10. The Times, June 14, 1862 (editorial beginning “What is going on in China?”).

11. Ibid.

12. “Operations in China,” The Times, July 16, 1862; Edward Forester, “Personal Recollections of the Tai-ping Rebellion,” second of three installments, Cosmopolitan 22, no. 1 (November 1896): 34–38, p. 35 on size of Ward’s force present.

13. Sir William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Death of Queen Victoria (London: Sampson Low, Marston, and Company, 1903), vol. 7, p. 166.

14. Forester, “Personal Recollections of the Tai-ping Rebellion,” pp. 35–36.

15. Ibid., pp. 36–37.

16. Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China, pp. 84–85.

17. Vice Admiral Sir J. Hope to the Secretary to the Admiralty, Shanghai, October 20, 1862, in Further Papers Relating to the Rebellion in China (London: Harrison and Sons, 1863), pp. 112–114.

18. W. H. Sykes, letter to the editor of the London Daily News, September 10, 1862; reprinted in Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China, pp. 46–47.

19. “The True Danger in China,” The Economist, August 2, 1862.

20. “The Crisis of the American War,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 92, no. 565 (November 1862), p. 636; James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 552–553.

21. “Bull in China,” Vanity Fair, August 30, 1862, p. 107.

22. “English Consistency,” The Saturday Evening Post, August 9, 1862, p. 2.

23. As to Legge’s reputation back home at this time, on July 6, 1863, Lord Naas referred to him in the House of Commons as “a man who knows China better almost than any other Englishman, and who is a perfectly unbiassed witness.” Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T. C. Hansard), July 6, 1863, vol. 172, c. 294.

24. Holger Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer: The Story of Ward and the Taiping Rebellion (New York: Macaulay, 1930), pp. 193–194; Hallett Abend, The God from the West (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947), p. 180; Robert Harry Detrick, “Henry Andrea Burgevine in China: A Biography,” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1968, pp. 71–72.

25. The Spectator of June 21, 1862, quoted in W. H. Sykes, letter of October 17, 1862, to the editor of the London Daily News, in Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China, p. 62.

26. The entry for James Hope in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography refers to “reservations about his diplomatic skills” after his China service; as to the undesirability of replacing him, see John Pakington’s speech in the House of Commons on February 24, 1863: “Let me ask, is it true, or is it not true, that the gallant admiral who was appointed to succeed Sir James Hope in China has declined the command? There are current rumours that the Board of Admiralty have already applied to some four or five flag officers to succeed the gallant officer, and that no one can he found to undertake it.” (Hansard, vol. 169, c. 781.)

27. Sir William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Death of Queen Victoria, 7 vols. (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1903), vol. 7, pp. 172–174.

28. Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer, p. 194.

29. Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen), The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 463–466; “Ying Wang Chen Yucheng koushu” (The Brave King Chen Yucheng’s confession), in TPTG, vol. 3, p. 267.

30. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, pp. 410–411.

31. “Ying Wang Chen Yucheng koushu” (The Brave King Chen Yucheng’s confession), in TPTG, vol. 3, p. 267.

32. Zhu Hongzhang, Cong rong jilüe (Zhu Hongzhang’s account of the campaign against the rebels) (Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe, 1968, reprint of 1890 original), p. 78.

33. “The Confession of Hung Jen-kan,” trans. in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, pp. 1511–1530, quotation on p. 1528.

34. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 136.

35. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ1/5/17 (June 13, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 1036.

36. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi (Annals of the Hunan Army) (Yuelu Shushe edition, 1983), p. 63; Guo Tingyi, Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi (Daily calendar of events in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1976), pp. 902–903.

37. Based on personal observation and also a description by Charles Gordon in Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 298.

38. Zeng Guofan, letters to brothers of TZ1/5/20 and TZ1/6/2 (June 16 and 28, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, pp. 2603, 2606.

39. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/9/11 (November 2, 1862), in ibid., pp. 2628–2629.

40. Zeng Guofan, letter to his brother of TZ1/9/29 (November 20, 1862), in ibid., p. 2638.

41. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF11/7/18 (August 23, 1861), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 950.

42. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated XF11/7/18 (August 23, 1861), in ibid., p. 948.

43. Ibid.

44. Gideon Chen, Tseng Kuo-fan: Pioneer Promoter of the Steamship in China (Beijing: Yenching University Economics Department, 1935), pp. 37–38.

45. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/7/4 (July 30, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3786; Chen, Tseng Kuo-fan, p. 41.

46. Hosea Ballou Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. 2: The Period of Submission, 1861–1893 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1918), p. 35.

47. Andrew Wilson, The “Ever-Victorious Army”: A History of the Chinese Campaign under Lt.-Col. C. G. Gordon…(Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1868), p. 260.

48. Horatio Nelson Lay, Our Interests in China: A Letter to the Right Hon. Earl Russell (London: Robert Hardwicke, 1864), p. 19.

49. Ibid., p. 20.

50. Samuel Wells Williams, The Middle Kingdom (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883), vol. 2, p. 694.

51. “Memorandum,” enclosure in doc. 151, in Ian Nish, ed., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print (Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1994), Part I, Series E (Asia, 1860–1914), vol. 19, p. 207.

52. The text of the agreement is reprinted in Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. 2, p. 37.

53. Frank J. Merli, The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004); see chap. 7, “The Confederacy’s Chinese Fleet, 1861–1867,” on Bulloch and Lay.

54. “Punch’s Essence of Parliament,” Punch, August 9, 1862, p. 52.

55. “Events at Ningpo,” a letter to the editor of the London Daily News, dated August 29, 1862; reprinted in Sykes, The Taeping Rebellion in China, pp. 35–46, quotation on p. 45.

56. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T. C. Hansard), February 5, 1863, vol. 169, c. 81.

57. Ibid., c. 86.

58. Ibid., c. 99.

59. Hansard, February 9, 1863, vol. 169, c. 187.

60. The Times, December 12, 1862 (editorial beginning “The Royal Geographical Society”).

61. Ibid.

62. Horatio Nelson Lay, Our Interests in China, p. 15; Sherard Osborn, “Progress in China, Part II: The Taepings and Their Remedy,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 93, no. 568 (February 1863): 133–148, see p. 147.

63. “The Anglo-Chinese Expedition,” The Times, May 8, 1863; The Times reported that the ship “was unanimously pronounced by all the naval and scientific authorities present to be one of the fastest vessels afloat.” Anson Burlingame wrote to Secretary of State Seward that “One of the vessels, I am told, is the fastest war vessel in the world”; see Burlingame to Seward, November 7, 1863, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the Second Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress, Part III (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1865), p. 345.

CHAPTER 14: FLOWERING RAIN

  1. Yu Xingmin, Shanghai, 1862 nian (Shanghai, 1862) (Shanghai: Renmin Chubanshe, 1991), p. 14; Earl Cranston, “Shanghai in the Taiping Period,” Pacific Historical Review 5, no. 2 (June 1936): 147–160, see p. 155.

  2. “Medical Statistical Returns of the East Indian and China Station,” in A Copy of the Statistical Report of the Health of the Navy, for the Year 1862 (Return to an Order of the Honourable The House of Commons, June 26, 1865), pp. 204–248, see pp. 232–233; Kerrie L. MacPherson, A Wilderness of Marshes: The Origins of Public Health in Shanghai, 1843–1893 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 81.

  3. Edward Bowra, diary entry for July 29, 1862 (manuscript p. 72), School of Oriental and African Studies, accessed via Adam Matthew Digital, “China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 1793–1980.”

  4. James Henderson, Memorials of James Henderson, MD,…Medical Missionary to China (London: James Nisbet and Co., 1867), p. 147; unburied bodies, boxes and straw: “Medical Statistical Returns of the East Indian and China Station,” p. 229; three thousand per day: MacPherson, A Wilderness of Marshes, p. 30, citing report of Robert Alexander Jamieson.

  5. MacPherson, A Wilderness of Marshes, p. 280, n. 50.

  6. David Field Rennie, The British Arms in North China and Japan: Peking 1860; Kagosima 1862 (London: John Murray, 1864), p. 316.

  7. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi (Annals of the Hunan Army) (Changsha: Yuelu Shushe, 1983), p. 64 on the epidemic moving through the Hunan Army in August.

  8. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ1/8/29 (September 22, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, pp. 1065–1066.

  9. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ1/7/21 (August 22, 1862), in ibid., p. 1053.

10. Rennie, The British Arms in North America, p. 317.

11. Zeng Guofan, instructions from the Anqing Headquarters, in ZGFQJ, vol. 5 (pidu), p. 1699.

12. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi, p. 64.

13. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/9/1 (October 23, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3814.

14. “Medical Statistical Returns of the East Indian and China Station,” p. 226: “This disease, it would appear, had been prevailing to a large extent for some time amongst the Chinese rebels.”

15. Correspondence between Military Authorities at Shanghai and War Office Respecting the Insalubrity of Shanghai as a Station for European Troops (Parliamentary Papers, 1863 [466]), p. 17; The British Medical Journal, vol. 2 for 1864 (July–December), issue of September 24, 1864, p. 378: “It is estimated that between Shanghai and Scon-Kiang, distant some 40 miles, about an eighth of the Chinese population died from cholera in 1862.”

16. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ1/5/17 (June 13, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 1037.

17. Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen), The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 519.

18. Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi (A history of the Hunan Army) (Changsha: Hunan Daxue Chubanshe, 2007), p. 553.

19. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao (Draft history of the Hunan Army) (Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe, 1990), p. 412.

20. Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi, p. 553.

21. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan (Biography of Zeng Guofan) (Tianjin: Baihua Wenshu Chubanshe, 2000), p. 193.

22. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi, pp. 62–63.

23. Zhao Liewen, Neng jing ju riji, entry for TZ1/6/20 (July 16, 1862), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 153.

24. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi, p. 63.

25. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/8/27 (October 20, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, pp. 3812–3813.

26. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/9/2 (October 24, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2624; he writes that they will need 1,000 dan per day to supply 100,000 soldiers. One dan is equivalent to 2.75 bushels, or about 124 pounds of rice.

27. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/9/7 (October 29, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3816.

28. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/9/2 (October 24, 1862), in ibid., p. 3814, mentions bombs and explosive shells; Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/9/4 (October 26, 1862), mentions that they were purchased from foreigners and uses the term luodi kaihua pao. ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2625.

29. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/9/4 (October 26, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3815.

30. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/9/5 (October 27, 1862), in ibid., p. 3815.

31. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/9/17 (November 8, 1862), in ibid., p. 3820; Zeng Guofan, letter to Li Hongzhang TZ1/9/20 (November 11, 1862), in Yuelu Shushe edition of Zeng Guofan quanji (Changsha: Yuelu Shushe, 1992), vol. 5, pp. 3176–3177.

32. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/9/21 (November 12, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2634.

33. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, p. 414.

34. Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 200.

35. Zeng Guofan, letter to Zeng Jize of TZ1/10/4 (November 25, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2640.

36. Zhu Hongzhang, Cong rong jilüe (Zhu Hongzhang’s account of the campaign against the rebels) (Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe reprint, 1968), p. 89.

37. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/10/11 (December 2, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3831 (the message got to him on his fifty-second birthday by the lunar calendar).

38. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 138.

39. Zeng Guofan, letter to Guoquan of TZ1/10/15 (December 6, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2645.

40. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ1/10/14 (December 5, 1862), in ibid., p. 2644.

41. Zeng Guofan, letter to Jize of TZ1/10/24 (December 15, 1862), in ibid., p. 2648; quoted in Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan, p. 199; the letter actually says Qimen in the spring of 1860 (Xianfeng 10), which must be an error because he didn’t arrive in Qimen until the summer of 1860, and it was the following spring when everything went wrong for him there.

42. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ1/10/24 (December 15, 1862), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3834.

43. Zeng Guofan, diary entries for TZ1/10/24 to TZ1/11/22 (December 15, 1862–January 11, 1863), in ibid., pp. 3834–3843; Zeng Guofan, letter to Guoquan, TZ1/11/22 (January 11, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2655.

CHAPTER 15: BLOOD AND HONOR

  1. Edward Forester, “Personal Recollections of the Tai-ping Rebellion,” part 3, in Cosmopolitan 22, no. 2 (December 1896): 209–216, see p. 216.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Hosea Ballou Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. 2: The Period of Submission, 1861–1893 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1918), p. 83.

  4. Burlingame to Seward, Beijing, June 20, 1863, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the First Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress, part II (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1864), pp. 859–863; on p. 861: “To show me that he did not wish to have an English officer at the head of the Ward force, [Bruce] showed me that he himself had urged the appointment of General Burgevine, an American—a fact I did not know when I wrote my despatch.”

  5. Thomas Lyster, With Gordon in China: Letters from Thomas Lyster, Lieutenant Royal Engineers (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1891), p. 113; Robert Harry Detrick, “Henry Andrea Burgevine in China: A Biography,” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1968, p. 7.

  6. Jane Burlingame, letters to her father, April 10, 1863 (“He is a nice man, very different from Ward.”), and to her sister, May 22, 1863 (“He is a fine young man, and a general favorite here.”), Burlingame Papers, Box 3, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

  7. Holger Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer: The Story of Ward and the Taiping Rebellion (New York: Macauley, 1930), p. 249; Detrick, “Henry Andrea Burgevine in China: A Biography,” p. 114.

  8. Bruce to Russell, Beijing, March 14, 1863, in Papers Relating to the Affairs of China (In Continuation of Papers Presented to Parliament in March, 1863) (London: Harrison and Sons, 1864), p. 67.

  9. Jack J. Gerson, Horatio Nelson Lay and Sino-British Relations, 1854–1864 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1972), pp. 180–181.

10. Bruce to Major-General Brown, Beijing, October 6, 1863, in Papers Relating to the Affairs of China (In Continuation of Papers Presented to Parliament in March, 1863), p. 163.

11. Per jacket flap copy for Arthur Orrmont, Chinese Gordon: Hero of Khartoum (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1966).

12. Archibald Forbes, Chinese Gordon: A Succinct Record of His Life (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1885), p. 9.

13. Richard Davenport-Hines, “Gordon, Charles George,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2004–2010); lisp: Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer, p. 255.

14. The North-China Herald editorial is quoted in “British Ambition: New Developments,” The New York Times, June 15, 1863 (dateline Shanghai, March 15, 1863).

15. “The Conquest of Southern Asia,” The Spectator, October 31, 1863; reprinted in The Living Age, no. 1018 (December 5, 1863): 457–459, quotation on p. 459.

16. 3,000 soldiers: Richard J. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins: The Ever-Victorious Army in Nineteenth-Century China (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978), p. 118; Jen Yu-wen puts the figure at 5,000 in The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 495; William Hail puts it at 2,250 in Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, with a Short Sketch of His Later Career (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1927), p. 264; A. Egmont Hake describes one of the shallow-draft steamers in Events in the Taeping Rebellion, Being Reprints of Mss. Copied by General Gordon, C.B. in His Own Handwriting…(London: W. H. Allen and Co., 1891), p. 256.

17. Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer, p. 256.

18. Had one shot as an example: Hake, Events in the Taeping Rebellion, p. 12; paid their arrears: Cahill, A Yankee Adventurer, p. 256.

19. “Memorandum Embodying the Substance of Major Gordon’s Reports on Affairs at Soochow, Between the 28th of November and 7th December, 1863 (translation of which was forwarded by Sir F. Bruce to the Foreign Board at Peking),” in Correspondence Relative to Lieut.-Colonel Gordon’s Position in the Chinese Service (London: Harrison and Sons, 1864), pp. 7–11, quotation on p. 8.

20. Lyster, With Gordon in China, p. 110.

21. Jane Burlingame, letter to her sister, Beijing, May 11, 1863, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

22. Burlingame to Seward, Beijing, October 27, 1861, reprinted in appendix to Robert S. Rantoul, “Frederick Townsend Ward,” in Historical Collections of the Essex Institute 44, no. 1 (January 1908): 55–56.

23. Prince Kung to Anson Burlingame, March 16, 1864, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the Second Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress, part III (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1865), p. 377.

24. Jane Burlingame, letter to her father, March 28, 1864, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.

25. Jane Burlingame, letter to her sister, May 11, 1863, Burlingame Papers, Library of Congress.

26. Demetrius C. Boulger, The Life of Gordon, 2 vols. (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1896), vol. 1, pp. 57–58 on Burgevine’s character and temper, p. 90 on leaving for Taiping; also Bruce to Russell, Beijing, September 9, 1863, quoted in Hake, Events in the Taeping Rebellion, pp. 298–299.

27. “The Chinese Civil War,” The New York Times, November 1, 1863.

28. “Important from China,” New York Herald, November 4, 1863.

29. Quoted in “The War in China,” Chicago Tribune, November 11, 1863.

30. William James Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, with a Short Sketch of His Later Career (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1927), pp. 265–266; “Colonel Gordon’s Chinese Force,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 101, no. 616 (February 1867): 165–191, see p. 189.

31. Bruce to Russell, Beijing, September 9, 1863, in Papers Relating to the Affairs of China (in Continuation of Papers Presented to Parliament in March, 1863), pp. 155–156.

32. Quoted in Teng Ssu-yu, The Taiping Rebellion and the Western Powers: A Comprehensive Survey (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 315.

33. Stanley Spector, Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Regionalism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964), p. 60.

34. Detrick, “Henry Andrea Burgevine in China,” p. 109, n. 90 (citing The North-China Herald for November 29, 1862).

35. Zeng Guofan, letter to Li Hongzhang of TZ1/9/20 (November 11, 1862), in Yuelu Shuyuan edition of Zeng Guofan quanji (Changsha: Yuelu Shuyuan, 1992), vol. 5, pp. 3176–3177.

36. Zeng Guofan, letter to Wu Xu, ZGFQJ, vol. 5 (pidu), pp. 1706–1707.

37. Zeng Guofan, diary entry for TZ2/2/20 (April 7, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3868.

38. Yung Wing, My Life in China and America (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1909), p. 127ff.; he shipped 65,000 chests at 60 pounds per chest.

39. Ibid., pp. 113–136.

40. Ibid., p. 142.

41. Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), p. 196; Yung Wing, My Life in China and America, p. 144.

42. Yung Wing, My Life in China and America, p. 148.

43. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ3/4/8 (May 13, 1864), in TPTG, vol. 10, p. 249.

44. Yung Wing, My Life in China and America, p. 144.

45. Ibid., p. 152.

46. Spence, The Search for Modern China, p. 196. His offer to join the Union Army was declined, on the grounds that China needed him.

47. Sherard Osborn, “Progress in China, Part 2: The Taepings and Their Remedy,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 93, no. 568 (February 1863): 133–148, quotation on p. 148.

48. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ1/12/12 (January 30, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 1108.

49. Morse, International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. 2, pp. 38–40.

50. Edward Bowra, diary, at School of Oriental and African Studies (PPMS 69, Bowra, Box 1, Folder 6), accessed via Adam Matthew Digital, “China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 1793–1980,” entry for November 5, 1863.

51. “Captain Osborn’s Remarks upon Prince Kung’s Letter of Instructions,” Beijing, September 28, 1863, in Correspondence Respecting the Fitting Out, Dispatching to China, and Ultimate Withdrawal, of the Anglo-Chinese Fleet under the Command of Captain Sherard Osborn (London: Harrison and Sons, 1864), pp. 10–12, quotation on p. 11.

52. Hake, Events in the Taeping Rebellion, p. 307; Morse, International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. 2, p. 41; see also Augustus F. Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution (London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), pp. 577, 579–582, for a scathing (and extremely partisan) description of their behavior in Shanghai.

53. Burlingame to Seward, November 7, 1863, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the Second Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress, part III (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1865), p. 344; also Frank J. Merli, The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), pp. 174–175; Morse, International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. 2, p. 42.

54. “Statement of C. F. Jones, Lately Commanding the Steamer ‘Kajow,’ ” in Papers Relating to the Affairs of China (in Continuation of Papers Presented to Parliament in March, 1863), pp. 172–175.

55. Jen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, p. 501; Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, p. 642.

56. “Statement of C. F. Jones, Lately Commanding the Steamer ‘Kajow,’ ” p. 174.

57. Hake, Events in the Taeping Rebellion, p. 332.

58. Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. 2, pp. 88–89; Boulger, Life of Gordon, p. 93.

59. Gordon, “Memorandum on the Events Occurring Between the 28th November and 6th December, 1863, inclusive,” in Papers Relating to the Affairs of China (in Continuation of Papers Presented to Parliament in March 1863), pp. 195–198.

60. Hake, Events in the Taeping Rebellion, pp. 375 and 196.

61. Ibid., p. 196.

62. Ibid., p. 490.

63. Ibid., p. 198.

64. Charles Gordon to his mother, December 24, 1863, quoted in Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins, p. 146.

65. “Minutes of a Meeting held at the British Consulate, Shanghae, December 16, 1863,” in Papers Relating to the Affairs of China (in Continuation of Papers Presented to Parliament in March 1863), pp. 192–193.

66. “The Civil War in China,” The Times, January 29, 1864 (quoting letter dateline Hong Kong, December 15, 1863).

67. “The Chinese Civil War,” The New York Times, December 20, 1863.

68. The Economist, January 9, 1864.

69. Edward Bowra, diary entry for December 13, 1863 (typescript pp. 78–79).

70. Layard to Lugard, Foreign Office, April 25, 1864, in Correspondence Relative to Lieut.-Colonel Gordon’s Position in the Chinese Service, p. 17.

71. Hansard, May 20, 1864, vol. 175, c. 530.

72. Hansard, April 22, 1864, vol. 174, c. 1547.

73. Hansard, May 31, 1864, vol. 175, c. 916.

74. Ibid., cc. 965–966.

75. “The Future of China,” The New York Times editorial, June 26, 1864.

76. Hansard, May 31, 1864, vol. 175, c. 968.

77. Reports on the Trade at the Ports in China Open by Treaty to Foreign Trade, for the Year 1865 (Shanghai: Imperial Maritime Customs’ Press, 1866), p. 11, for total trade statistics showing a rise from 2,531,763 taels in FY1861 to 7,728,747 taels in FY1864, an increase of 205 percent.

78. Hansard, May 20, 1864, vol. 175, c. 533.

CHAPTER 16: CROSSING THE MOUNTAIN

  1. Wilhelm Lobscheid, “The Taipings: A Visit to Nanking, and an Interview with the Kan-Wong,” letter to the Hong Kong Daily Press, dated June 10, 1863; quoted in Augustus Lindley (Lin-le), Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution(London: Day & Son, Ltd., 1866), pp. 600–601.

  2. Hong Renzheng’s second confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 437; Huang Wenying’s confession, trans. in Franz Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966–1971), vol. 3, p. 1534.

  3. “The Confession of Hung Jen-kan,” trans. in Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, pp. 1507–1530, quotation on p. 1513.

  4. “Hong Tianguifu qinshu Taiping Tianguo zhuwang mingdan,” (The Young Monarch’s listing of the names of the Taiping kings) in TPTG, vol. 2, pp. 426–427.

  5. Zeng Guofan diary entry for TZ2/4/22 (June 8, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3890; it went from 30 cash per catty to 120; Charles Gordon, letter to his mother, quoted in Demetrius Boulger, The Life of Gordon, 2 vols. (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1896), vol. 1, p. 118.

  6. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ2/4/10 (May 27, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 7, p. 2702.

  7. Zeng Guofan diary entry for TZ2/4/22 (June 8, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 10, p. 3890.

  8. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ2/2/27 (April 14, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 1131; also cited and translated in C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 275, with a similar remark on scorched-earth tactics.

  9. Zeng Guofan, memorial dated TZ2/2/27 (April 14, 1863), in ZGFQJ, vol. 3, p. 1131.

10. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao (Draft history of the Hunan Army) (Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe, 1990), p. 418.

11. Ibid., p. 419; Lindley, Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, pp. 621–622; Guo Tingyi, Taiping Tianguo shishi rizhi (Daily calendar of events in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom) (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1976), p. 999, gives a date of June 30 and says that 20,000 defenders were annihilated.

12. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, p. 419; Curwen, Taiping Rebel, pp. 138–140.

13. Listed in Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, p. 419.

14. John Lovelle Withers, “The Heavenly Capital: Nanjing Under the Taiping, 1853–1864,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1983, p. 233; according to Withers, there were probably only about 10,000 soldiers in the garrison of Nanjing.

15. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 140; Li Xiucheng gives his arrival in Nanjing as early December and blames Li Hongzhang’s successful capture of Suzhou on the fact that he was absent from that city. But according to Hong Rengan’s fourth confession at Nanchang, it was only after the loss of Suzhou that Li Xiucheng returned to Nanjing. See Hong Rengan, fourth Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 414.

16. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 151.

17. William James Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, with a Short Sketch of His Later Career (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1927), p. 283.

18. Ibid., p. 285.

19. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ3/3/24 (April 29, 1864), in ZGFQJ, vol. 8, p. 2800.

20. “The Confession of Hung Jen-kan,” trans. in Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, p. 1527.

21. Hong Rengan, second Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 412.

22. Hong Rengan, fourth Nanchang confession, in ibid., p. 414.

23. “The Confession of Hung Jen-kan,” trans. in Michael, The Taiping Rebellion, vol. 3, p. 1513.

24. Hong Rengan, second confession at Xi Baotian’s military camp, in TPTG, vol. 2, pp. 401–405, see p. 405.

25. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi (Annals of the Hunan Army) (Changsha: Yuelu Shushe, 1983), p. 68.

26. Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi (A history of the Hunan Army) (Changsha: Hunan Daxue Chubanshe, 2007), p. 175.

27. Wang Kaiyun, Xiangjun zhi, p. 68.

28. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, p. 420.

29. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ3/2/23 (March 30, 1864), in TPTG, vol. 7, pp. 227–228; Zeng Guofan made an almost identical statement about the necessity of breaking Nanjing before the Hunan Army’s supplies ran out in a memorial dated TZ3/4/12 (May 17, 1862). See Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi, p. 176.

30. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, p. 420, quoting letter from Peng Yulin; Charles Gordon didn’t note any cultivation when he visited in June 1864, but he was at the south end of the city, and as Peng Yulin did see the cultivation (which is confirmed by Hong Rengan’s confessions), it must have been going on at the city’s northern end near the Yangtze. Gordon’s account is reprinted in Curwen, Taiping Rebel, pp. 297–299, n. 42.

31. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ3/5/16 (June 19, 1864), in ZGFQJ, vol. 8, p. 2818.

32. Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, p. 288.

33. Observations of Charles Gordon, who visited Yuhuatai as a private observer after disbanding the Ever-Victorious Army; quoted in Curwen, Taiping Rebel, pp. 297–299, n. 42.

34. Zhao Liewen gives the depth of 7 to 8 zhang (a zhang being 11.75 feet at the time) for the tunnel under the moat by Yuhuatai in Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ2/12/2 (January 10, 1864), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 212.

35. Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi, p. 176; Jonathan Spence, God’s Chinese Son (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), p. 324 (for this paragraph and the following).

36. Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi, p. 176.

37. Long Shengyun, Xiangjun shigao, pp. 420–421.

38. Zhu Hongzhang, Cong rong jilüe (Zhu Hongzhang’s account of the campaign against the rebels) (Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe reprint, 1968), p. 120, says 6,000 cloth sacks of gunpowder; Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi, p. 177 gives the figure of 30,000 jin of powder (40,000 pounds); as for the total reserves, in Zeng Guofan’s letter to Zeng Guoquan on TZ3/5/5 (June 6, 1864) he says he has just shipped 40,000 jin of gunpowder, to be added to a previous shipment of 50,000 jin and another 90,000 jin coming from Shanghai (for a total of 120 tons). The letter is in ZGFQJ, vol. 8, p. 2813.

39. Zhu Hongzhang, Cong rong jilüe, pp. 121–123; Wang Dun, Xiangjun shi, p. 177; Curwen, Taiping Rebel, p. 299.

40. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ3/6/29 (August 1, 1864), in ZGFQJ, vol. 8, p. 2831.

41. Curwen, Taiping Rebel, pp. 154–155.

42. Ibid., pp. 155–156.

43. Jonathan Porter, Tseng Kuo-fan’s Private Bureaucracy (Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, 1972), p. 69, n. 107.

44. Purplish red clouds: Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ3/6/17 (July 20, 1864), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 270; Zhao believed that 70 percent of the fires were set by the Hunan Army; rain: ibid., entry for TZ3/6/22 (July 25, 1864), in ibid., p. 274.

45. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ3/6/23 (July 26, 1864), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 274.

46. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ3/6/21 (July 24, 1864), in ibid., p. 274.

47. Xiangxiang xianzhi (Gazetteer of Xiangxiang county) (1874), final juan, p. 26; quoted in Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan (Tianjin: Baihua Wenshu Chubanshe, 2000), p. 225.

48. Andrew C. K. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1975, pp. 166–167.

49. Zhao Liewen, Neng jingju riji, entry for TZ3/6/20 (July 23, 1864), in TPTG, vol. 7, p. 272.

50. 50,000 characters: Zeng Guofan, letter to Zeng Jize on TZ3/7/7 (August 8, 1864), in ZGFQJ, vol. 8, p. 2833; according to his diary on the same day, he edited it down to about 28,000 characters (130 pages, 216 characters per page). See ZGFQJ, vol. 11, p. 4025.

51. “Statement of Patrick Nellis,” in Prescott Clarke and J. S. Gregory, Western Reports on the Taiping: A Selection of Documents (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1982), pp. 412–416; quotations, in paraphrase form, on p. 415; Spence, God’s Chinese Son,p. 329.

52. Hong Rengan’s fourth Nanchang confession, in TPTG, vol. 2, p. 415.

EPILOGUE

  1. Luo Ergang’s observation, from Xiangjun xin zhi (A new history of the Hunan Army) (Taipei: Liming Wenhua Shiye Gongsi, 1988), p. 285.

  2. See, e.g., Xiao Yishan, “Zeng Guofan buzuo huangdi” (Zeng Guofan does not become emperor), in Qingdai tongshi (Comprehensive history of the Qing dynasty) (Taipei: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1962–1963), vol. 3, pp. 778–781.

  3. Zeng Guofan, letter to brother of TZ3/3/26 (May 1, 1864), in ZGFQJ, vol. 8, pp. 2800–2801.

  4. Quoted in Zhu Dong’an, Zeng Guofan zhuan (Biography of Zeng Guofan) (Tianjin: Baihua Wenshu Chubanshe, 2000), p. 236.

  5. Andrew C. K. Hsieh, “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1975, p. 168.

  6. Zeng Guofan, family letter of TZ6/6/6 (July 6, 1867), in ZGFQJ, vol. 8, p. 2975; translation modified from Andrew Hsieh’s in “Tseng Kuo-fan, A Nineteenth Century Confucian General,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1975, p. 171; on Zeng’s depression in his later years, see ibid., pp. 170–172.

  7. Hua Qiang and Cai Hongjun, “Taiping Tianguo shiqi Zhongguo renkou sunshi wenti” (The question of China’s population loss in the Taiping Rebellion), in Wan Qing guojia yu shehui (State and society in the late Qing) (Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2007), here citing Dwight Heald Perkins, Agricultural Development in China, 1368–1968 (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1969), pp. 274–283.

  8. Ge Jianxiong, Hou Yangfang, and Zhang Genfu, Renkou yu Zhongguo de xiandaihua: 1850 nian yilai (Population and China’s modernization: 1850 to the present) (Shanghai: Xuelin Chubanshe, 1999), p. 109; cited in Hua and Cai, “Taiping Tianguo shiqi,” pp. 69–70.

  9. See Hua and Cai, “Taiping Tianguo shiqi,” pp. 70–75.

10. On the postwar depression in Shanghai, see Robert Bickers, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914 (London: Allen Lane, 2011), p. 182.

11. “Asia: Important from China and Japan; Foreign Relations with China Out of Joint,” New York Herald, December 28, 1865.

12. Robert James Forrest, “The Christianity of Hung Tsiu Tsuen,” Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, new ser., no. 4 (December 1867): 187–208, quotation on p. 188; reprinted in part in Prescott Clarke and J. S. Gregory, Western Reports on the Taiping: A Selection of Documents (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1982), p. 427, romanization modified.

13. Forrest, “The Christianity of Hung Tsiu Tsuen,” p. 188, romanization modified, “T’ien-wang” changed to “Heavenly King,” “Ch’ang-mao” to “Taiping.”

14. Sun’s nickname: Marie-Claire Bergère, Sun Yat-sen, trans. Janet Lloyd (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 33; Harold Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), pp. 5, 23.

15. Valentine Chirol, “The Chinese Revolution,” The Quarterly Review 216, no. 431 (April 1912): 536–553, quotations on pp. 538–539.