Chapter 1. A Cause Worth Dying For
1 Davidson (1966:42-43).
2 Fynn (1971a).
3 Rattray (1929).
4 Bowdich (1819; rev. ed. 1966:122).
5 Posnansky (1987).
6 T. 70/31. Governor John Hippisley, Cape Coast castle, 13 July 1766.
7 Wilks (1975:20).
8 Reindorf (1966:130-31); Wilks (1975).
9 Bender (1978:137).
10 Muffett (1978:280).
11 Peires (1989).
12 Muriuki (1975:155).
13 Ibid.
14 Iliffe (1979:93).
15 Bridgeman (1981).
16 Edgerton (1989).
17 Stratton (1964).
18 Hubert (1938).
19 Wilks (1975); Hagen (1971).
Chapter 2. The Empire of Gold
1 Ramseyer and Kühne (1975); Morris (1970).
2 Fynn (1971b:135).
3 Yarak (1990).
4 Davidson (1966:19).
5 Anquandah (1982).
6 Davidson (1966).
7 Wilks (1975:692-693). Estimates like these are necessarily imprecise because the exact weight and purity of the gold was not known.
8 Gros (1884:197).
9 Bowdich (1866; original 1819). For a discussion of his accuracy, see Busia (1951).
10 James indiscreetly revealed to Dr. Tedlie that he was jealous of Governor Smith and intended to divert Asante trade to his own fort of Accra. James was also unable to cope with Asante negotiators. When James was confronted by King Osei Bonsu about British interests, he was so taken off guard and unable to explain the purpose of his mission that young Bowdich had to step in to save the day. Thereafter, Bowdich was the de facto head of the mission, and James returned to Accra in disgrace.
11 Bowdich (1966:23-24).
12 Ibid., 31.
13 Ibid., 34.
14 Hutton (1821).
15 Ibid., 216.
16 Schildkrout (1987:86).
17 Bowdich (1966:115).
18 Freeman (1843).
19 Huydecoper (1962:26).
20 Bowdich (1966:76).
21 Hutton (1821:208).
22 Ellis (1893:292).
23 Freeman (1843:147).
24 Huydecoper (1962:25).
25 Tufuo and Donkor (1969:47-48).
26 Rattray (1929).
27 Freeman (1843:132).
28 Wilks (1975).
29 Freeman (1898:135).
30 Freeman (1843:132).
31 Bowdich (1966).
32 Bowdich (1966:32).
33 Lewin (1978).
34 Schildkrout (1987:107).
35 Wilks (1975:130).
36 Tufuo and Donkor (1969:70).
37 Bowdich (1966:278).
38 Hutton (1821).
39 Aidoo (1975:142).
40 Huydecoper (1962:24).
41 Freeman (1843:128).
42 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:164).
43 Bowdich (1966:421).
44 Claridge (1915).
45 Bowdich (1966:123-124).
46 Robertson (1819).
47 Dupuis (1966:140).
48 Lewin (1978).
49 Bowdich (1966:421).
50 Rattray (1929:91).
51 Aidoo (1975:106).
52 Rattray (1916:118).
53 Tufuo and Donkor (1969:26).
54 Bowdich (1966:295).
55 Wilks (1975:695).
56 Ibid.
57 Bowdich (1966).
58 McLeod (1981); Wilks (1975).
59 Tufuo and Donkor (1969:77-84).
60 Adjaye (1984).
61 Ibid., 68.
62 McLeod (1981); Lewin (1974:I, 186).
63 Bowdich (1966:320).
64 Arhin (1987:56).
65 Fynn (1971a:7); Arhin (1987).
66 Wilks (1975).
67 McLeod (1981:72).
68 Dummett (1987).
69 Anquandah (1982).
70 Fynn (1971a:78); Dummett (1987:223); Herskovits (1962:173-174).
71 Yarak (1990)
72 McLeod (1981:15).
73 Fortes (1950).
74 Bowdich (1966:302).
75 Busia (1951:7).
76 Busia (1951:27).
77 McLeod (1981).
78 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:167).
79 Rattray (1929:360).
Chapter 3. “A Bravery Not to Be Exceeded”
1 T. 70/26. Committee of Merchants, London, to John Hippisley, Cape Coast castle, 3 September 1766.
2 Claridge (1915:I, 245).
3 Ibid., 248.
4 T. 70/35; H.D. 431 Accounts and Papers [1817] vi, 401.
5 Cruikshank (1853:I, 79-80).
6 Dupuis (1966:263).
7 Claridge (1915:I, 254).
8 C.O. 267/144.
9 Claridge (1915).
10 Bowdich (1966:317); Wilks (1975:676).
11 Hagen (1971).
12 Aidoo (1975:I, 73).
13 Rattray (1929:123); for an outline of Asante army organization, see Miles (1968) and Arhin (1980).
14 Fuller (1921:14).
15 Rattray (1929:122).
16 Kea (1971:213).
17 Bowdich (1966:36).
18 Ibid., 37.
19 Ibid., 298.
20 Rattray (1929:103).
21 Bowdich (1966:300-301).
22 Wilks (1975:226).
23 Rattray (1929:126).
24 Bowdich (1966:300).
25 Wilks (1975:222).
26 Huydecoper (1962:47).
27 Hutchinson (1966:419).
28 Dupuis (1966:213).
29 Wilks (1975).
30 Arhin (1983).
31 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:52); Jones (1993).
32 Reade (1874:50).
33 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875).
34 Rattray (1929:124).
35 Ibid., 157.
36 Wilks (1975:38).
37 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:33).
38 Ricketts (1831:85).
39 Tufuo and Donkor (1969:94).
40 Ibid.
41 Huydecoper (1962).
42 Ibid., 4.
43 Ibid., 8.
44 Bowdich (1966:289).
45 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:136).
46 Ffoulkes (1945).
47 Kea (1971:200).
48 Yarak (1990:220).
49 Kwamena-Poh (1973:28-29).
50 Lewis and Foy (1971).
51 Ffoulkes (1945:78).
Chapter 4. “The Bush Is Stronger Than the Cannon”
1 Bowdich (1966:124).
2 Ibid., 146-147.
3 Claridge (1915:I, 302).
4 Dupuis (1966:xxxvii).
5 Claridge (1915:I, 305).
6 Dupuis (1966:xxxv).
7 Wilks (1975:485).
8 Claridge (1915:I, 338).
9 Ricketts (1831:54).
10 Ibid., 105.
11 Ibid., 84.
12 Ibid., 150-152.
13 Wilks (1975).
14 Claridge (1915:I, 362).
15 Ibid., 362.
16 Wilks (1975:486).
17 Ibid., 373.
18 Cruikshank (1853:1).
19 Ibid., 160.
20 Ellis (1893:178).
21 Ricketts (1831:120).
22 Wilks (1975:439).
23 Ricketts (1831:121).
24 Claridge (1915:I, 389).
25 Ricketts (1831:123).
26 C.O. 267/74: Campbell to Bannerman, 12 November 1826.
27 Owusu-Ansah (1987).
28 Wilks (1975:185).
29 Ricketts (1831:146).
30 Ibid.
31 Metcalfe (1962:vi).
32 Cruikshank (1853:I,196).
33 Cruikshank (1853:I).
34 Buckley (1979).
35 Yarak (1990:132).
36 Van Dantzig (1965).
37 McLeod (1987:187).
38 Freeman (1843:139).
39 Curtin (1969:336-337).
40 Wilks (1975:222).
41 Ibid.
42 Claridge (1915:I, 529).
43 Ibid.
44 Ward (1958); Aidoo (1975:I,194).
45 Wilks (1975:494-196).
46 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:309).
47 Aidoo (1975:I,287).
48 Ibid., 218.
49 Ward (1958); Wilks (1975).
50 Saffell (1965:96).
51 Maier (1987).
52 Steiner (1901:22).
53 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:86).
54 Ibid.
55 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:136-138).
56 Fuller (1921).
57 Saffell (1965).
58 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:187).
59 Ibid.
60 C.O. 96/98, J. Craig Loggie to Harley, 22 April 1873.
61 Boyle (1874).
62 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:239).
63 Brackenbury(1874).
Chapter 5. “Does It Not Make One’s Heart Ache?”
1 Buder (1876:52).
2 Maxwell (1985:18).
3 Stanley (1874).
4 As early as 1889 American scientists had shown that insects could transmit diseases, and in 1894 British pioneer in tropical medicine, Sir Patrick Manson concluded that the mosquito was the vector for malaria, but it was not until 1889 that two Italian scientists actually demonstrated in the laboratory that malaria was transmitted by anopheles mosquitos.
5 Maxwell (1985).
6 Maurice (1874:274).
7 Wolseley (1903).
8 Brackenbury (1874:I, 340); Cabinet minute, 21 November 1873, 44641/223.
9 Maurice (1874:155).
10 Brackenbury (1874:I, 117).
11 Henty (1874).
12 Brackenbury (1874:I, 141).
13 Claridge (1915:II, 40).
14 Arthur (1922:10).
15 Wolseley (1903:288).
16 Brackenbury (1874:I, 275).
17 Ibid., 258.
18 Henty (1874:111).
19 Reade (1874:178).
20 Wolseley (1903:279).
21 Wood (1874:258).
22 Brackenbury (1874:II, 202).
23 Ibid., 204.
24 Ibid., 212.
25 Boyle (1874:119-120).
26 Reade (1874:229-230).
27 Brackenbury (1874:I, 271).
28 Maurice (1874:140).
29 Lehmann (1964:177).
30 Reade (1974).
31 Ibid., 268.
32 Maxwell (1985:42).
33 Brackenbury (1874:I, 366).
34 Ibid., 323.
35 Ibid., 327.
36 Reade (1874:275).
37 Boyle (1874:252).
38 Lehmann (1964:186).
39 Henty (1874:297).
40 Maurice (1874:232).
41 Stanley (1874:138).
42 Wolseley (1903).
43 Stanley (1874:138).
44 Boyle (1874:266).
45 Henty (1874:303); Stanley (1874:133).
46 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:175).
47 Ibid.
48 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:200-211).
49 Boahen (1965:3).
50 Maurice (1874:268) citing Kühne; Reade (1874:285) also attributed this information to the newly released prisoner Kühne.
51 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:247).
52 Maier (1987).
53 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:250).
54 Ibid., 256.
55 Ibid., 252.
56 Ibid., 260.
57 Ibid., 114.
58 Ibid., 270.
59 Claridge (1915:III) citing the French prisoner, Bonnat.
60 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:250, 271).
61 Dooner (1874:45).
62 Boyle (1874).
63 Ellis (1893:128).
64 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:124).
65 Fuller (1921).
66 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:278).
67 Ibid., 279.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid., 281.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid., 284.
Chapter 6. “The Most Horrible War”
1 Wolseley (1903).
2 Brackenbury (1874:II, 153).
3 Ibid., 152.
4 Wolseley (1903:335).
5 Aidoo (1975:I, 281).
6 Ibid., 234.
7 Reade (1874:122).
8 Wolseley (1903:337).
9 Brackenbury (1874:II, 143).
10 Wood (1874:263).
11 Maxwell (1985:64).
12 Stanley (1874:165).
13 Brackenbury (1874:II, 165).
14 Reade (1874:338).
15 Brackenbury (1874:II, 164).
16 Claridge (1915:II, 121).
17 Brackenbury (1874:II, 165).
18 Wood (1874:277).
19 Wolseley (1903).
20 Ibid., 343.
21 Ibid., 344.
22 Henty (1874:237).
23 Reade (1874:339).
24 Wolseley (1903:350).
25 Aidoo (1975:I, 274).
26 Brackenbury (1874:11,182).
27 Aidoo (1975:I, 286-88).
28 Wood (1874:283).
29 Ibid., 284.
30 Brackenbury (1874:II, 205).
31 Wood (1874:279).
32 Brackenbury (1874:II, 213).
33 Ibid., 219.
34 Lehmann (1964:195).
35 Stanley (1874:203).
36 Brackenbury (1874:II, 217).
37 Ibid., 224.
38 Stanley (1874:227).
39 Dooner (1874:60).
40 Brackenbury (1874:II, 231).
41 Ibid., 232.
42 Maurice (1874:355).
43 Brackenbury (1874:II, 236).
44 Boyle (1874:350).
45 Ibid., 363-364.
46 Reade (1874:370).
47 Buder (1876:298).
48 Ibid., 254.
49 Lehmann (1964:184).
50 Maurice (1874:378).
51 Kimble (1963:271).
52 Lehmann (1964:205).
53 Ibid.
54 Wolseley (1903:370).
Chapter 7. “Britannia Waives the Rules”
1 Aidoo (1975:I, 289).
2 Ibid.; Fuller (1921:145-146).
3 Stanley (1874:18).
4 African Times 10, no. 148, 30 October 1873.
5 Ramseyer and Kühne (1875:52-53).
6 Aidoo (1975:I, 316).
7 Ibid., 42.
8 Ibid., 343.
9 Ibid.
10 C.O. 96/139: minute, E. A. (Ashley) 6 June 1882; minute by K. (Kimberly), 28 July 1882.
11 Freeman (1898:368-369).
12 Aidoo (1975:II, 383).
13 Ibid., 424.
14 C.O. 879/19,128: Lonsdale’s report of his mission of 1882.
15 Wilks (1975:554).
16 Aidoo (1975:II, 492).
17 Ibid., 494.
18 Ibid., 562.
19 McCaskie (1984).
20 Lewin (1978:114).
21 Aidoo (1975:II, 612).
22 Ibid., 595.
23 Ibid.
24 C.O. 96/224: Griffith to King Kwabena Asante of Atebubu, 29 June 1892; end. 4 in secret, Griffith to Knutsford, 4 July 1892.
25 Wilks (1975:654-655).
26 Ibid., 642.
27 Aidoo (1975:II, 618).
28 McInnes and Fraser (1987:48).
29 It is an oddity that all of the machine guns used by the British army until 1915, including the Lewis gun of World War I fame, were invented by Americans (Ffoulkes 1945:91).
30 Burleigh (1896:394).
31 Ibid., 395.
32 Ibid., 445.
33 Ibid., 432.
34 Ibid., 490.
35 Ibid., 493.
36 Ibid., 500.
37 Ibid., 505.
38 Ibid., 542.
39 Ibid., 543.
40 Ibid., 544.
41 Baden-Powell (1896:117).
42 McInnes and Fraser (1987:60).
43 Ibid., 65.
44 Claridge (1915:II, 413).
45 Burleigh (1896:522).
46 Ibid.
47 Musgrave (1896:166).
48 Freeman (1898:123).
49 Burleigh (1896:540-541).
McInnes and Fraser (1987:66).
50 Ibid., 73.
51 Burleigh (1896:551).
52 Gold Coast Chronicle, 30 June 1896, 3.
53 Wilks (1975:661).
54 Tordoff ( 1965:69).
55 Aidoo (1975:II, 642 ff).
56 Gold Coast Chronicle, May 1897, 3-4.
57 Aidoo (1975:II, 662).
58 Wilks (1975).
59 Aidoo (1975:II, 663).
60 Freeman (1898).
61 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Committee of Supply, 18 March 1901.
62 The assertion that the Golden Stool was never sat on comes from a single informant of Rattray. Other informants have said that kings did sit on it during special ceremonies but never routinely. Kimble (1963:321).
63 Aidoo (1975:II).
64 Ibid., 661.
65 Lewin (1978:189).
66 Aidoo (1975:II, 668).
67 Ibid., 669.
Chapter 8. “We Are Going to Die Today”
1 Willcocks (1904:278).
2 Ibid., 243.
3 Steiner (1901).
4 Armitage (1901:33).
5 Biss (1901:196).
6 Claridge (1915:II, 515-517).
7 Biss (1901:137).
8 Myatt (1966:91).
9 Claridge (1915:II, 494).
10 Myatt (1966:85).
11 Myatt (1966:86).
12 Steiner (1901:177).
13 Armitage and Montanaro (1901:102).
14 Hodgson (1901:203).
15 Aidoo (1975:11).
16 Claridge (1915:II, 507).
17 Willcocks (1904:278).
18 Ibid., 295-296.
19 Myatt (1966:99).
20 Hall (1939).
21 Willcocks (1904:318).
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid., 333.
24 Ibid., 336.
25 Ibid., 339.
26 Ibid., 341.
27 Biss (1901:189-90).
28 Willcocks (1904:342).
29 Fuller (1921:208).
30 Myatt (1966:127).
Chapter 9. “An Inaudible Murmur of Admiration”
1 Armitage and Montanaro (1901:156).
2 Willcocks (1904:372).
3 Biss (1901:223).
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid., 225; Hall (1939:297).
6 Hall (1939:307).
7 Biss (1901:254).
8 Ibid., 255.
9 Ibid., 259.
10 Willcocks (1904:369).
11 Rattray (1929).
12 Biss (1901:267).
13 Armitage and Montanaro (1901:178).
14 Myatt (1966:157).
15 Willcocks (1904:395).
16 Biss (1901:299-300).
17 Willcocks (1904:402).
18 Ibid., 404.
19 Claridge (1915:II, 563).
20 Armitage and Montanaro (1901:206).
21 Ibid., 210.
22 Biss (1901:289).
23 Willcocks (1904:416).
24 Claridge (1915:II, 565).
25 Ibid., 566.
26 Biss (1901:314).
27 Ward (1958:343).
28 Boahen (1987:155).
29 Tordoff (1965:185).
30 Ibid., 237.
31 Ibid., 344.
Chapter 10. “For the Ashes of Their Fathers and the Temples of Their Gods”
1 Rattray (1929:124).
2 Moran (1950).
3 Busia (1951).
4 Barnett (1970:245).
5 Lewin (1978).
6 Ward (1958:267).
7 Maier(1987).
8 Brooks (1961).
9 Thomas (1975).
10 Lefever (1970:41).
11 Allman (1993).