1. Introduction: Warfare and the Middle Ages
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984).
G. Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, trans. A. Goldhammer (Chicago, 1980).
F.-L. Ganshof, Feudalism, trans. P. Grierson (London, 1952).
M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, 1984).
E. McGeer, Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century (Washington, DC, 1995).
M. Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven and London, 1996).
S. M. G. Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals (Oxford, 1994).
F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1975).
M. Strickland, War and Chivalry (Cambridge, 1996).
M. Vale, War and Chivalry (London, 1981).
2. Carolingian and Ottonian Warfare
B. S. Bachrach, Armies and Politics in the Early Medieval West (Aldershot, 1993).
C. B. Bowlus, Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907 (Philadelphia, 1995).
F. L. Ganshof, Frankish Institutions under Charlemagne (Providence, RI, 1968).
P. Godman and R. Collins (eds.), Charlemagne’s Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814–840) (Oxford, 1990).
G. S. Halsall, Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, c.450–c.900 (London, 1998).
K. Leyser, Medieval Germany and its Neighbours, 911–1250 (London, 1982).
_____ Communications and Power in the Middle Ages: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries, ed. T. Reuter (London, 1994).
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, Early Medieval History (Oxford, 1975).
3. The Vikings
A. W. Brøgger and H. Shetelig, The Viking Ships: Their Ancestry and Evolution, trans. K. John (Oslo, 1951).
H. R. Ellis Davidson, The Viking Road to Byzantium (London, 1976).
P. Griffith, The Viking Art of War (London, 1995).
M. Harrison, Viking Hersir 793–1066AD (London, 1993).
J. Haywood, Dark Age Naval Power: A Re-assessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity (London, 1991).
_____ The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings (Harmondsworth, 1995).
A. Nørgård Jørgensen and B. L. Clausen (eds.), Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective, AD 1–1300 (Copenhagen, 1997).
O. Olsen and O. Crumlin-Pedersen, Five Viking Ships from Roskilde Fjord, trans. B. Bluestone (Copenhagen, 1978).
P. Sawyer (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (Oxford, 1997).
D. G. Scragg (ed.), The Battle of Maldon AD 991 (Oxford, 1991).
4. An Age of Expansion, c.1020–1204
R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350 (Harmondsworth, 1993).
E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (London, 1980).
R. Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid (London, 1989).
J. France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades (London, 1999).
N. Hooper and M. Bennett, Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages 768–1487 (Cambridge, 1996).
H. Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (London, 1996).
S. Morillo, Warfare under the Anglo-Norman Kings (Woodbridge, 1994).
J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean 649–1571 (Cambridge, 1988).
N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, i. 660–1649 (London, 1997).
R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1992).
M. Strickland, War and Chivalry: The Conduct and Perception of War in England and Normandy, 1066–1217 (Cambridge, 1996).
_____ (ed.), Anglo-Norman Warfare (Woodbridge, 1992).
5. Warfare in the Latin East
GENERAL SURVEYS OF THE CRUSADES TO THE EAST
P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades (London and New York, 1986).
H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, trans. J. Gillingham, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1988).
CRUSADING WARFARE
J. France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994).
C. Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291 (Cambridge, 1992).
J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean 649–1571 (Cambridge, 1988).
R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1992).
R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1995).
CASTLES
H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge, 1994).
D. Pringle, The Red Tower (London, 1986).
MILITARY ORDERS
M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, 1994).
A. Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries (Basingstoke and London, 1992).
J. Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c.1050–1310 (London, 1967).
MUSLIM OPPONENTS OF THE CRUSADES
M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (Cambridge, 1982).
P. Thorau, The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century, trans. P. M. Holt (London and New York, 1992).
6. European Warfare, c.1200–1320
E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (London and Basingstoke, 1980).
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984).
_____ (ed.), Histoire militaire de la France, i. Des origines à 1715 (Paris, 1992).
D. Crouch, William Marshal: Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147–1219 (London and New York, 1990).
G. Duby, The Legend of Bouvines: War, Religion and Culture in the Middle Ages, trans.
C. Tihanyi (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990).
W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership (Princeton, 1979).
E. Lalou, ‘Les Questions militaires sous le règne de Philippe le Bel’, in P. Contamine and others (eds.), Guerre et société en France, en Angleterre et en Bourgogne XIVe-XVe siècles (Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, 1991), 37–62.
M. Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven and London, 1996).
F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1975).
J. Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade (London and Boston, 1978).
J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, trans. S. Willard and S. C. M. Southern (Woodbridge, 1997).
D. P. Waley, ‘The Army of the Florentine Republic from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century’, in N. Rubinstein (ed.), Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London, 1968), 70–108.
______ ‘Condotte and Condottieri in the Thirteenth Century’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 61 (1975), 337–71.
7. The Age of the Hundred Years War
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984).
Kenneth Fowler, The Age of Plantagenet and Valois (New York, 1967).
_____ (ed.), The Hundred Years War (London, 1971).
H.J. Hewitt, The Organization of War under Edward III 1338–62 (Manchester, 1966).
Richard W. Kaeuper, War, Justice and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1988).
Maurice H. Keen, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1965).
R. A. Newhall, Muster and Review (Cambridge, Mass., 1940).
Michael Prestwich, The Three Edwards: War and the State in England 1272–1377 (London, 1980).
______ Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven and London, 1996).
Malcolm Vale, War and Chivalry (London, 1981).
J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340, trans. S. Willard and S. C. M. Southern (Woodbridge, 1997).
8. Fortifications and Sieges in Western Europe, 800–1450
J. Bradbury, The Medieval Siege (Woodbridge, 1992).
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984).
A. Corfis and M. Wolfe (eds.), The Medieval City under Siege (Woodbridge, 1995).
R. Higham and P. Barker, Timber Castles (London, 1992).
D. Hill and A. Rumble (eds.), The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications (Manchester, 1996).
S. Morillo, Warfare under the Anglo-Norman Kings, 1066–1135 (Woodbridge, 1994).
M. Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven and London, 1996).
9. Arms, armour, and horses
Andrew Ayton, Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III (Woodbridge, 1994).
Claude Blair, European Armour circa 1066 to circa 1700 (London, repr. 1979).
Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Archer (Woodbridge, 1985).
John Clark, The Medieval Horse and its Equipment, c.1150–c.1450 (London, 1995).
R. H. C. Davis, The Medieval Warhorse: Origin, Development and Redevelopment (London, 1989).
Charles Gladitz, Horse Breeding in the Medieval World (Dublin, 1997).
Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades (Stroud, 1994).
The Warhorse, 1250–1600 (Stroud, 1998).
Miklós Jankovich, They Rode into Europe (London, 1971).
David C. Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050–1350 (2 vols.; White Plains, NY, 1988).
R. E. Oakeshott, The Sword in the Age of Chivalry (London, 1964).
Bengt Thordeman, Armour from the Battle of Visby, 1361 (2 vols.; Stockholm, 1939).
Malcolm Vale, War and Chivalry (London, 1981).
10. Mercenaries
GENERAL
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984), Chs. 3, 4.
M. Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven and London, 1996), Ch. 6.
J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (Amsterdam, 1977), Ch. 3.
THE EARLIER MEDIEVAL PERIOD
J. H. Beeler, Warfare in Feudal Europe (Ithaca, NY, 1971).
S. Brown, ‘The Mercenary and his Master: Military Service and Monetary Rewards in the 11th and 12th Centuries’, History, 74 (1989).
M. Chibnall, ‘Mercenaries and the familia regis under Henry I’, History, 62 (1977).
J. O. Prestwich, ‘The Military Household of the Norman Kings’, English Historical Review, 96 (1981).
THE LATER MEDIEVAL PERIOD
C. C. Bayley, War and Society in Renaissance Florence (Toronto, 1961).
F. Gilbert, ‘Machiavelli and the Renaissance of the Art of War’, in E. M. Earle (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton, 1952).
M. E. Mallett, Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy (London, 1974).
F. Redlich, The German Military Enterpriser and his Work Force, i (Wiesbaden, 1964–5).
D. Waley, ‘The Army of the Florentine Republic from the 12th to the 14th Century’, in N. Rubinstein (ed.), Florentine Studies (London, 1968).
11. Naval Warfare in Europe after
P. Adam, ‘Conclusions sur les développements des techniques nautiques médiévales’, Revue d’histoire économique et sociale, 54 (1976), 560–7.
H. Ahrweiler, Byzance et la mer: La Marine de la guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance au VIIe-XVe siècles (Paris, 1966).
D. Ayalon, ‘The Mamluks and Naval Power: A Phase of the Struggle between Islam and Christian Europe’, Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1 (1965), 1–12.
P. Charanis, ‘Piracy in the Aegean during the Reign of Michael VIII Palaeologus’, Annuaire de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire Orientales et Slaves, 10 (1950), 127–36.
E. Christianen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier, 1100–1525 (London, 1980).
A. Ehrenkreutz, ‘The Place of Saladin in the Naval History of the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Ages’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 75 (1955), 100–16.
F. Fernández-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (London, 1987).
_____ ‘The Sea and Chivalry in Late Medieval Spain’, in J. B. Hattendorff (ed.), Maritime History, i. The Age of Discovery (Malabar, Fla., 1996), 123–36.
I. Friel, The Good Ship (Baltimore, 1995).
G. Hutchinson, Medieval Ships and Shipping (London, 1994).
F. C. Lane, ‘Naval Actions and Fleet Organization, 1499–1502’, in J. R. Hale (ed.), Renaissance Venice (London, 1973), 146–73.
____ Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore, 1973).
A. Luttrell, ‘Late Medieval Galley Oarsmen’, in R. Ragosta (ed.), Le Genti del mare mediterraneo (Naples, 1981), i. 87–101.
M. Mollat, ‘Philippe-Auguste et la mer’, in Actes du colloque Philippe-Auguste (Paris, 1980).
_____ Europe and the Sea (Oxford, 1993).
J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571 (Cambridge, 1988).
W. S. Reid, ‘Sea Power in the Anglo-Scottish War, 1296–1328’, The Mariner’s Mirror, 46 (1960), 7–23.
N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, i. 660–1649 (New York, 1998).
W. L. Rodgers, Naval Warfare under Oars: Fourth to Sixteenth Centuries (Annapolis, Md., 1939).
J. P. C. Sumption, The Hundred Years’ War, i. Trial by battle (London, 1990).
E. G. R. Taylor, The Haven-Finding Art: A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook (London, 1956).
J. T. Tinniswood, ‘English Galleys, 1272–1377’, The Mariner’s Mirror, 35 (1949), 276–315.
R. W. Unger, The Art of Medieval Technology: Images of Noah the Shipbuilder (New Brunswick, 1991).
C. Villain-Gandossi, S. Busuttil, and P. Adam (eds.), Medieval Ships and the Birth of Technological Societies (2 vols.; Valleta, 1989–91).
12. War and the Non-Combatant in the Middle Ages
C. T. Allmand, ‘The War and the Non-Combatant’, in K. A. Fowler (ed.), The Hundred Years War (London, 1971), 163–83.
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984).
H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’, Past & Present, 46 (1970), 42–67.
J. R. Hale, Artists and Warfare in the Renaissance (New Haven and London, 1990).
T. Head and R. Landes (eds.), The Peace of God: Social Violence and Religious Response in France around the Year 1000 (Cornell, NY, 1992).
H. J. Hewitt, The Organization of War under Edward III, 1338–62 (Manchester and New York, 1966).
C. J. Holdsworth, ‘Ideas and Reality: Some Attempts to Control and Defuse War in the Twelfth Century’, in W. J. Sheils (ed.), The Church and War (Oxford, 1983), 59–78.
J. T. Johnson, Ideology, Reason and the Limitation of War: Religious and Secular Concepts, 1200–1740 (Princeton, 1975).
B. Lowe, Imagining Peace. A History of Early English Pacifist Ideas, 1340–1560 (University Park, PA, 1997).
T. Meron, Henry’s Wars and Shakespeare’s Laws: Perspectives on the Law of War in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1993).
F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1975).
N. A. R. Wright, ‘The Tree of Battles of Honoré Bouvet and the Laws of War’, in C. T. Allmand (ed.), War, Literature and Politics in the Late Middle Ages (Liverpool, 1976), 12–31.
_____ Knights and Peasants: The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside (Woodbridge, 1998).
13. The Changing Scene: Guns, Gunpowder, and Permanent Armies
C. T. Allmand (ed.), New Cambridge Medieval History, vii (Cambridge, 1998), ch. 8, ‘War’.
F. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time (Princeton, 1978).
C. M. Cipolla, Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion (1400–1700) (London, 1965).
R. C. Clephan, ‘The Ordnance of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries’, Archaeological Journal, 68 (1911).
P. Contamine, Guerre, état et société à la fin du moyen age (Paris, 1972).
A. E. Goodman, The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society (London, 1981).
J. R. Hale, ‘The Early Development of the Bastion: An Italian Chronology 1450–c.1534’, in J. R. Hale, J. R. L. Highfield, and B. Smalley (eds.), Europe in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1965), 466–94.
F. G. Heymann, John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution (Princeton, 1955).
R. B. Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire, ii (New York, 1918).
Sir Charles Oman, The Art of War in the Middle Ages, ii (London, 1924).
____ The Art of War in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1937).
G. Rázsó, ‘The Mercenary Army of King Matthias Corvinus’, in J. M. Bak and B. K. Király (eds.), From Hunyadi to Rakocki: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary (Brooklyn, NY, 1982), 125–40.
R. Sablonier, ‘États et structures militaires dans la confédération [suisse] autour des années 1480’, in Cinq-centième anniversaire de la bataille de Nancy (1979), 429–77.
M. G. A. Vale, War and Chivalry: Warfare and Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages (London, 1981).
R. Vaughan, Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy (London, 1973).