The best sources for the Leningrad epic are the men and women who lived through the nine hundred days. The author began collecting accounts from the people of Leningrad on his first visit there, a few days after the blockade was lifted, January 27, 1944, when the events were vivid in the minds of all survivors. He has continued to collect them over the years. Especially since the death of Stalin an increasing flow of memoirs and literary treatments of the blockade has been published. The most valuable are those of Olga Berggolts, whose Dnevnye Zvezdy (Day Stars) has been heavily drawn upon; Vera Inber, a sensitive diarist; Vsevolod Vishnevsky, an insensitive diarist whose record is nonetheless fascinating; Pavel Luknitsky, a newspaperman and excellent reporter; Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, musicologist, diarist and historian; Aleksei I. Panteleyev, who has an outstanding eye for detail; Vera Ketlinskaya, whose novel The Blockade despite Stalinist bowdlerizing presents a revealing picture of the siege; Vissarion Sayanov, a poet who spent the whole blockade in Leningrad; and Vsevolod Kochetov, a blundering, often unreliable newspaper correspondent whose recollections convey more than he is aware. Not all the diarists and writers remained in the Soviet Union. Among those now in the United States whose stories are memorable are Yelena Skryabina, Dmitri Konstan-tinov and Anatoly Darov.
One of the most painstaking accounts of life in Leningrad is that of the Hermitage Museum and its director, Iosif Orbeli, written by S. Varshavsky and B. Rest. These men have dedicated their lives to the Hermitage. They spent the whole siege in Leningrad. No single book conveys more of the suffering and heroism of the time than their Podvig Ermitazha (Triumph of the Hermitage). They, like many other writers, historians and ordinary Leningraders, have been tireless in assisting the author in the collection and verification of facts.
There are five major official works on the Leningrad siege. The first and most important book is that of Dmitri V. Pavlov, who was sent to Leningrad in September, 1941, to handle the city’s food supplies. His book, Leningrad v Blokade (Leningrad in Blockade), published in 1958 and reissued in second and third editions, each containing additional information, is the classic source on the starvation winter. Many details of the Leningrad epic are still to be found only in Pavlov, and every Soviet writer on the subject since 1958 has based his work on Pavlov’s. Almost equally useful is A. V. Kara-sev’s Leningradtsy v Gody Blokady (Leningraders in the Years of the Blockade). Karasev is a painstaking professional historian who has searched the archives tirelessly. Many facts not available to Karasev when he published his book in 1959 are provided in Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni (Defending the Neva Bastion), a collective work produced under the auspices of the Leningrad Party organization in 1965. A fourth source is a collection of reports, decrees and official documents published under the title of poo Geroicheskikh Dnei (poo Heroic Days) in 1967. The fifth major source is Leningrad v Velikoi Ote-chestvennoi Voine (Leningrad in the Great Fatherland War), published in 1967 by the Institute of History of the Soviet Academy of Sciences as the fifth volume of a History of Leningrad.
On the military side there are five basic works:
Istoriya Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny Sovetskogo Soyuza 1941–1945 {History of the Great Fatherland War of the Soviet Union, 1941–1945), a. six-volume general history of the war, issued in 1961, giving a detailed account of all military operations and an excellent summary of the state of preparedness—and unpreparedness—in 1941 on the eve of war; a shorter one-volume version by the same editors called Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina Sovetskogo Soyuza (The Great Fatherland War of the Soviet Union), which, interestingly enough, provides detail on Stalin’s lapses and misevaluation of intelligence on the eve of war not included in the six-volume version; Bitva Za Leningrad (The Battle for Leningrad), a collective work by I. P. Barbashin and others, which is illuminating when collated closely with the Leningrad section of the six-volume general history; a work of the same title, Bitva Za Leningrad (Battle for Leningrad), by V. P. Sviridov and two others, an earlier and inferior history which is useful only for occasional details; andBorba Za Sovetskuyu Pribaltiku V Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine 1941–1945 (The Struggle for the Soviet Baltic in the Great Fatherland War 1941–1945), which reveals the disasters which overwhelmed Soviet forces in Leningrad’s Baltic littoral in the first days of the war.
None of these histories is complete, and each seeks to suppress or overemphasize certain aspects of the Leningrad events. But by close comparison the general course of what happened can be established. A far more revealing source is the memoirs of the military participants, particularly those of Colonel (now General) B. V. Bychevsky, Chief of Army Engineers in Leningrad; Admiral V. A. Panteleyev, Chief of Staff of the Baltic Fleet; Major General Mikhail Dukhanov, Commander of the Sixty-seventh Army; Marshal Kirill A. Meretskov, one of the principal Leningrad commanders; General Ivan I. Fedyuninsky, another Leningrad commander; Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov, Naval Commissar. To these should be added the scores of individual memoirs and unit histories which pour in a steady stream from the presses of the Military Publishing House in Moscow.
Where possible, inquiries and questions have been put to individuals who played a role in the Leningrad epic, notably to Dmitri V. Pavlov. Interesting information on the events of June 21–22, 1941, was provided personally by Marshal Semyon Budyonny. The rare bound files ofLeningradskaya Pravda for 1941–42, preserved in the archives of that newspaper, were examined in the offices of Leningradskaya Pravda, but so hastily that only general impressions could be gleaned.
The story of the breaking of the Leningrad blockade in January, 1944, was recounted to the author by many of the commanders who participated on the spot at that time. The plans for Leningrad’s postwar Renaissance were outlined similarly at that time by Mayor Peter S. Popkov, later shot in the so-called Leningrad Affair in 1949, and by the city’s chief architect, N. V. Baranov.
CHAPTER 1. THE WHITE NIGHTS
Detail for the description of Leningrad on June 21, 1941, was provided by many Leningrad residents, including S. Varshavsky, Dmitri Konstantinov, Vsevolod Kochetov, Aleksandr Kron, Aleksandr Shtein, Aleksandr Rozen, Olga Berggolts, Ivan Krutikov, Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, Pavel Luknitsky, Olga lordan, Vissarion Sayanov and Vera Ketlinskaya. The account of Orbeli comes from Podvig Ermitazha by Varshavsky and B. Rest. The Party plenum at Smolny June 21 is described in Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni, Bitva Za Leningrad (Sviridov et al.) and in V Ognennom Koltse.
CHAPTER 2. NOT ALL SLEPT
The description of General Kirill A. Meretskov is provided in his own Nekolebimo, Kak Rossiya. The story of Yuri Stasov is told in M. Ye. Sonkin, Eto Bylo Na Baltike. Other sources: Admiral A. G. Golovko, Vmeste s Flotom; M. P. Pavlovskii, Na Ostro-vakh;I. I. Fedyuninsky, Fodnyatye Po Trevoge. Panteleyev describes Tributs’ activities in Morskoi Front. The account of Kuznetsov is drawn from his numerous versions, which often differ in detail.
CHAPTER 3. THE FATEFUL SATURDAY
Naval Commissar Kuznetsov’s description is provided by himself. The story of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin, June 21–22, is given by Valentin Berezhkov, S Diplomaticheskoi Missiyei v Berlin; I. F. Filippov, Zapiski o Tretiyem Reikhe; and Raymond James Sontag, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941, p. 353. Maisky’s story is in his memoirs and in a bit more detail in Novy Mir, No. 12, December, 1965. The account of the Molotov-Schulen-burg meeting is based on Gustav Hilger and Alfred G. Meyer, The Incompatible Allies, with detail added from Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941. General I. V. Tyulenev’s story is drawn from his Cherez Tri Voiny. The decision to set up the Moscow fighter command is from M. Gallai, Novy Mir, No. 9, September, 1966.
CHAPTER 4. THE NIGHT WEARS ON
Naval Commissar Kuznetsov and Admiral Panteleyev are the principal sources for this chapter, with detail from V. Achkasov and B. Veiner’s work on the Baltic Fleet. The story of events at Sevastopol comes from I. I. Azarov, Osazhdennaya Odessa; Captain N. G. Rybalko, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, June, 1963; N. P. Vyunenko, Chernomorskii Flot v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine. Marshal Voronov describes the night of June 21–22 in Na Sluzhbe Voyennoi. General Tyulenev is the source of Stalin’s skepticism regarding Zhukov’s reports of German bombing.
CHAPTER 5. DAWN, JUNE 22
The description of the military situation in Leningrad is drawn from General B. V. Bychevsky’s Gorod-Front and Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni. Some detail is provided by Istoriya Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny Sovetskogo Soyuza and General MikhailDukhanov, V Serdtse i v Pamyati. The description of the Baltic Military District is provided by Borba Za Sovetskuyu Pribaltiku, with additions from Voronov. The description of General Sobennikov’s Eighth Army comes from Borba Za Sovetskuyu Pribaltiku andBitva Za Leningrad (Barbashin et al.). The description of events in the German Embassy in Moscow is based on Hilger, personal accounts by Dr. Gebhardt von Walther, then a secretary of the embassy and in 1967 German Ambassador to Moscow, and Nazi-Soviet Relations; that of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin, largely from Berezhkov’s published work, amplified in personal correspondence.
CHAPTER 6. WHAT STALIN HEARD
The Kremlin military meeting is described by S. A. Kalinin, Razmyshlyaya o Minuvshem; M. I. Kazakov, Nad Kartoi Bylikh Srazhenii; A. I. Yeremenko, V Nachale Voiny (Yeremenko’s version is sharply challenged by V. Ivanov and K. Cheremukhin in Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 11, November, 1966); and Marshal Ivan Bagramyan, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1967. One of the richest sources for data on Soviet intelligence concerning Nazi war preparations is the anonymous article, “Sovetskiye Organy Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti v Gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny,” Voprosy Istorii, No. 5, May, 1965. Presumably this article was prepared by a high Soviet intelligence source. Others are: P. A. Zhilin, Kak Fashistskaya Germaniya Gotovila Napadeniye na Sovetsky Soyuz; Army General V. Ivanov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, June, 1965; Admiral Kuznetsov, Nakanune; Marshal A. Grechko, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, June, 1966; Berezhkov; numerous Soviet works on Richard Sorge, the Soviet master spy; A. M. Nekrich, 1941 22 luniya; Hilger; and lstoriya Velikoi Otechest-vennoi Voiny SS. 1941–1945, Vol. I.
CHAPTER 7. WHAT STALIN BELIEVED
Ilya Ehrenburg described his dealings with Stalin in his memoirs and added some details in personal conversation before his death. Zhilin is another source on the Kremlin. Sources on troop transfers include Kazakov, Bagramyan; A. M. Samsonov, Velikaya Bitva pod Moskvoi. Analyses of Stalin’s conduct are provided by Nekrich, A. Zonin in Prosolennye Gody, and Admiral Kuznetsov. The Malenkov intervention of June 3 is reported in Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina Sovetskogo Soyuza, p. 58, and by G. Kravchenko, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, April, 1965. Maisky and Berezhkov describe the situation in London and Berlin. The Western frontier is described by Aleksandr Rozen in his historical novel, Posledniye Dve Nedeli; Bagramyan; L. M. Sandalov,Trudniye Rubezhi, and V. A. Grekov, Bug v Ogne. The reports on last-minute intelligence come from the Voprosy Istorii, May, 1965, study of state intelligence organs; lstoriya Velikoi Otechestvennii Voiny S.S. 1941–1945, Vol. I; and Admiral Kuznetsov. The movement of Nazi and Soviet troops to the frontier is assessed by P. Korodinov, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 10, October, 1965; and Marshal Sergei Shtemenko in Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, June, 1966. The air force incident is reported by A. Yakovlev, Tsel Zhizni. Nekrich and Voronov describe Stalin on the eve of war. The rumors of a Russo-German deal were reported by Grigore Gafencu; von Hassell; Filippov; Gerhard L. Weinberg in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1939–41; Haider; and Angelo Rossi, The Russo-German Alliance. Stalin’s suspiciousness and lack of plans are dealt with by Kuznetsov, Voronov, Tyulenev, Bagramyan and Nikita Khrushchev in his so-called “secret speech” of February, 1956, and on other occasions. Stalin’s breakdown is described by Khrushchev, Maisky, Nekrich and others.
CHAPTER 8. CLOUDLESS SKIES
Trofimov’s story is contained in A. Dymshits, Podvig Leningrada; Glazunov in Doroga k Tebe; Gankevich in Konets Gruppy ‘Nord’; Skryabina in V Blokade; Kanashin, Poka Stuchit Serdtse; Krutikov, V Prifrontovykh Lesakh; Konstantinov, Ya Srazhalsya v Krasnoi Armii; that of the Hermitage in Varshavsky and Rest, Podvig Ermitazha; the station scene in Ortenberg, Na Ognennikh Rubezhakh; Larin in Sozonkov, Geroi Zemli Sovetskoi; Kronstadt in Rudny, Deistvuyushchii Flot; Petrova’s story in Konstantinov,Zhenshchiny Goroda Lenina; Sayanov in his Leningradskii Dnevnik; the story of Lebedev from the account of his wife, Vera Petrovna, Zvezda, No. 5, May, 1965; and Kochetov in Oktyabr, No. 1, January, 1964.
CHAPTER 9. A MATTER OF DETAIL
This is largely based on standard German sources—Haider’s diary; Guderian; Man-stein; Restlinger, The House Built on Sand—Pavlenko, Porazheniye Germanskogo Im-perializma; the two Bitva Za Leningrad books; Ortenberg, Na Ognennikh Rubezhakh;Pavlov and Meretskov.
CHAPTER 10. ON THE DISTANT APPROACHES
Much of this chapter is based on the account in Orlov, Borba Za Sovetskuyu Pribaltiku; plus materials from Karasev; Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina Sovetskogo Soyuza; the six-volume lstoriya VOVSS; and Barbashin, Bitva Za Leningrad. The Taurage incident is described by A. Ionin,Zvezda, No. 6, June, 1966. Detail on the Baltic Military District has been drawn from Chadayev, Ekonomika SSSR v Period VOV; Samsonov, V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina; Leningrad v VOV; and I. Boiko, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 8, August, 1966. The figures on Soviet air losses come from Barbashin; A. M. Samsonov, Stalingradskaya Bitva; and A. S. Yakovlev, Tsel Zhizni. The description of General Morozov’s headquarters is drawn from V. P. Agafonov, Neman! Neman! Ya—DunaU, and Z. Kondrats, IX Fort. The description of Libau comes from V. Ye. Bystrov, Geroi Podpolya; R. Velevitnev, Krepost bez Fortov; and A. P. Kladt, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1965. The report on Sobennikov is largely drawn from Orlov. The description of Pavlov’s headquarters comes from I. V. Boldin, Stranitsii Zhizni, and Leonid Sandalov and Fedor A. Ostashenko in V. A. Grekov, Bug v Ogne.
CHAPTER 11. THE RED ARROW PULLS IN
The material on Meretskov and the purge of the Red Army comes from his memoirs; from Pod Znamenem Ispanskoi Respubliki (which he edited); VOVSS; S. A. Kalinin, Razmyshlyaya o Minuvshem; Istoriya VOVSS; A. V. Gorbatov, Years Off My life; B. V. Bychevsky, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 9, September, 1963; I. Bagramyan, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1967; A. M. Nekrich, 1941 22 Iunya; N. N. Voronov, Na Sluzhbe Voyennoi; D. A. Morozov, O Nikh Ne Upominalos v Svod-kakh; and Konstantin Simonov’s novel, Soldatami Ne Rozhdayutsya. The prewar military situation is based on A. I. Yeremenko, VNachale Voiny; VOVSS; P. Yegorov, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 5, May, 1967; Naval Commissar N. G. Kuznetsov, Oktyabr, No. 9, September, 1965; Meretskov; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni; and Bychevsky,Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964.
CHAPTER 12. EVEN THE DEAD
Olga Berggolts’ description comes from her Dnevnye Zvezdy, with additional material from Yuri L. Alanskii, Teatr v Kvadrate Obstrela. The poem is from Berggolts’ Uzel. The Konstantinov and Skryabina passages are from their memoirs. Dmitri Shcheglov’s story is told in V Opolchenii, I. I. Kanashin’s in Poka Stuchit Serdtse, the description of Leningrad from many sources and years of personal observation. The story of the Kirov repressions comes largely from Ocherki Istorii Leningrada, Vol. 4, and S. Kostyuchenko,Istoriya Kirovskogo Zavoda. The Akhmatova poem is from her Rekviem. The Orbeli description, of course, is provided by Varshavsky and Rest, Zvezda, No. 10, October, 1964. The description of events in Leningrad after Molotov’s broadcast is based on Skryabina; Anatoly Darov’s Blokada; Pavel Luknitsky, Skvoz Vsyu Blokadu; and Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni.
CHAPTER 13. THE DARK DAYS
The picture of Zhdanov is reconstructed from his public speeches, the impressions of Kuznetsov, Oktyabr, Nos. 9 and n, September and November, 1965; Richard Lauter-bach, These Are the Russians; Nikita Khrushchev’s “secret speech"; M. I. Kazakov; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni; and I. M. Maisky. The data on the Committee for State Defense are drawn from Istoriya VOVSS and Marshal Andrei Grechko, Voyenno Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, June, 1966.
CHAPTER 14. ZHDANOV IN ACTION
The description of Leningrad’s mobilization comes from Leningrad v VOV; A. Karasev and V. Kovalchuk, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni; Ilya Brazhin, Neva, No. 2, February, 1968; Pavlov; Karasev; A. Dymshits, Podvig Leningrada;Barbashin, Bitva Za Leningrad; V. Bogdanov Berezovsky, V Gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny; Yuri Alanskii, Teatr v Kvadrate Obstrela; Karasev, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1961; N. N. Zhdanov, Ognevoi Shchit Leningrada; Bychevsky; Meretskov; and Varshavsky and Rest.
CHAPTER 15. THE WHITE SWANS
The chapter draws heavily upon Nikolai Mikhailovsky’s S Toboi Baltika and his account in Literaturnoye Nasledstvo Sovetskikh Pisatelei, Vol. II; Vladimir Rudny, Aleksandr Zonin; and Admiral Y. A. Panteleyev, Morskoi Front. Details on conditions in the Baltic states are provided from V. Stanley Vardys, Lithuania Under the Soviets; A. A. Druzula, V Dni Voiny; Orlov; M. P. Pavlovskii, Na Ostrovakh; Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D., Vols. VII and XIII; the anonymous article on Soviet intelligence,Voprosy lstorii, May, 1965; V. Achkasov, Krasnoznamennyi Baltiiskii Flot; Vsevolod Vishnevsky, Sobrannye Sochinenii, Vol. III.
CHAPTER 16. THE RED ARMY RETREATS
Among the principal sources are Mikhail Dukhanov, V Serdtse i v Pamyati; Barbashin; Istoriya VOVSS; Orlov; A. Kiselev, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, June, 1966; D. D. Lelyushenko, Zarya Pobedy; Agafonov. The verdict on General Kuznetsov is that of the editors of Istoriya VO VSS, Vol. II, p. 29.
CHAPTER 17. THE FIRST DAYS
The portrait of Leningrad in the early days of war is a pastiche from many, many sources, among them Varshavsky and Rest; Leningrad v VOV; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni; the collection goo Dnei; Olga Berggolts’ Dnevnye Zvezdy; Bogdanov-Bere-zovsky,V Gody VOV; Madame Skryabina’s diary; A. T. Skilyagin, Dela i Lyudi; Vera Ketlinskaya, Neva, No. 5, May, 1965; Vsevolod Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 1, January, 1964; A. N. Vasilyev, S Perom i Avtomatom; Ilya Avramenko, Den Poezii 1965; L. Panteleyev, Zhivye Pamyatniki; Bychevsky; Barbashin; Meretskov; Pavlov; Karasev; VOVSS; S. Belyayev, Narodnoye Opolcheniye Leningrada; Lev Uspensky, Zvezda, No. 9, September, 1964; Shcheglov; Yuri Alanskii; S. Bubenshchikov, V Ognennom Koltse; V. Malkin, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964.
CHAPTER l8. THE LUGA LINE
The principal sources for the Luga battle are Bychevsky; Barbashin; Karasev; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni; and General Dukhanov. Kochetov tells his story in Oktyabr, No. 1, January, 1964. Some detail on Kochetov is drawn from Vasilyev, 5 Perom i Avtomatom. Yeremenko describes the Western Front in Na Zapadnom Napravlenii. Material on the 2nd Volunteers is provided by Bubenshchikov’s V Ognennom Koltse. The story of the 70th Guards is from N. S, Gudkova, Mera Muzhestva; and A. Rozen, Zvezda, No. 2, February, 1966.
CHAPTER 19. THE LUGA LINE CRUMBLES
The principal sources are Bychevsky; Barbashin; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni; Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 6, June, 1964; S. Belyayev, Narodnoye Opolcheniye Leningrada; and Karasev.
CHAPTER 20. THE ENEMY AT THE GATES
The description of Smolny is based on G. N. Karayev, Po Mestam Boyevoi Slavy; Pavlov; L. L. Shvetsov, Smolninskii Raion; and Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni. The crisis details are drawn from Na Zashchite; Belyayev; V. V. Stremilov, Voprosy Istorii KPSS, No. 5, May, 1959; Leningrad v VOV; Varshavsky and Rest; A. Shtein, Znamya, No. 4, April, 1964. The story of the Leningrad City Council of Defense comes from Pavlov; Karasev; A. E. Sukhnovalov, Petrogradskaya Storona; and poo Geroicheskikh Dnei. Other details are from Kochetov, Bychevsky, Luknitsky.
CHAPTER 21. STALIN ON THE PHONE
The Stalin description is based on Maisky; Barbashin; Kuznetsov; Voronov, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1965; S. M. Shtemenko, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 9, September, 1965; Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins; and Pavlov. The Stalin-Zhdanov-Voroshilov dispute is based on Pavlov,Na Zashchite, and V. Achkasov, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 10, October, 1966. Details are added from P. Ponomarenko, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, April, 1965; Istoriya VOVSS, Vol. I, p. 105; and T. Shtykov, writing in L. I. Ilin, Khrabreishiye iz Khrabrykh.
CHAPTER 22. THE TALLINN DISASTER
Sources on the Tallinn disaster are Mikhailovsky, Panteleyev, A. K. Tarasenkov, Vse-volod Vishnevsky (their diaries plus materials in Literaturnoye Nasledstvo Sovetskikh Pisatelei, Vol. II); A. Mushnikov, Baltiitsy v Boyakh Za Leningrad; V. Achkasov,Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 10, October, 1966; A. Zonin; K. K. Kamalov, Morskaya Pekhota v Boyakh Za Rodinu; N. Chukovsky, Yunost, No. 1, January, 1966; N. F. Mineyev, Pervaya Pobeda; Ya. Perechnev, Na Strazhe Morskikh Gorizontov; A. Shtein,Znamya, No. 4, April, 1965; and Orlov.
CHAPTER 23. THE RUSSIAN DUNKIRK
The principal source is Panteleyev. Others include Achkasov, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 10, October, 1966; Vishnevsky; Mikhailovsky; M. Godenko’s semifictional Minnoye Polye; Tarasenkov; P. L. Korzinkin, V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya; A. Mushnikov; S. F. Yedelinskii, Balticheskii Flot v VOV; Kuznetsov, Voprosy Istorii, No. 8, August, 1965; Rudny; and Zonin.
CHAPTER 24. THE NORTHERN CRISIS
Most of this chapter comes from Panteleyev, Barbashin and Bychevsky. Details are added from Leningrad v VOV; Luknitsky; A. Dymshits, Znamya, No. 3, March, 1966; I. I. Kanashin, Poka Stuchit Serdtse; and A. Mushnikov.
CHAPTER 25. THE LAST DAYS OF SUMMER
Vera Inber’s story is told in Za Mnogo Let and by Vera Ketlinskaya, Neva, No. 5, May, 1965; that of Shvarts in Ketlinskaya; Aleksandr Shtein, Znamya, No. 5, May, 1964; and S. Tsimbal, My Znali Yevgeniya Shvartsa. The picture of the city comes fromLeningrad v VOV; Luknitsky; A. Rozen,Zvezda, Nos. 1 and 2, January and February, 1965; Shtein, Znamya, No. 6, June, 1964; Gankevich; Bogdanov-Berezovsky, V Gody VOV; Varshavsky and Rest; V. M. Barashenkov, Istoriya Gosudarstvennoi Publichnoi Biblio-teki; and Karasev.
CHAPTER 26. WILL THE CITY BE ABANDONED?
The principal sources on the visit of the State Defense Committee group are Na Zashchite; Voronov; Kuznetsov, Voprosy Istorii, No. 8, August, 1965; Panteleyev; A. Mushnikov, Baltiitsy v Boyakh Za Leningrad; F. I. Sirota, Voprosy Istorii, No. 10, October, 1956; Pavlov; Barbashin; Karasev;Istoriya VOVSS. The Nazi High Command controversy is reported by Haider. The Churchill-Stalin exchange is reported by Maisky and Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. III, The Grand Alliance.
CHAPTER 27. THE CIRCLE CLOSED
Bychevsky is the principal source on Mga. His account of the Izhorsk battle is supplemented by detail from Sviridov, Bitva Za Leningrad; Barbashin; Chernenko’s story in A. Dymshits, Fodvig Leningrada; Leningrad v VOV; Vissarion Sayanov, Leningradskii Dnevnik; poo Dnei;Bubenshchikov; and statistical detail from poo Geroicheskikh Dnei. The breakthrough to the Neva is described by Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 11, November, 1965; Barbashin; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni; Sviridov; Bychevsky; the taking of Shlisselburg by Gankevich, Bychevsky, Barbashin,Na Zashchite. Criticism is drawn from Dukhanov and Barbashin; the aftermath of Izhorsk from poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Karasev; Ketlinskaya, Neva, No. 5, May, 1965; and Beilin, Ryadorn S Geroyami. Shostakovich’s story is from poo Dnei; Bogdanov-Berezovsky, V Gody VOV; and Stranitsy Muzykalnoi Publisistiki; Al Less, Moskva, No. 5, May, 1965; Olga Berggolts, Litera-turnaya Gazeta, No. 56, May 9, 1965; A. N. Vasilyev, S Ferom i Avtomatom. Other detail from G. G. Tigranov, Leningradskaya Konservatoriya; Panteleyev and Sayanov in B. M. Likharev, Leningradskii Almanakh.
CHAPTER 28. THE BLOOD-RED CLOUDS
Vera Inber’s impressions are from her diary, lzbrannye Proizvedeniya, Vol. Ill; those of Luknitsky from his diary; Berggolts, Dnevne Zvezdy; Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 6, June, 1964. Other sources: Bychevsky; Pavlov; Podvig Leningrada; Olga Iordan in poo Dnei. Statistics are from poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Na Zashchite; Pavlov (who provides the detailed food estimates); Karasev; Leningrad v VOV; Varshavsky and Rest; S. Kostyuchenko, Istoriya Kirovskogo Zavoda; Panteleyev; N. N. Zhdanov, Ognevoi Shchit Leningrada;Bondarenko in S Perem i Avtomatom; Ketlinskaya,Literaturnaya Gazeta, No. 15, February 4, 1965; Voronov; and Skryabina.
CHAPTER 29. NOT ALL WERE BRAVE
Vishnevsky’s observations are from his diary, Sobranye Sochinenii, Vol. Ill; Kochetov, Oktyabr, Nos. 6 and 11, June, November, 1964. Other detail from Na Zashchite; Pavlov; A. T. Skilyagin, Dela i Lyudi; S Perom i Avtomatom; Leningrad v VOV; Shtein,Znamya, No. 6, June, 1964; Rosenman in Podvig Leningrada; A. Veresov, Neva, No. 6, June, 1965; and Sayanov.
CHAPTER 30. A HARD NUT TO CRACK
The description of Oreshek is largely drawn from A. Veresov, Neva, No. 4, April, 1966. The story of the battle is based on Barbashin; Bychevsky; A. T. Karavayev, Po Srochnomu Predpisaniyu; Podvig Leningrada, pp. 428–429; A. I. Mankevich, Krasno-znamennaya Ladozhskaya Flotiliya v VOV; K. K. Kamalov, Morskaya Pekhota v Boyakh Za Rodinu; G. Odintsov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 12, December, 1964; Shcheglov; Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 11, November, 1964; Gudkova, Mera Muzhestva; Shtein,Znamya, No. 6, June, 1964.
CHAPTER 31. ZHUKOV IN COMMAND
The military situation as Zhukov took command is best described in Barbashin, with detail from A. Saporov, Doroga Zhizni; Bychevsky; Karasev; Dukhanov; Na Zashchite; I. I. Fedyuninsky, Fodnyate Po Trevoge. Bychevsky and the third edition of Pavlov are revealing on Voroshilov’s displacement by Zhukov. Other detail from Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 6, June, 1964; Berggolts; and Shcheglov.
CHAPTER 32. BLOW UP THE CITY!
Plans for defense and destruction of Leningrad are described by Na Zashchite; Karasev; Bychevsky; Shcheglov; Barbashin; 900 Geroicheskikh Dnei; Panteleyev; Konstantinov; Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 11, November, 1964; Kuznetsov, Voprosy Istorii, No. 8, August, 1965; Leningrad v VOV;Godenko; A. Verezov, Neva, No. 6, June, 1965; Kostyuchenko; A. Rozen, Zvezda, No. 2, February, 1966.
CHAPTER 33. “THEY’RE DIGGING IN!”
A. I. Veresov, Neva, No. 6, June, 1965, and in Soldaty Sto Devyatoi, presents vivid detail on the Pulkovo front, as does A. Rozen, Zvezda, No. 2, February, 1966. Other detail comes from Berggolts; poo Dnei; and much, of course, from Bychevsky; Barbashin; Dukhanov; Fedyuninsky; Na Zashchite; Vishnevsky; Koehetov; A. von Reinhardt’s memoirs; Leningrad v VOV; I. Isakov, Neva, No. 3, March, 1967; VOVSS; and G. Zhukov, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 8, August, 1966.
CHAPTER 34. THE KING’S FORTRESS
The principal sources on Kronstadt are Panteleyev; Achkasov, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964; Karasev; Y. Perechnev, Na Strazhe Morskikh Gorizontov; Vishnevsky; and Shtein.
CHAPTER 35. DEUS CONSERVAT OMNI A
Much material on Anna Akhmatova is drawn from her introduction to her Stikhotvore-niya, from her own Rekviem and from Luknitsky. Other sources: A. M. Dreving in Barashenkov; Inber’s diary; Ye. Vasyutina, Podvig Leningrada; Konstantinov; Skryabina; Kochetov, Gorod v Shineli;Pavlov; Leningrad v VOV; Na Zashchite; T. V. Pokrovskaya, Klimat Leningrada; Vishnevsky; Barbashin; Ketlinskaya in poo Dnei; Glazunov; A. V. Koltsov, Uchenye Leningrada v Gody Blokady; Varshavsky and Rest; and Godenko.
CHAPTER 36. SEVEN MEN KNEW
One of the most vivid descriptions of starvation is that of the late Nikolai Chukovsky, Yunost, No. 1, January, 1966. Others are provided by Maria Razina in Podvig Leningrada; Inber; Vishnevsky; Skryabina; Godenko; Karasev; I. V. Travkin, V Vodakh Sedoi Baltiki; and Luknitsky. Statistical data come from Na Zashchite; Karasev; Leningrad v VOV; Karavayev; Pavlov; V. Ya. Neigoldberg, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1965. Detail from L. Panteleyev, Neva, No. 1, January, 1964; Berggolts; Sayanov; Kochetov; Tarasenkov inLiteraturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II; Vishnevsky; Voronov; S Perom i Avtomatom; Kanashin; P. D. Grishchenko, Moi Druzya Podvodniki; Darov; Pavlov; Ortenberg.
CHAPTER 37. “WHEN WILL THE BLOCKADE BE LIFTED?”
The principal sources are Panteleyev; Na Zashchite; Voronov; Barbashin; Fedyuninsky; G. Ye. Degtyarev, Taran i Shchit; Meretskov, Nekolebimo, Kak Rossiya, and Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1965; P. Yegorov, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 5, May, 1967; Y. Alanskii,Zvezda, No. 11, November, 1966; Karasev; Saparov; G. A. Beresnev, Ogni Sedogo Volkhova; Sviridov; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Leningrad v VOV; and Luknitsky.
CHAPTER 38. THE ROAD OF LIFE
Curiously, there is no single satisfactory or dramatic account of the Ladoga ice road among the numerous Soviet sources. A. Saparov’s Doroga Zhizni is weak and propa-gandistic, and A. D. Kharitonov’s Legendarnaya Ledovaya Trassa is little more than a pamphlet. The chapter is based on M. Murov, Zvezda, No. 5, May, 1965; F. Lagunov, Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964; Karasev; Pavlov; Kharitonov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 11, November, 1966; Y. Loman, Neva, No. 1, January, 1967; F. Lapukhov, Neva, No. 7, July, 1967; Na Zashchite; Dukhanov, Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964 (some detail is omitted in his book version, V Serdtse i v Famyati); Leningrad v VOV; Merets-kov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1965; Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Inber; Luknitsky; Samsonov, V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina, Vol. II, pp. 159-166; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei.
CHAPTER 39. THE CITY OF DEATH
Nikolai Tikhonov’s account comes from Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964; with detail from D. Levonevskii, Neva, No. 2, February, 1966; Dmitri Moldavskii, O Mikhaile Dudine; Sayanov; Aleksandr Prokofyev, Literatwrnaya Gazeta, June 22, 1965. Other sources: Vishnevsky; Vera Petrova,Zvezda, No. 5, May, 1965; Leningrad v VOV; detail on Lebedev from Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II, and A. Kron in Kyadorn S Geroyami. Other sources: Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Luknitsky; Sayanov; Aleksandr Dymshits, Znamya, No. 3, March, 1966; Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky, Ogonok, No. 5, May, 1964; Podvig Ermitazha; Orbeli in Ashot Arzumanyan, Druzhba; Yuri L. Alanskii; K. M. Yuz-bashyan, Akademik Iosif A. Orbeli; Mikhailovsky, S Toboi Baltika!
CHAPTER 40. THE SLEDS OF THE CHILDREN
The Leningrad diarists are the principal sources for this chapter: V. Koneshevich, Novy Mir, Nos. 9 and 10, September and October, 1965; Luknitsky; Vera Inber; Vishnevsky; Skryabina; Dmitri Moldavskii in Podvig Leningrada; Panteleyev; Yelizaveta Sharypina, V Dni Blokady; Glazunov; and Shcheglov. The story of Zinaida Shishova comes from A. Abramov, Neva, No. 6, June, 1965; and the poem from V. Azarov’s collection, Poeziya v Boyu. Other material is drawn from Leningrad v VOV; T. V. Pokrovskaya,Klimat Leningrada; Na Zashchite; Aleksandr Kron in Talent i Muzhestvo; Nikolai Chukovsky in Ryadorn s Geroyami; and Nikolai Markevich in V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya.
CHAPTER 41. A NEW KIND OF CRIME
Much detail comes from Dela i Lyudi, which, in large part, deals with the Leningrad police during the war. Material is drawn extensively from Na Zashchite; Karasev; Barba-shin; Konstantinov; Darov; the Razina diary; Pavlov; Aleksandr Chakovsky; a hasty examination of Leningradskaya Pravda files for November, December, 1941, and the winter months of 1942; Ivan Krutikov, V Prifrontovykh Lesakh; Inber; Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 5, May, 1965; Sharypina; L. Panteleyev, Moskva, No. 6, June, 1957. The description and text of Mayor Popkov’s speech are from 5 Perom i Avtomatom, Podvig Leningrada, pp. 287–288, and Chakovsky. Other material is from Vishnevsky and Inber: Leningrad v VOV, poo Dnei, Pavlov, Karasev and Na Zashchite provide data on the bakeries and the power and fuel situation. Podvig Leningrada, pp. 115-116, contains data on the Leningrad fire department. The “open city” proposal is discussed by Karasev (pp. 120, 204, 205) and Leningrad v VOV (p. 214).
CHAPTER 42. THE CITY OF ICE
An excellent description of Radio Leningrad is provided by A. Polovnikov, Neva, No. 6, June, 1965; and by Yuri L. Alanskii, Teatr v Kvadrate Obstrela; in S Perom i Avtomatom by Olga Berggolts; and by Aleksandr Kron in Ry adorn s Geroyami. Vera Ketlinskaya describes the writers in Neva, No. 5, May, 1965, and Leonid Rakhmanov adds detail in Ryadom s Geroyami and in Moskva, No. 6, June, 1957. Vishnevsky and Sayanov contribute vignettes. The story of the Leningrad film is told by Vishnevsky and V. Solovtsov in S Perom i Avtomatom. The story of Olga Berggolts and Ketlinskaya is told by Ketlinskaya, Neva, No. 5, May, 1965. Luknitsky describes Ketlinskaya, and Olga Berggolts tells the story of the walk to her father’s in Dnevnye Zvezdy.
CHAPTER 43. THE LENINGRAD APOCALYPSE
Not all the sources of this chapter can be identified. Cannibalism is not a subject which Leningraders care to discuss publicly. Material is drawn from Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 5, May, 1965; Berggolts; Moldavskii in Podvig Leningrada; Varshavsky and Rest; Vishnevsky; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Inber; Sayanov; Konstantinov; Alexander Werth, Leningrad; Skryabina; Darov; Alanskii; Luknitsky. The Andreyev poem has not been published in the Soviet Union, but a mimeograph copy is in the author’s possession.
CHAPTER 44. “T” IS FOR TANYA
The Savichev notebook is in the Leningrad City Museum. The story of the family comes from Literaturnaya Gazeta, January 25, 1964. The winter campaign is described by Meretskov in his book and in Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1965; and by Fedyuninsky. Detail is provided in VOVSS, Na Zashchite. Anna Vasileyeva, the Kirov girl, was interviewed by the author, February 11, 1944. The Milova story is from Karasev, the Mironova diary from Leningrad VOV. The death estimates are from Na Zashchite, p. 264; Pavlov (3rd edition), p. 144; Karasev, pp. 184, 185; V. I. Dmitriyev, Salut Leningrada, p. 11; hospital deaths from poo Geroicheskikh Dnei, p. 342; and Leningrad v VOV, pp. 504 et seq. Ration card figures are from Na Zashchite, p. 284, and Karasev, p. 199. Markevich is published in V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya, the writers’ appeal inLeningrad v VOV. The ice road is described by Pavlov, Na Zashchite, and Karasev, and deaths are listed by Leningrad v VOV; Merkulov; G. A. Sobolev, Uchenye Leningrada; A. V. Kolstov, Uchenye Leningrada; and Sayanov.
CHAPTER 45. THE ICE ROAD TO THE MAINLAND
The stories come from Luknitsky, Saparov, Skryabina, Leningrad v VOV, and Inber.
CHAPTER 46. DEATH, DEATH, DEATH
The spring story is told by Luknitsky; Karasev; Yuri Alanskii; L. Panteleyev, Novy Mir, No. 5, May, 1965; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Leningrad v VOV; Inber; Na Zashchite; Vishnevsky; Razina in Podvig Leningrada; Mikhailovsky; Matvei Frolov, Novy Mir, No. 6, June, 1957; 5 Perom i Avtomatom. Statistics on Ladoga deliveries are from Na Zashchite, pp. 340–341. Death and burial figures are from Karasev, pp. 236-237; ration card and food estimates for April 15 from Na Zashchite, pp. 307, 340. The original official death figures are from 900 Geroicheskikh Dnei, pp. 397–398; criticism from Na Zashchite, p. 336. The analysis of the death toll by V. M. Kovalchuk and G. L. Sobolev, published in Voprosy Jstorii, No. 12, December, 1965, is the most important single piece of historical research done on the Leningrad tragedy. Mikhail Dudin’s estimate appeared inLiteraturnaya Gazeta, No. 39, March 27, 1960. The military losses are estimated by O. F. Suvenirov, V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina, Vol. II, p. 160. Na Zashchite, p. 336, estimates deaths at “not less than a million.” Pavlov’s criticism of the more recent death estimates is contained in the third edition of his book, pp. 148–149.
CHAPTER 47. AGAIN, SPRING
The portrait of Leningrad on May Day is from Luknitsky and A. Fadeyev, Sobraniye Sochinenii, Vol. HI. The portrait of Govorov is from Bychevsky; A. Kiselev, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, February, 1967; Sayanov, G. Odintsov, Voyenno-lstori-cheskii Zhurnal, No. 12, December, 1964. The story of Vlasov is told by Meretskov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1965; Larry Lesueur, Twelve Months That Shook the World; Eve Curie, Journey Among Warriors; General M. Khozin, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, February, 1965; Fedyuninsky; Boris Gusev, Smert Komissara; L. Panteleyev, Novy Mir, No. 5, May, 1965; Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia. Yevgeny Zhilo’s lovely sketch is from Zvezda, No. 12, December, 1967.
CHAPTER 48. OPERATION ISKRA
The picture of Leningrad in summer is based on Luknitsky; poo Dnei; Sayanov; A. Shtein, Znamya, No. 6, June, 1964; and Vishnevsky. Military data come from Bychevsky; Barbashin; Meretskov, Voprosy Istorii, No. 10, October, 1965; Na Zashchite. The story of Vishnevsky’s The Wide, Wide Sea is told by Shtein, Znamya, No. 6, June, 1964; Vishnevsky in his diary and in Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II. Preparations for Iskra are drawn from Sayanov, Bychevsky, Barbashin, Istoriya VOVSS, Vol. Ill; code names from Shcheglov; G. Zhukov, Voprosy Istorii, No. 8, August, 1967; and Kuznetsov, Nakanune. The operation is described in V. M. Yarkhunov, Cherez Nevu; Bychevsky; Sayanov; Leningrad v VOV; Vishnevsky; Inber; Barbashin; S. N. Borshchev, Oktyabr, No. 1, January, 1968; Dukhanov, Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964. Berggolts’ poem is from Izbrannoye, Vol. II. The victory is described in the Vishnevsky diary, by Inber, Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II, and Luknitsky.
CHAPTER 49. THE 900 DAYS GO ON
Much detail on Leningrad in 1943 is drawn from Na Zashchite, with additions from Karasev, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1961; Vishnevsky; Inber; Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Luknitsky; Sayanov; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei. Vishnevsky’s difficulties with The Walls of Leningrad are detailed in his diary and in his correspondence in Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II. The military situation is from Bychevsky, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964; Barbashin; Na Zashchite; Voronov, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1965; M. Stre-shinskii, Neva, No. 1, January, 1964; VOVSS; Sayanov; N. N. Zhdanov, Ognevoi She hit Leningrad a; Fedyuninsky, Pravda, January 26, 1964. The Leningrad description is from L. Panteleyev, Novy Mir, No. 5, May, 1965; Luknitsky and Berggolts, Izbrannoye, Vol. II.
CHAPTER 50. THE LENINGRAD AFFAIR
The description of the Leningrad exhibition is from Luknitsky; V. Makhlin, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964; Vishnevsky; Inber; Shtein, Znamya, No. 4, April, 1964; Karasev; and Pavlov, 3rd edition. Difficulties of writers are dealt with by Ketlinskaya, Neva, No. 5, May, 1965; Yuri Alanskii; Luknitsky. The conception of the Renaissance is based on Karasev, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1961; Leningrad v VOV; the handsome wartime album of Leningrad plans prepared by N. V. Baranov and his associates. The Leningrad damage toll comes from Leningrad v VOV, pp. 687 et seq. Ilya Ehrenburg’s essay is in poo Dnei. The plans for the future city were outlined by many officials and citizens during the writer’s visit to Leningrad in February, 1944. Data on Zhdanov come from Na Zashchite, Khrushchev’s “secret speech"; Shtein, Znamya, No. 5, May, 1964. Material on the Leningrad Affair is drawn from F. Kozlov, Pravda, October 14, 1952; Shtein; Karasev; Robert Conquest, Power and Policy in the USS.R.; and Boris Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite.