CHAPTER 1: “THE GATHERING STORM”
1. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), table 15.
2. J. N. Westwood, Russia Against Japan, 1904–1905 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1986), 6–7.
3. Mikiso Hane, Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), 160.
4. Although the United States made few political or military maneuvers internationally between 1868 and 1898, there was growing commercial activity. Some historians consider this a period of “U.S. economic imperialism.” See William A. Williams, ed., From Colony to Empire (New York: Wiley, 1972).
5. Norman Davies, Heart of Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 112–13; Michael Howard, “The Legacy of the First World War,” in Paths to War, ed. Robert Boyce and Esmonde M. Robertson (London: Macmillan, 1989), 38; Martin Kitchen,Europe Between the Wars: A Political History (London: Longman, 1988), 22–24.
6. Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987), 252.
7. Sheila Fitzpatrick, “The Legacy of the Civil War” in Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War, eds. Diane P. Koenker, William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald Grigor Suny (Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1989), 388–91.
8. Davies, Heart of Europe, 118; Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, 250–51, 258–60.
9. Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, 253.
10. Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 383–87.
11. Ibid., 384.
12. Maurice Baumont, The Origins of the Second World War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 144–46.
13. Ibid., 166.
14. Stephen J. Lee, European Dictatorships, 1918–1945 (London: Routledge Press, 2000), 3.
15. Chinese estimations place the dead at Nanking at three hundred thousand. Japan officially claimed the death toll to be in the tens of thousands.
16. Republican quote from Clay Blair, Hitler’s U-Boat War: The Hunters, 1939–1942 (New York: Random House, 1996), 25. See also Erik Goldstein and John Maurer, eds., The Washington Conference, 1921–1922 (Essex, UK: Frank Cass, 1994); Raymond J. Sontag, A Broken World, 1919–1930 (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 86–110.
17. Denis Winter, Death’s Men (Middlesex, UK: Penguin, 1985), 120–22.
18. Leo P. Brophy, Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cochrane, The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Office of the Chief of Military History, 1959).
19. Briand quoted in Hans Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of the Weimar Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 206.
20. Marshall Lee and Wolfgang Michalka, German Foreign Policy, 1917–1933 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 80–85; Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of the Weimar Republic, 199–208.
21. David H. Miller, The Peace Pact of Paris (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928), 7.
22. Robert H. Ferrell, Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1952), 207.
23. Blair, Hitler’s U-Boat War, 24–26; Christopher Hall, Britain, America, and Arms Control, 1921– 1937 (London: MacMillan, 1987), 101–3.
24. Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930’s (New York: Knopf, 2000), 208–10; Hall, Britain, America, and Arms Control, 107–8; Stephen Pelz, Race to Pearl Harbor: The Failure of the Second London Naval Conference and the Onset of World War II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 2–3.
25. Richard Lamb, The Drift to War, 1922–1939 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), 70–71.
26. Anthony P. Adamthwaite, The Making of the Second World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1977), 78.
27. See also Philip Noel-Baker, The First World Disarmament Conference, 1932–1933 (Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1979).
28. Rodney J. Morrison, “The London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933: A Public Goods Analysis,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology (July 1993): 309–10.
29. R. J. Overy, The Inter-War Crisis, 1919–1939 (London: Longman, 1994), 50.
30. Morrison, “London Monetary and Economic Conference,” 312–15.
31. Richard Collier, Duce (New York: Viking Press, 1971), 124.
32. Mussolini quoted in ibid., 125.
33. Ibid., 120–21.
34. Hitler quoted in William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Fawcett Crest, 1988), 496.
35. See also Maya Latynski, ed., Reappraising the Munich Pact (Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1992).
36. Roosevelt quoted in Pelz, Race to Pearl Harbor, 157.
37. Kitchen, Europe Between the Wars, 25.
38. John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 4–5; Yukiko Koshiro, “Japan’s World and World War II,” Diplomatic History (Summer 2001): 426–28.
39. P. M. H. Bell, “Another Thirty Years War?” in World War II: Roots and Causes, ed. Keith Eubank (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1992), 20; Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 6–7.
40. Andrew J. Crozier, The Causes of the Second World War (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1997), 179–81.
41. Lamb, The Drift to War, 4–6; Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 14–16.
42. Bell, “Another Thirty Years War?”, 17. Quote of British MP Eric Geddes in Erik Goldstein, The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 (London: Longman, 2002), 15. Foch quoted in Richard Overy, The Road to War (London: Penguin Books, 1999), 122.
43. Goldstein, First World War Peace Settlements, 83.
44. Lamb, The Drift to War, 6.
45. Lee, European Dictatorships, 1–4, 18.
46. Robert Boyce, “World Depression, World War: Some Economic Origins of the Second World War,” in Paths to War, ed. Robert Boyce and Esmonde M. Robertson (London: MacMillan, 1989), 62.
47. Angus Calder, The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945 (New York: Pantheon, 1969), 27.
48. Jakob B. Madsen, “Agricultural Crises and the International Transmission of the Great Depression,” Journal of Economic History (June 2001): 328.
49. Margaret Lamb and Nicolas Tarling, From Versailles to Pearl Harbor (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 82–83. See also Dietmar Rothermund, The Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929–1939 (London: Routledge, 1996).
50. Jonathan Marshall, To Have and Have Not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), x, 2–12.
51. Boyce, “World Depression, World War,” 57–59. Denis M. Smith, Mussolini’s Roman Empire (New York: Viking Press, 1976), 41; Fortune mentioned in Marshall, To Have and Have Not, 3. See also William Carr, Arms, Autarky and Aggression: A Study in German Foreign Policy, 1933– 1939 (New York: Norton, 1972).
52. Baumont, Origins of the Second World War, 40–41.
53. Ibid., 3.
54. Concerning Hitler’s ultimate aims, historians’ opinions are widely varied. Maurice Baumont, Norman Rich, Gerhard Weinberg, and others of like mind view Hitler’s objectives as fully premeditated and mapped out. See Baumont, Origins of the Second World War; Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims (New York: Norton, 1973–74); Gerhard Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany, vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
55. Roosevelt quoted in Robert G. Kaufman, Arms Control During the Pre-Nuclear Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 182.
56. Ibid., 179.
57. Ibid., 207–8; Walter Laqueur, Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations (New York: Scribner, 1990), 210.
58. Gordon Wright, Ordeal of Total War (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 11. Admiral Nagano quoted in James W. Morley, ed., The Final Confrontation: Japan’s Negotiations with the United States, 1941 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 267.
59. John Toland, The Rising Sun (New York: Random House, 1970), 75.
60. Stalin quoted in Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945 (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964), 49.
CHAPTER 2: POLITICS
1. Stalin quoted in David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 445.
2. J. Denis Derbyshire and Ian Derbyshire, Political Systems of the World (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 590.
3. Ibid.
4. F. L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 47.
5. Winston Churchill, Their Finest Hour (New York: Bantam Books, 1974), 21.
6. Ibid.
7. Philip Goodhart, Fifty Ships That Saved the World (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965).
8. Matsuoka quoted in John Toland, The Rising Sun (New York: Random House, 1970), 81.
9. James M. Morley, ed., The Final Confrontation: Japan’s Negotiations with the United States, 1941 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 308–9.
10. Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941 (New York: Norton, 1976), 264.
11. For more detail on the implementation of Lend-Lease, see Raymond H. Dawson, The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959); Warren F. Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969).
12. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 398–99. Churchill quoted in Kimball, Forged in War, 137.
13. Roosevelt quoted in Steven Casey, Cautious Crusade (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 199.
14. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Fawcett Crest, 1988), 1176.
15. Christian Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of the German Jews, and Hitler’s Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews,” Journal of Modern History (December 1998): 762.
16. Ibid., 759–812.
17. Roosevelt quoted in Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front on World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 408.
18. Kimball, Forged in War, 188–89.
19. Casey, Cautious Crusade, 109–29.
20. Keith Eubank, Summit at Teheran (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 253–54, 308–9.
21. Roosevelt quoted in H. McNeill, America, Britain, and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict, 1941– 1946 (New York: Johnson, 1970), 373. Churchill quoted in Kimball, Forged in War, 244. Anecdote of Stalin’s behavior at Churchill’s dinner from Eubank,Summit at Teheran, 343.
22. Pierre de Senarclens, From Yalta to the Iron Curtain (Oxford, UK: Berg, 1995), 12.
23. P. M. H. Bell, The World Since 1945 (London: Arnold, 2001), 16–22.
24. Hitler quoted in Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 794.
25. Stalin quoted in Richard Overy, Russia’s War (New York: Penguin, 1997), 326.
26. Goebbels quoted in David Welch, The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda (London: Routledge: 1993), 30.
27. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1256.
28. Text of Hitler’s speech from Bullock, Hitler, 503.
29. Weygand quoted in Jack Le Vien and John Lord, Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years (London: Bernard Geis, 1962), 48.
30. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Finest Hour, 1939–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), 571.
31. Text of de Gaulle speech from Houston Peterson, ed., A Treasury of the World’s Great Speeches (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), 783–85, and Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: the Rebel, 1890– 1944 (New York: Norton, 1990), 224–25. Churchill quoted in William Safire, Lend Me Your Ears (New York: Norton, 1992), 815.
32. Robert T. Oliver and Eugene E. White, eds., Selected Speeches from American History (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1966), 250–51.
33. Ibid.
34. Molotov quoted in Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1988), 407. Text of Stalin’s speech in Peterson, A Treasury of the World’s Great Speeches, 786–89.
35. Roosevelt quoted in James M. Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 163.
36. Text of Roosevelt’s speech from Erik Bruun and Jay Crosby, Our Nation’s Archive (New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 1999), 645–46.
37. Ralf G. Reuth, Goebbels (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), 313–19.
38. Helmut Heiber, Goebbels (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1972), 287.
39. Tojo quoted in Edwin P. Hoyt, Warlord: Tojo Against the World (Lanham, MD: Scarborough House, 1993), 201.
40. Hirohito’s speech text taken from David Rees, The Defeat of Japan (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 182.
41. Courtney Browne, Tojo: The Last Banzai (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), 204–7; Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1999), 320–21.
42. For further comparisons and contrasts of the two leaders, consider Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin (New York: Knopf, 1992).
43. Edvard Radzinsky, Stalin (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 12.
44. Isaac Deutscher contends that Stalin’s mother, Ekaterina, had four children. Robert McNeal reports three. Edvard Radzinsky writes Joseph was the “third boy,” but his mother “gave birth regularly.” See Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography (New York: Vintage Books, 1960), 2; Robert H. McNeal, Stalin: Man and Ruler (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 3; Radzinsky, Stalin, 19–20.
45. Hitler’s words from Mein Kampf (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1942), 17. Most biographers find six children born to Klara Hitler, whereas Alan Bullock surmises there were five. See Bullock, Hitler, 28–29.
46. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 79.
47. Ibid., 14–15; Walter Laqueur, Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations (New York: Scribner, 1990), 104.
48. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 22; Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, 24.
49. Barbara Baumann and Birgitta Oberle, Deutsche Literatur in Epochen (Munich: Max Hueber Verlag, 1985), 217–20; Mikhail Heller and Aleksander M. Nekrich, Utopia in Power (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 272–73.
50. Anton Antonov Orseyenko, The Time of Stalin (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 210; Roman Brackman, The Secret File of Josef Stalin (London: Frank Cass, 2001), 311; Radzinsky, Stalin, 80, 87.
51. Toland, Adolf Hitler, 121.
52. Bullock, Hitler, 112–22.
53. Lothar Machtan, The Hidden Hitler (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 30–60.
54. Volkogonov, Stalin, 10.
55. Bullock, Hitler, 394–95.
56. Heller and Nekrich, Utopia in Power, 279. See also Robert Conquest, Stalin and the Kirov Murder (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
57. Ian Kershaw, Hitler (London: Longman, 1991), 211–12; Heller and Nekrich, Utopia in Power, 279.
58. Stalin quoted in Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 102. Hitler quoted in Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Bonanza Books, 1982), 157. See also Elizabeth Simpson, ed., The Spoils of War (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997).
59. Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, 385; Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 102.
60. Seweryn Bialer, ed., Stalin and His Generals (New York: Pegasus, 1969), 563.
61. Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, 468–69; Bradley F. Smith, The War’s Long Shadow: The Second World War and Its Aftermath (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 94. Voronov quoted in Bialer, Stalin and His Generals, 243.
62. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: Norton, 2000), 500, 565, 614, 741. Hitler quoted in ibid., 454. Secretary Christa Schroeder quoted in ibid., 397.
63. Frederic Baumgartner, Longing for the End: A History of Millennialism in Western Civilization (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 201–2, 208–11. See also Bernard McGinn, Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil (New York: HarperCollins, 1994).
64. On numbers killed by the Nazi government, see Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), and Martin K. Sorge, The Other Price of Hitler’s War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting from World War II(New York: Greenwood Press, 1986).
65. Heller and Nekrich, Utopia in Power, 511.
CHAPTER 3: MILITARY LIFE
1. P. M. H. Bell, “Another Thirty Years’ War?” in World War II: Roots and Causes, ed. Keith Eubank (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1992), 21.
2. Mobilization numbers from John Ellis, World War II: A Statistical Analysis (New York: Facts on File, 1993), 227.
3. Gavan Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese: POW’s of World War II in the Pacific (New York: Morrow, 1994), 275.
4. Arthur Waldron, “China’s New Remembering of World War II: The Case of Zhang Zizhong,” Modern Asian Studies (1996): 971.
5. For Italian POW statistics and forced labor in Germany, see I. C. B. Dear, ed., The Oxford Companion to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 384.
6. For an examination of France’s struggle with national self-worth, see Eugene Webber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (New York: Norton, 1994).
7. See also Pradeep Barua, Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Officer Corps, 1817–1949 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003).
8. For U.S. production figures, see Harry C. Thomson and Lida Mayo, The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Office of Military History, 1960).
9. Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945 (New York: Random House, 1996), 164.
10. Karl C. Dod, The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Office of Military History, 1966), 352–53; Thomson and Mayo, The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply, 152.
11. James Lucas, War on the Eastern Front, 1941–1945 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1982), 158.
12. Ellis, Statistical Analysis, 257; Lucas, War on the Eastern Front, 24.
13. Ian V. Hogg, Encyclopedia of Infantry Weapons of World War II (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), 35.
14. John Erickson and David Dilks, eds., Barbarossa (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994), 261; Richard Overy, Russia’s War (New York: Penguin, 1997), 244.
15. Peter McCarthy and Mike Syron, Panzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of Hitler’s Tank Divisions (London: Constable, 2002), 61. British soldier quoted in Gerald F. Linderman, The World Within War: America’s Combat Experience in World War II (New York: Free Press, 1997), 56.
16. Williamson Murray, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945 (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1983), 224. See also Roger A. Freeman, Mustang at War (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974).
17. Ronald H. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun (New York: Free Press, 1985), 178.
18. McCarthy and Syron, Panzerkrieg, 161.
19. German soldier quoted in Linderman, The World Within War, 25.
20. Ellis, Statistical Analysis, 302–3.
21. Bill Gunston, Bombers of World War II (New York: Arco, 1980), 42–44.
22. Generoso P. Salazar, Fernando R. Reyes, and Leonardo Q. Nuval, Defense, Defeat, and Defiance: World War II in the Philippines (Manila: Veterans Federation of the Philippines, 1993), 763–66.
23. Martin K. Sorge, The Other Price of Hitler’s War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting from World War II (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 130–31.
24. James F. Dunnigan and Albert A. Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets of World War II (New York: Morrow, 1994), 269–70.
25. See also M. J. Whitley, Cruisers of World War II (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996), and idem, Destroyers of World War II (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000).
26. Samuel E. Morison, The Two-Ocean War (New York: Ballantine Books, 1963), 17.
27. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 257.
28. Morison, The Two-Ocean War, 165–70, 191–92, 378–79. Description of the Iowa class battleships in Elizabeth-Anne Wheal, Stephen Pope, and James Taylor, Encyclopedia of the Second World War (Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 1989), 231.
29. Dear, Oxford Companion, 682.
30. Masanobu Tsuji, Singapore: The Japanese Version (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960), 317–18.
31. Roland G. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, vol. 1 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1995), 441; Masanobu, Singapore, 338.
32. Bruce F. Johnson, Japanese Food Management in World War II (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1953), 152–53; Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, 1:255.
33. Dunnigan and Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets, 92.
34. Lucas, Eastern Front, 56.
35. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, 1:225.
36. Les Cleveland, Dark Laughter: War in Song and Popular Culture (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), 102.
37. Dunnigan and Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets, 80–81.
38. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, 1:255.
39. Johnson, Japanese Food Management in World War II, 152–53.
40. Louis Allen, Burma: The Longest War, 1941–1945 (London: Dent, 1984), 151–54; Masanobu, Singapore, 328; Mary Ellen Condon-Rall and Albert E. Cowdrey, The Medical Department: Medical Service in the War Against Japan (Washington, D.C: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1998), 35.
41. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, 1:440.
42. Johnson, Japanese Food Management in World War II, 159–60.
43. Peter Schrijvers, The Crash of Ruin: American Combat Soldiers in Europe During World War II (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 166–67.
44. German soldier quoted in Stephen G. Fritz, Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), 113.
45. Roger R. Reese, Stalin’s Reluctant Soldiers (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 183; John Toland, The Rising Sun (New York: Random House, 1970), 513; German soldier quoted in Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 73.
46. Masanobu, Singapore, 325.
47. William Craig, Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad (New York: Dutton, 1973), 38.
48. Arthur S. MacNalty and W. Franklin Mellor, eds., Medical Services in War (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1968), 765–67.
49. Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945 (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964), 260.
50. G. F. Krivosheev, ed., Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century (London: Greenhill, 1997), 96; Sorge, Other Price of Hitler’s War, 62.
51. Linderman, World Within War, 1.
52. Ibid., 39; Murray, Strategy for Defeat, 303.
53. Krivosheev, ed., Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, 86.
54. Ibid., 86; Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche Militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000), 335.
55. Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese, 17–18; S. P. MacKenzie, “The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II,” Journal of Modern History (September 1994): 488, 515–16; Charles G. Roland, “Allied POW’s, Japanese Captors, and the Geneva Convention,”War and Society (October 1991): 83–102.
56. MacKenzie, “The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II,” 511.
57. Ibid., 491–518; Martin K. Sorge, The Other Price of Hitler’s War, 76.
58. German soldier Erich Dwinger quoted in Lucas, Eastern Front, 51.
59. Linderman, The World Within War, 148.
60. Ibid., 148–49; Martin K. Sorge, The Other Price of Hitler’s War, 65.
61. Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, 88.
62. Ellis, Statistical Analysis, 257.
63. Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese, 184.
64. Masanobu, Singapore, 310.
65. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 23.
66. R. Manning Ancell, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The U.S. Armed Forces (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 678–81.
67. Ellis, Statistical Analysis, 256; Murray, Strategy for Defeat, 183; William L. O’Neill, A Democracy at War (New York: Free Press, 1993), 309; Martin K. Sorge, The Other Price of Hitler’s War, 40.
68. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 110–12.
69. For an account of those abdominally wounded in states of hunger, see Lucas, Eastern Front, 51.
70. Craig, Enemy at the Gates, 318–19. Major Nishiyama quoted in Richard B. Frank, Guadalcanal (New York: Random House, 1990), 500.
71. Norm Davies, Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 67.
72. Linderman, The World Within War, 221.
73. Omer Bartov, “Germany’s Unforgettable War: The Twisted Road from Berlin to Moscow and Back,” Diplomatic History (Summer 2001): 408.
74. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 93; Douglas Peifer, “Commemoration of Mutiny, Rebellion, and Resistance in Postwar Germany: Public Memory, History, and the Formation of ‘Memory Beacons,’”Journal of Military History (October 2001): 1046–47; Jason Sears, “Discipline in the Royal Navy,”War and Society (October 1991): 55.
75. William Sargant, “Psychiatry and War,” Atlantic Monthly, 219 (1967): 102; Paul Wanke, “American Military Psychiatry and Its Role Among Ground Forces in World War II,” Journal of Military History (January 1999): 131–32.
76. Condon-Rall and Cowdrey, Medical Department, 170, 213, 224–25; Toland, Rising Sun, 644–45.
77. Bartov, “Germany’s Unforgettable War,” 405–6.
78. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1981), 340.
79. Hitler quoted in Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims (New York: Norton, 1973), 159.
80. Murray, Strategy for Defeat, 47.
81. See also Richard Hough and Denis Richards, The Battle of Britain (New York: Norton, 1989).
82. Hitler quoted in Walter C. Langsam, Historic Documents of World War II (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1958), 56–59.
83. Hitler quoted in Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941 (New York: Norton, 1976), 254, and John Strawson, Hitler’s Battles for Europe (New York: Scribner, 1971), 132.
84. Overy, Russia’s War, 152.
85. Antony Beevor, Stalingrad (New York: Viking, 1998), 148–50, 157–59.
86. Mikhail Heller and Aleksander M. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 401.
87. Overy, Russia’s War, 242.
88. David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, The Battle of Kursk (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 276–77, 336–45.
89. See also David M. Glantz and Harold S. Orenstein, eds., The Battle for Kursk 1943: The Soviet General Staff Study (London: Frank Cass, 1999); Steven H. Newton, Kursk: The German View (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002).
90. Werth, Russia at War, 964–66.
91. Anthony Beevor, The Fall of Berlin, 1945 (New York: Viking, 2002), 141–44.
92. Hsi-sheng Ch-I, Nationalist China at War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1982), 42–43. Failed Shanghai bombing run described in Jonathan Fenby, Chiang Kai-Shek (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2003), 295–96.
93. For the best narrative and evidential account of the attack, see Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 738.
94. Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (New York: Bantam Books, 1974), 80. Estimates of POWs taken at Singapore range from 60,000 to 130,000.
95. Headline of Asashi Shimbun in Toland, Rising Sun, 346.
96. William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 134–46.
97. Toland, Rising Sun, 436.
98. Ibid., 437–50.
99. Frank, Guadalcanal, vii, 614.
100. Hsi-sheng, Nationalist China at War, 76.
101. Fenby, Chiang Kai-Shek, 420.
102. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 314–17; Toland, Rising Sun, 519.
103. Richard F. Newcomb, Iwo Jima (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965), 294–306.
104. For U.S. military estimates of invasion of Japan, see John R. Skates, The Invasion of Japan (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 78–81, 256–57.
105. Toland, Rising Sun, 720–22.
106. Skates, The Invasion of Japan, 105–9.
CHAPTER 4: HOME FRONT
1. Bradley F. Smith, The War’s Long Shadow: The Second World War and Its Aftermath (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 80.
2. John Ellis, World War II: A Statistical Analysis (New York: Facts on File, 1993), 253; John L. Hondros, Occupation and Resistance: The Greek Agony, 1941–1944 (New York: Pella, 1983), 67, 71.
3. Smith, War’s Long Shadow, 44–45.
4. James M. Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 214.
5. Mikhail Keller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich, Utopia in Power (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 378–82.
6. James Taylor and Warren Shaw, A Dictionary of the Third Reich (London: Grafton, 1987), 89.
7. Craig Nelson, The First Heroes (New York: Viking, 2002), 355.
8. Ellis, Statistical Analysis, 253.
9. Martin K. Sorge, The Other Price of Hitler’s War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting from World War II (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 67.
10. Alfred G. Frei, “‘In the End I Just Said O.K.’: Political and Moral Dimensions of Escape Aid at the Swiss Border,” Journal of Modern History (December 1992): S 81.
11. Keller and Nekrich, Utopia in Power, 379–82.
12. Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint, and John Pritchard, Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 330, 524; S. P. MacKenzie, “The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II,” Journal of Modern History(September 1994): 494. Himmler quoted in Gordon Wright, Ordeal of Total War (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 117.
13. Calvocoressi, Wint, and Pritchard, Total War, 523; I. C. B. Dear, ed., The Oxford Companion to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 220.
14. James F. Dunnigan and Albert A. Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets of World War II (New York: Morrow, 1994), 76.
15. Jane Slaughter, Women and the Italian Resistance, 1943–1945 (Denver: Arden, 1997), 120–21; Smith, War’s Long Shadow, 45; Wright, Ordeal of Total War, 265.
16. Hondros, Occupation and Resistance, 66; Smith, War’s Long Shadow, 34.
17. Sarah Farmer, Martyred Village (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), 1; Jorgen Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 1939–1945 (Westport, CT: Meckler, 1981), 449; Ray Mears, The Real Heroes of Telemark (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2003), 248.
18. G. F. Krivosheev, ed., Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century (London: Greenhill, 1997), 86; Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche Militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000), 335.
19. Smith, War’s Long Shadow, 39; Arthur Waldron, “China’s New Remembering of World War II: The Case of Zhang Zizhong,” Modern Asian Studies (1996): 971.
20. John A. Armstrong, ed., Soviet Partisans in World War II (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), 151.
21. Quote of de Gaulle to André Gillois in M. R. D. Foot, Resistance: European Resistance to Nazism, 1940–1945 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977).
22. Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 458.
23. Ibid., 448–49.
24. Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, eds., World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945 (New York: Random House, 1996), 708.
25. Dear, Oxford Companion, 901.
26. Foot, Resistance, 43.
27. See Claudia Koonz, “Ethical Dilemmas and Nazi Eugenics: Single Issue Dissent in Religious Contexts,” Journal of Modern History (December 1992): S 30.
28. Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 88; Mears, Real Heroes of Telemark, 241–42.
29. Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 95–103; Mears, Real Heroes of Telemark, 244.
30. Foot, Resistance, 24–25; Juliane Furst, “Heroes, Lovers, Victims: Partisan Girls During the Great Fatherland War,” Minerva (Fall–Winter 2000), 47–50.
31. Bob Moore, Resistance in Western Europe (New York: Berg, 2000), 3.
32. Foot, Resistance, 23–26; Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 31.
33. Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 90; Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 473.
34. Foot, Resistance, 33.
35. Nicholas Atkin, The French at War, 1934–1944 (London: Longman, 2001), 83; Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 15.
36. Armstrong, Soviet Partisans in World War II, 205, 211, 214; Atkin, The French at War, 76.
37. Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 120, 132.
38. Atkin, The French at War, 83; Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 76–77; Mears, The Real Heroes of Telemark, 245.
39. Haestrup, European Resistance Movements, 465.
40. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship (New York: Praeger, 1972), 361; Dear, Oxford Companion, 263.
41. Cynthia Eller, Conscientious Objectors and the Second World War (New York: Praeger, 1991), 49; Heather T. Frazier and John O’Sullivan, “We Have Just Begun to Not Fight”: An Oral History of Conscientious Objectors in Civilian Public Service During World War II (New York: Twayne, 1996), vii–xxiv.
42. Peter Brock, “‘Excellent in Battle’: Conscientious Objectors as Medical Paratroopers, 1943–1946,” War and Society (May 2004): 41–42, 54.
43. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (New York: Bantam Books, 1948), viii.
44. For a short description of U.S. adoption of World War II as the official war title, see Walter C. Langsam, Historic Documents of World War II (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1958).
45. David Reynolds, “The Origins of the Two ‘World Wars’: Historical Discourse and International Politics,” Journal of Contemporary History (January 2003): 29–36. It is arguable whether the international turmoil of 1937 to 1945 was just the second “world war” in human history. Among other expansive military affairs, the French and Indian War (a.k.a, the Seven Years’ War, the Great War for the Empire, etc.) spawned fighting in the American colonies, Europe, and India. So, too, the Napoleonic Wars scarred three continents. The Russian Civil War covered six time zones and involved troops from a score of countries, including Britain, Canada, Finland, Czechoslovakia, France, Poland, Japan, and the United States.
46. Hitler quoted in George H. Stein, ed., Hitler (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968), 75.
47. Reynolds, “Origins of the Two ‘World Wars,’” 36.
48. Angus Calder, The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945 (New York: Pantheon, 1969), 38–42; James Chapman, “British Cinema and ‘The People’s War,’” in “Millions Like Us?”: British Culture in the Second World War, ed. Nick Hayes and Jeff Hill (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999), 36; Pat Thane, “Old Age,” in Medicine in the 20th Century, ed. Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (Amsteldijk, Holland: Harwood, 2000), 621.
49. Calder, People’s War, JFK quoted in J. Garry Clifford and Samuel R. Spencer Jr., The First Peacetime Draft (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 8.
50. Chapman, “British Cinema and ‘The People’s War,’” 36.
51. John Baxendale, “‘You and I—All of Us Ordinary People’: Renegotiating ‘Britishness’ in Wartime,” in “Millions Like Us?”: British Culture in the Second World War, ed. Nick Hayes and Jeff Hill (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999), 313.
52. Robert G. Menzies, “A Peoples War” (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1941), 14; Mikhail N. Narinsky, “The Soviet Union: The Great Patriotic War?” in Allies at War: The Soviet, American, and British Experience, 1939–1945, ed. David Reynolds, Warren F. Kimball, and A. O. Chubarian (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 261.
53. John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 182–90, 234–47.
54. Reynolds, “The Origins of the Two ‘World Wars,’” 34.
55. Wright, Ordeal of Total War, 256.
56. Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945 (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964), 324.
57. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, vii; see also Maurice Baumont, Origins of the Second World War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).
58. For more on the first Thirty Years’ War, see C. V. Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1990); Geoff Mortimer, Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War, 1618–1648 (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002). For a typical example of Sonderweg historiography, see Bracher, German Dictatorship.
59. Ian Buruma, The Wages of Guilt (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1994), 223; Saburo Ienaga, The Pacific War: World War II and the Japanese, 1931– 1945 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 247; Dower, War Without Mercy, 59.
60. Gerald Astor, Operation Iceberg (New York: Dell, 1995), 8.
61. Sebastian Conrad, “Entangled Memories: Versions of the Past in Germany and Japan, 1945–2001,” Journal of Contemporary History (January 2003): 91–93; Yukiko Koshiro, “Japan’s World and World War II,” Diplomatic History (Summer 2001): 429.
62. Ienaga, The Pacific War, 247.
63. Ibid., 248; Koshiro, “Japan’s World and World War II,” 426.
64. Les Cleveland, Dark Laughter: War in Song and Popular Culture (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), 11–12; Kathleen E. R. Smith, God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2003), 144; Alexander Werth, Russia at War (New York: Dutton, 1964), 741–42.
65. Adrienne L. Kaeppler and J. W. Love, eds., The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music (New York: Garland, 1998), 7:729, 745; Sturmabteilung comments on jazz quoted in Richard Grunberger, A Social History of the Third Reich (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 419; Boris Schwarz, Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, 1917–1970 (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1972), 176.
66. Russell Sanjek, Pennies from Heaven: The American Popular Music Business in the Twentieth Century (New York: Da Capo, 1996), 216.
67. Ben Arnold, Music and War: A Research and Information Guide (New York: Garland, 1993), 186.
68. David Ewen, All the Years of American Popular Music (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977), 430.
69. Julius Mattfeld, Variety Music Cavalcade, 1620–1969 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971), xiii.
70. C. H. Ward-Jackson, ed., Airmen’s Song Book (London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1967), 222.
71. Calder, People’s War, 371.
72. Arnold, Music and War, 192, 199.
73. Ibid., 189; Roy Blokker, The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich: The Symphonies (London: Tantivy Press, 1979), 81.
74. Laurel E. Fay, Shostakovich: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 132.
75. Chin-Hsin Yao Chen and Shih-Hsiang Chen, The Flower Drum and Other Chinese Songs (New York: John Day, 1943), 47–50; see also Lee PaoCh’en, ed., Songs of Fighting China (New York: Chinese News Service, 1944); Smith, War’s Long Shadow, 30.
76. Carl Hoff and Orrin Tucker song quoted from Smith, God Bless America, 13.
77. Sanjek, Pennies from Heaven, 216.
78. Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 8th ed. (New York: Schirmer Books, 1992), 166–67; Ewen, All the Years of American Popular Music, 430–31.
79. Archie Satterfield, The Home Front: An Oral History of the War Years in America: 1941– 1945 (New York: PEI Books, 1981), 271.
80. “Anthem for England,” Current History and Forum (October 22, 1940), 35–36.
81. Baxendale, “‘You and I,’” 295.
82. Calder, People’s War, 371.
83. Louis L. Snyder, Historical Guide to World War II (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982), 658–59.
84. Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), 118–20.
85. Horst J. P. Bergmeier and Rainer E. Lotz, Hitler’s Airwaves (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 136–77.
86. Cleveland, Dark Laughter, 9.
87. Smith, God Bless America, 111.
88. Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield, Out of the Cage: Women’s Experiences in Two World Wars (London: Pandora, 1987), 212–14.
89. Charles Rearick, The French in Love and War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 259.
CHAPTER 5: IN RETROSPECT
1. Lyn Schumaker, “Malaria,” in Medicine in the 20th Century, eds. Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (Amsteldijk, Holland: Harwood, 2000), 713.
2. Ernest Volkman, Science Goes to War (New York: Wiley, 2002), 178. Churchill quoted in Gordon Wright, The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 79.
3. James F. Dunnigan and Albert A. Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets of World War II (New York: Morrow, 1994), 97–98; Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 539.
4. Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 101; Keith Robbins, The First World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 100–101; Daniel Yergin, The Prize (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 154–160.
5. Wright, The Ordeal of Total War, 84–85.
6. John Campbell, ed., The Experience of World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 120; Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: Norton, 1995), 50–52.
7. J. Garry Clifford and Samuel R. Spencer Jr., The First Peacetime Draft (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 8.
8. Ibid., 10.
9. See also Albert A. Blum, Drafted or Deferred: Practices Past and Present (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967).
10. For an in-depth analysis of the 1940 presidential election, see Warren Moscow, Roosevelt and Willkie (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968).
11. Michael D. Pearlman, Warmaking and American Democracy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 240.
12. Ronald H. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun (New York: Free Press, 1983), 158–63.
13. The first carrier from either side to be sunk in the war was the British light carrier Hermes, sunk April 9, 1942, off of Ceylon by Japanese patrol planes.
14. Edwin P. Hoyt, Japan’s War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), 281–83; John Toland, The Rising Sun (New York: Random House, 1970), 402–5.
15. Jeffrey Ethell and Alfred Price, World War II Fighting Jets (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 9–13.
16. Robert Jackson, Fighter: The Story of Air Combat, 1936–1945 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979), 147–57; Williamson Murray, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945 (Maxwell, AL: Air University Press, 1983), 252–53. The four jets that flew in wartime operations were the Me-262, He-162, the German bomber Arado 234 (which functioned better as a reconnaissance plane), and the twin-engine British Gloster Meteor (employed mostly as a V-1 interceptor). The United States produced the Bell XP-59A Comet in 1942, but it never saw action. See Ethell and Price,World War II Fighting Jets, 204.
17. Michael J. Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era (New York: Free Press, 1995), 274.
18. For technical specifications on the V-1, see I. C. B. Dear, ed., The Oxford Companion to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 1249–50.
19. Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (New York: Bantam Books, 1953), 34.
20. Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich, 274; Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Bonanza Books, 1982), 355–56. Account of Hitler’s brush with a V-1 in William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Fawcett Crest, 1962), 1350–51.
21. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 42–45; Alfred W. Crosby, Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 163–65; Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich, 273–74.
22. Einstein’s complete letter in Erik Bruun and Jay Crosby, eds., Our Nation’s Archive (New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 1999), 635.
23. Ibid.
24. Volkman, Science Goes to War, 139–40. See also David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994).
25. Crosby, Throwing Fire, 171; Julia E. Johnsen, ed., The Atomic Bomb (New York: H. W. Wilson, 1946), 65–70; Volkman, Science Goes to War, 185.
26. Meyer Friedman and Gerald W. Friedland, Medicine’s Ten Greatest Discoveries (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 174–79; Charles M. Wiltse, The Medical Department: Medical Service in the Mediterranean and Minor Theaters (Washington D.C.: Department of the Army, 1965), 253.
27. Schumaker, “Malaria,” 713.
28. Ronald H. Bailey, Prisoners of War (Chicago: Time Life Books, 1981), 13.
29. John Erickson and David Dilks, eds., Barbarossa (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994), 83; Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days (New York: Avon 1969), 396–97.
30. Richard Overy, Russia’s War (New York: Penguin, 1997), 147.
31. Albert Axell, Marshal Zhukov: The Man Who Beat Hitler (London: Pearson Longman, 2003), 113; Igor Vitukin, ed., Soviet Generals Recall World War II (New York: Sphinx Press, 1981), 259.
32. Eisenhower quoted in Axell, Marshal Zhukov, iii.
33. U.S. Army, Biennial Reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War, 1 July 1939–30 June 1945, (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1996).
34. Barsewisch quoted in Peter McCarthy and Mike Syron, Panzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of Hitler’s Tank Divisions (London: Constable, 2002), 107.
35. Ibid., 22–23.
36. Ibid., 27.
37. Ibid., 109.
38. Ibid., 39; Dieter Ose, “Rommel and Rundstedt: The 1944 Panzer Controversy,” Military Affairs (January 1985): 10.
39. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970), 3.
40. Eisenhower quoted in ibid., 535.
41. See also Carlo D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Henry Holt, 2002); Geoffrey Perret, Eisenhower (New York: Random House, 1999).
42. David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, The Battle of Kursk (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 45.
43. Ibid., 46.
44. Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies, 1941–1945 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973), 291, 316–17, 348. See also Milovan Djilas, Wartime (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1977).
45. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 138–39.
46. E. B. Potter, Nimitz (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1976), 3.
47. F. W. von Mellenthin, German Generals of World War II (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 30.
48. Correlli Barnett, ed., Hitler’s Generals (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), 228.
49. Ibid., 230–31.
50. Carlo D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 4, 575.
51. Russell F. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 256.
52. Winston Churchill, Their Finest Hour (New York: Bantam, 1974), 87, 94.
53. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Office of Military History, 1951), 6, 193–94.
54. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1127–37.
55. On Hitler and his ignorance of rocketry, see Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich.
56. John Toland, Adolf Hitler (New York: Random House, 1976), 888.
57. Murray, Strategy for Defeat, 189.
58. James S. Corum, The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 225–28.
59. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 690.
60. Dunnigan and Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets, 243–47.
61. David T. Zabecki, ed., World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 1999), 571–74.
62. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1962), 508, 637; Robert W. Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds., The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 197. Voroshilov quoted in David Glantz, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of the World War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 31.
63. Khrushchev quoted in Overy, Russia’s War, 82.
64. Alexander Werth, Russia at War (New York: Dutton, 1964), 306–7.
65. Hsi-sheng Ch-I, Nationalist China at War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1982), 42–43.
66. Denis M. Smith, Mussolini’s Roman Empire (New York: Viking, 1976), 40, 110.
67. Ibid., 223.
68. Nicholas Farrell, Mussolini: A New Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 345. Eden quoted in R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini (London: Arnold, 2002), 376.
69. Toyoda quoted in John Toland, Rising Sun, 498.
70. Hoyt, Japan’s War, 372.
71. Toland, Rising Sun, 690.
72. Hoyt, Japan’s War, 403.
73. Halder quoted in Dear, Oxford Companion, 1269.
74. Earl R. Beck, Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942–1943 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), 57.
75. Ose, “Rommel and Rundstedt,” 8.
76. David Fraser, Knight’s Cross (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 537–44; John Keegan, The Battle for History (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 57.
77. Col. Benjamin Dickson quoted in Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 123.
78. Ibid., 119–23.
79. Eisenhower quoted in ibid., 123.
80. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1045.
81. Keitel quoted in Robert S. Wistrich, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany (London: Routledge, 1995), 137.
82. Mutaguchi quoted in Louis Allen, Burma: The Longest War, 1941–1945 (London: Dent, 1984), 154.
83. Ibid., 151–54.
84. Ibid., 313; Toland, Rising Sun, 764.
85. Ose, “Rommel and Rundstedt,” 8.
86. Ibid., 8–9.
87. Portions of France were still in German possession on V-E day, such as the ports of St. Nazaire and Lorient. See Steven T. Ross, ed., U.S. War Plans, 1938– 1945 (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
88. Conversation between Boldin and Timoshenko in Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich, Utopia in Power (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 370.
89. Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945 (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964), 40–141.
90. John P. Davies Jr., Dragon by the Tail (New York: Norton, 1972), 20–23.
91. Jonathan Fenby, Chiang Kai-Shek: China’s Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost (Carroll and Graf, 2004), 320–21.
92. Ibid.
93. See also Diana Lary, “Drowned Earth: The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke, 1938,” War in History (2001): 205–7.
94. Hitler quoted in Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1215.
95. Yergin, The Prize, 326–27.
96. Nimitz quoted in ibid.
97. Ross, U.S. War Plans, 247.
98. Ibid., 247–48.
99. See also Charles Whiting, A Bridge at Arnhem (New York: Pinnacle Books, 1975).
100. Talbot Charles Imlay, “A Reassessment of Anglo-French Strategy During the Phony War, 1939–1940,” The English Historical Review (April 2004): 333–72.
101. See John S. D. Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods (New York: Putnam, 1969).
102. Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (New York: Bantam Books, 1974), 443–45.
103. See also Terence Robertson, Dieppe: The Shame and the Glory (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1962).
104. William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1968), 416–19.
105. Crosby, Throwing Fire, 150–53.
106. Manchester, The Arms of Krupp, 419–20.
107. Farrell, Mussolini, 342–43; Smith, Mussolini’s Roman Empire, 232–33.
108. Hitler’s suicide lamentation on the Italian failure in Greece in Farrell, Mussolini, 343.
109. Susanne Conze and Beate Fieseler, “Soviet Women as Comrades-in-Arms: A Blind Spot in the History of the War,” in The People’s War, ed. Thurston and Bonwetsch, 212, 218.
110. Linda Grant de Pauw, Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 236, 239, 248; Shelley Saywell, Women in War (New York: Viking, 1985), 103.
111. Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin’s, 1987), 310; Mark A. Stoler, “The Second World War in U.S. History and Memory,” Diplomatic History (Summer 2001): 385; Gordon Wright, Ordeal of Total War (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 60.
112. Nicholas Atkin, The French at War, 1934–1944 (London: Longman, 2001), 85; Conze and Fieseler, “Soviet Women as Comrades-in-Arms,” 226; Dunnigan and Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets, 102–3; Kirsten Olsen, Chronology of Women’s History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 255.
113. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front on World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 10.
114. Churchill and Halsey quoted in ibid., 457, 464.
115. Reina Pennington, Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 1–3.
116. Kazimiera J. Cottam, “Soviet Women Soldiers in World War II: Three Biographical Sketches,” Minerva (Fall–Winter 2000): 19–25.
117. Pennington, Wings, Women, and War, 90–94.
118. Cottam, “Soviet Women Soldiers in World War II,” 23, 25.
119. Anne Commire, ed., Women in World History (Detroit: Yorkin, 2001), 11:721–24.
120. Israel Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York: MacMillan, 1990), 1059–60.
121. Albert Axell, Russia’s Heroes (London: Constable, 2001), 107–10.
122. George and Anne Forty, Women War Heroines (London: Arms and Armour, 1997), 163–64.
123. Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 495–96. See also Joan Campion, In the Lion’s Mouth: Gisi Fleischmann and the Jewish Fight for Survival (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987).
124. K. Jean Cottam, “Yelena Fedorovna Kolesova: Woman Hero of the Soviet Union,” Minerva (Summer 1991): 70–71.
125. Ibid., 70–72.
126. George and Anne Forty, Women War Heroines, 152–53; de Pauw, Battle Cries and Lullabies, 237.
127. Atkin, The French at War, 83.
128. Peter Eisner, The Freedom Line (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 301–10; Saywell, Women in War, 314.
129. Hitler quoted in Toland, Adolf Hitler, 876.
130. Shaaron Cosner and Victoria Cosner, Women Under the Third Reich: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 125–29.
131. Robert G. Kaufman, Arms Control During the Pre-Nuclear Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 190; Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), 352. Göring quoted in Murray, Strategy for Defeat, 103.
132. McCarthy and Syron, Panzerkrieg, 38–39.
133. Dear, Oxford Companion, 1063; Masanobu Tsuji, Singapore: The Japanese Version (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960), 336.
134. Dear, Oxford Companion, 1063; Masanobu, Singapore, 336.
135. Yergin, The Prize, 371.
136. Matthew Cooper, The German Air Force, 1933–1945 (London: Jane’s, 1981), 270.
137. Yergin, The Prize, 347, 361, 366.
138. Guy Hartcup, The Effects of Science on the Second World War (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 14–15; Volkman, Science Goes to War, 171. See also Leslie E. Simon, German Research in World War II (New York: Wiley, 1947).
139. Timothy Mulligan, “The German Navy Evaluates Its Cryptographic Security, October 1941,” Military Affairs (April 1985): 75.
140. Hartcup, Effects of Science on the Second World War, 89; Mulligan, 75–77.
141. Toland, Rising Sun, 478.
142. Robert B. Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising Sun (New York: Norton, 1997), 294.
143. Louis Morton, The War in the Pacific—Strategy and Command: The First Two Years (Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 2000), 474–75.
CHAPTER 6: PURSUING THE WAR
1. Loyd E. Lee, “We Have Just Begun to Write,” Diplomatic History (Summer 2001): 367–68.
2. Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (New York: Bantam Books, 1974), 80.
3. Winston Churchill, The Gathering Storm (New York: Bantam Books, 1974), 4.
4. Gordon Wright, Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 68.
5. Frank McAdams, The American War Film (Westport, CT: Prager, 2002), 47.
6. Russell E. Shain, An Analysis of Motion Pictures About War Released by the American Film Industry, 1930–1976 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 358–59; Susan Hayward, French National Cinema (London: Routledge Press, 1993), 128–30.
7. Between the First and Second World Wars, filmmakers and filmgoers were not eager to cast international hostility in a favorable light. War movies were few and far between. The handful produced usually emphasized the dehumanizing aspects of total war, such as All Quiet on the Western Front (UK, 1930), Grand Illusion (France, 1938), and Gone with the Wind (U.S., 1939).
8. Frederick W. Ott, The Great German Films (Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1986), 297.
9. Ibid., 299.
10. For further detail of German cinema through the ages, see Anton Kaes, From “Hitler” to “Heimat”: The Return of History as Film (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989); Michael Struebel, ed., Film und Krieg (Opladen, Germany: Leske und Budrich, 2002). The story of German-American fights over film rights appears in Ott, The Great German Films, 296–97.
11. For details on the film’s creation, see Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List (Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing, 1998).
12. Jonathan Rosenbaum, Movies as Politics (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), 101.
13. For censorship on Schindler’s List and other films, see Dawn B. Sova, Forbidden Films (New York: Facts on File, 2001), 265–66.
14. See also Emmet Early, The War Veteran in Film (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003).
15. Robert Brent Toplin, History by Hollywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 160, 169.
16. Ibid., 156–60.
17. Paul Fussell, “Patton,” in Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies, ed. Mark C. Carnes (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 244–45; Toplin, History by Hollywood, 170.
18. Akira Iriye, “Tora! Tora! Tora!” in Fussell, Past Imperfect, 229.
19. Roger Manvell, Films and the Second World War (New York: Barnes, 1974), 333–36; Shain, An Analysis of Motion Pictures, 354–55.
20. Lawrence H. Suid, Guts & Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002), 631–35.
21. McAdams, The American War Film, 266. See also Linda Sunshine, ed., Saving Private Ryan (New York: Newmarket Press, 1998).
22. Marek Haltof, Polish National Cinema (New York: Berghan Books, 2002), 83–85.
23. Eisenhower’s view of The Story of G.I. Joe in Brock Garland, War Movies (New York: Facts on File, 1987), 188.
24. Carole Cavanaugh, “A Working Ideology for Hiroshima: Imamura Shohei’s Black Rain,” in Word and Image in Japanese Cinema, ed. Dennis Washburn and Carole Cavanaugh (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 250–64. Depiction of confiscated images of atomic blast from Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo: Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation, 1945–1952 (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute, 1992), 59–66.
25. Phillip Knightly, The First Casualty (London: Quartet Books, 1982), 256–58; David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 418.
26. Hitler quoted in Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Bonanza Books, 1982), 96.
27. Peter Padfield, Himmler (London: Macmillan, 1990), 170–74; Bernd Wegner, The Waffen SS: Organization, Ideology and Function (Oxford: Basil Blackwood, 1990), 276–77.
28. Hitler quoted in Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 94.
29. David Smurthwaite, The Pacific War Atlas, 1941–1945 (New York: Facts on File, 1995), 24–25.
30. November 27, 1941 War Department communiqué from Gen. Walter Short’s Papers, Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford University.
31. Warnings of attacks on Guam and Philippines came from several U.S. War Department sources, principally the November 24, 1941, message from Assistant Chief of Naval Operations Rear Adm. Royal Ingersoll (National Archives Record Group 80, Pearl Harbor Liaison Office, Modern Military Records Branch, Archives II). Atlanta Constitution writer Jack Tarver quoted in Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 694–95. Several books and articles contend FDR purposely lured the United States into war with Japan, few of which offer consistent or convincing arguments. Chief among these are Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1948); Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor (New York: Free Press, 2000); Vice Adm. Homer N. Wallin, Pearl Harbor (Washington D.C.: Naval History Division, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968).
32. See Talbot Charles Imlay, “A Reassessment of Anglo-French Strategy During the Phony War, 1939–1940,” The English Historical Review (April 2004): 359, 369; Vivian Rowe, The Great Wall of France (New York: Putnam, 1961).
33. William Carr, Poland to Pearl Harbor (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1985), 67.
34. William J. Fanning Jr., “The Origin of the Term ‘Blitzkrieg’: Another View,” Journal of Military History (April 1997): 283–302.
35. Jeffrey Ethell and Alfred Price, World War II Fighting Jets (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 9–13.
36. Robert Jackson, Fighter: The Story of Air Combat, 1936–1945 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979), 147–57; Williamson Murray, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945 (Maxwell, AL: Air University Press, 1983), 252–53. The four jets that flew in operations were the Me-262, He-162, Arado 234, and British Gloster Meteor, which was employed mostly as a V-1 interceptor; see Ethell and Price, World War II Fighting Jets, 204.
37. Hitler quoted in Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 368.
38. Winston S. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (New York: Bantam Books, 1953), 42–45; Alfred W. Crosby, Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 163–65; Michael J. Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era (New York: Free Press, 1995), 273–74.
39. Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich, 274; Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 355–56.
40. The accepted estimate for Jewish victims is 6 million, although the acclaimed authority on the matter, Raul Hilberg, estimates the number to be closer to 5.1 million. See Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985).
41. Richard C. Lukas, “The Polish Experience During the Holocaust,” in A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, ed. Michael Berenbaum (New York: New York University Press, 1990), 88. Edward T. Linenthal, Preserving Memory(New York: Viking, 1995), 240; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 119–21.
42. See Wolfgang Benz, The Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999); Bodo von Borries, “The Third Reich in German History Textbooks Since 1945,” Journal of Contemporary History (January 2003); Noam Lupu, “Memory Vanished, Absent, and Confined: The Countermemorial Project in 1980’s and 1990’s Germany,” History and Memory (Fall–Winter 2003).
43. For a detailed chronology of Japan’s switch from aggressive defense to capitulation, see Herbert Feis, Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961). For a balanced historiography of the use of the atomic devices, both for and against, see J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
44. Robert P. Newman, Truman and the Hiroshima Cult (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995), 2–7; John Toland, The Rising Sun (New York: Random House, 1970), 830; Gerald Astor, Operation Iceberg (New York: Dell, 1995), 508.
45. Michael Hogan, ed., Hiroshima in History and Memory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 60. War Minister Anami quoted in Robert James Maddox, Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), 148.
46. Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1999), 316–20. Several major works contend the atomic bombs were unnecessary for the defeat of Japan. Most argue a Japanese surrender was imminent. Others hypothesize an invasion of the main islands would have been much less costly than projected. See Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (New York: Knopf, 1995); Kai Bird and Lawrence Lifschultz, eds., Hiroshima’s Shadow: Writings on the Denial of History and the Smithsonian Controversy (Stony Creek, CT: The Pamphleteer’s Press, 1998); Robert Jay Lifton and Greg Mitchell, Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years of Denial (New York: Putnam, 1995).
47. Alan J. Levine, The Pacific War: Japan Versus the Allies (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995), 166.
48. Mark A. Stoler, “The Second World War in U.S. History and Memory,” Diplomatic History (Summer 2001): 389–92. Truman quoted in McCullough, Truman, 458.
49. Patton quoted in Martin Blumenson, The Patton Papers, 1940–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957) 698.
50. Walter LeFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1971 (New York: Wiley, 1972), 1–2. Stalin quoted in McCullough, Truman, 445.
51. A. W. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), 97; Donald E. Shepardson, “The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth,” Journal of Military History (January 1998): 139–41.
52. See also John T. Bookman and Stephen T. Powers, The March to Victory (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1994); Stephen T. Powers, “World War II Battlefields and Museums,” in World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources, ed. Loyd E. Lee (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997); Chuck Thompson, The 25 Best World War Two Sites: European Theater (San Francisco: Greenline Publications, 2004); Chuck Thompson, The 25 Best World War Two Sites: Pacific Theater (San Francisco: Greenline Publications, 2002); www.warmuseums.nl;www.afterthebattle.com.