Prologue
1. Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 265–266.
2. Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), pp. 91–92.
3. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World, p. 142.
4. Thomas Milner, The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman, 1855), pp. 200–201.
5. Milner, The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars, pp. 220–222.
6. Milner, The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars, p. 279.
7. W. Bruce Lincoln, The Romanovs: Autocrats of all the Russias (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), pp. 233–235.
8. John N. Lenker, Lutherans in all lands: the wonderful works of God, Volume 2 (Milwaukee, WI: Lutherans in all Lands Company, 1896), pp. 450.
9. The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1855, Volume 24 (London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co., 1855), pp. 581–582.
10. Apollon G. Zarubin, Bez Pobeditelei: Iz Istorii Grazhdanskoi Voiny v Krymu [Without Winners: From the History of the Civil War in the Crimea] (Simferopol: Antiqua, 2008).
11. Peter Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: the Defeat of the Whites (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977), p. 192.
12. Vladimir I. Lenin, Protest to the German Government Against the Occupation of the Crimea, May 11, 1918, Collected Works, 4th English Edition, Volume 27 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), pp. 358–359.
13. The German forces in the Crimea in 1918 included the Bavarian Cavalry Division, 15. Landwehr-Division and the 217. Infanterie-Division.
14. Stephen McLaughlin, Russian and Soviet Battleships (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), p. 308.
15. David Snook, British Naval Operations in the Black Sea 1918–1920, Part 1, Warship International, Volume XXVI, No. 1 (1989), p. 44.
16. J. Kim Munholland, The French army and intervention in Southern Russia, 1918–1919, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Volume 22, Issue 1, 1981, pp. 43–66.
17. Snook, British Naval Operations in the Black Sea 1918–1920, Part 1, p. 45.
18. Snook, British Naval Operations in the Black Sea 1918–1920, Part 1, p. 45.
19. W. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), pp. 423–424.
20. Vladimir K. Triandafillov, “Perekopskaya Opyeratsiya Krasnoy armii” [Perekop Operation of the Red Army] in Boris Gulubev (ed.) Perekop and Chongar (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1933), p. 63.
Chapter 1
1. Mikhail V. Frunze, “Pamyat Perekop I Chongar” [Memories of Perekop and Chongar] in Boris Gulubev (ed.) Perekop and Chongar (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1933), pp. 23–32.
2. W. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), p. 449.
3. Vasiliy I. Achkasov and Nikolai B. Pavlovich, Soviet Naval Operations in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1981), p. 19.
4. Stephen McLaughlin, Russian and Soviet Battleships (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), p. 310.
Chapter 2
1. Richard W. Harrison, The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904–1940 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001), pp. 247–269.
2. Aleksandr B. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea] (Moscow: AST, 2005).
3. Christer Bergström and Andrey Mikhailov, Black Cross, Red Star: The Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume 1 (Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 2000), pp. 67–69.
4. Hugh Trevor-Roper (ed.), Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945 (London: Birlinn Ltd, 2004), p. 96.
5. Heather Pringle, The Master Plan: Himmler’s Scholars and the Holocaust (New York City: Hyperion Books, 2006).
6. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945, pp. 143, 149.
7. Hilda Riss, Germans from Crimea in Labor Camps of Sverdlovsk District, Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland Heimatbuch, 2007/2008, pp. 58–91.
8. David M. Glantz, The Battle for the Crimea: Combat Documents and Chronology, Volume 1, 9 September – 31 December 1941 (Self-published by David M. Glantz, 2008), p. 17.
9. Paul Carell, Hitler Moves East 1941–1943 (Winnipeg: J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1991), pp. 262–264.
Chapter 3
1. General Staff Order No. 001980, 15 September 1941, TsAMO, F. 48, Op. 3408, D. 4, L. 214.
2. Ia, Anlagenteil 4 z. KTB 2, Möglichkeiten zum Angriff auf die Krim über den Ssiwasch, September 1 – October 31, 1941, 11. Armee, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-314, Roll 1340.
3. Franz Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front! (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1999), p. 43.
4. Ic, Tätigkeitsbericht, July 17 – November 16, 1941, 73. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-315, Roll 1065.
5. Ia, Anlagen z. KTB 7, Band 3, Gefechtsbericht über den Einsatz des I.R. 213 beim Durchbruch durch die Lendenge von Perekop, 27 September 1941, 73. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-315, Roll 1064.
6. Christer Bergström and Andrey Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2 (Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 2001), p. 212.
7. la, Anlagen z. KTB 7, Band 3. Bericht über den Einsatz des Pionier-Bataillons 173 beim Angriff auf die Landenge von Perekop in der zeit vom 24. – 28.9.41, September 9 – October 4, 1941, 73. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-315, Roll 1064.
8. la, Anlagen z. KTB 7, Band 3. Gefechtsbericht über den Angriff des Regiments auf die Landenge von Juschunj, Infanterie-Regiment 213, September 9 – October 4, 1941, 73. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-315, Roll 1064.
9. Ic, Tätigkeitsbericht, July 17 – November 16, 1941, 73. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-315, Roll 1065.
10. Stavka Directive No. 002454, 29 September 1941, TsAMO, F. 148a, Op. 3763, D. 96, L. 52,53.
11. Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front!, p. 43.
12. Bergström and Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2, pp. 225–226.
13. Ia, VII, Beilagenheft zum Kriegstagebuch Nr. 4, “Gefechtsbericht der Brigade Ziegler, 28.10 – 7.11.41,” XXXXII Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-314, Roll 1669, frame 409.
14. Ic, Anlagen z. TB., Interrogation Report dated 30 October 1941, September 22 – 30 December 1941, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-314, Roll 1350.
15. Vladimir L. Vilshansky, “Na ognyevom rubezhye” [On the Shooting Range] in Petr Ye. Garmash (ed.), Ognennye dni Sevastopolya [Fiery Days of Sevastopol] (Simferopol: Tavria Publishing, 1978), pp. 40–47.
16. Ia, VII, Beilagenheft zum Kriegstagebuch Nr. 4, “Gefechtsbericht der Brigade Ziegler, 28.10 – 7.11.41,” XXXXII Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-314, Roll 1669, frame 409.
17. F. Perechnev and F. Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast] (Moscow: Soviet Mininstry of Defense, 1967), p. 42.
18. Alan W. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute Press, 1978), p. 154.
19. Gottlob H. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000), pp. 48–49.
20. Franz Kurowski, Generalmajor Erich Bärenfänger: vom Leutnant zum General (Würzburg: Fleschig Verlag, 2007), pp. 65–70.
21. Perechnev and Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast], p. 45.
22. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front, pp. 50–54.
23. Vilshansky, “Na ognyevom rubezhye” [On the Shooting Range] in Petr Ye. Garmash (ed.), Ognennye dni Sevastopolya [Fiery Days of Sevastopol] (Simferopol: Tavria Publishing, 1978), pp. 40–47.
24. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front, p. 57.
25. TsAMO f. 288, Op. 9912, 2.
26. Ia, VII, Beilagenheft zum Kriegstagebuch Nr. 4, “Gefechtsbericht der Brigade Ziegler, 28.10 – 7.11.41,” XXXXII Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-314, Roll 1669, frame 409.
27. Charles C. Sharp, Red Legions: Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed Before June 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II Series, Volume VIII (Published by George F. Nafziger, 1996), pp. 54, 77.
Chapter 4
1. Report No. 877 of the Commander of the Forces of the Crimea to the Chief of the General Staff, 8 November 1941, TsAMO, F. 48a, Op. 3412, D. 720, L. 708–709.
2. David M. Glantz, The Battle for the Crimea: Combat Documents and Chronology, Volume 1, 9 September – 31 December 1941 (self-published by David M. Glantz, 2008), p. 149.
3. Michel Ledet et al, “Sébastopol: À l’assault de la forteresse” Part 1, Batailles Aériennes, No. 36, April–June 2006, p. 6.
4. O.Qu., Anlage D z. KTB 4 u. 5, Zahlenmeldungen, AOK 11, Nov. 2 1941 – April 2, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 417.
5. Glantz, The Battle for the Crimea: Combat Documents and Chronology, Volume 1, 9 September – 31 December 1941, p. 185.
6. Sevastopol’s Defensive Works, 17 December 1941, TsMVA, D. 1950, L. 244.
7. General Staff Order No. 2529/OP, 18 November 1941, TsAMO, F. 48a, Op. 3412, D. 706, L. 11.
8. Stavka Directive No. 004973, 19 November 1941, TsAMO, F. 148a, Op. 3763, D. 96, L. 89-91.
9. Gottlob H. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000), p. 63.
10. O.Qu., Anlage D z. KTB 4 u. 5, Zahlenmeldungen, AOK 11, Nov. 2 1941 – April 2, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 417.
11. F. Perechnev and F. Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast] (Moscow: Soviet Mininstry of Defense, 1967), p. 51.
12. Perechnev and Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast], p. 53.
13. Perechnev and Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast], pp. 54–55.
Chapter 5
1. la, XII. Beilagenheft z. KTB 4, Gefechtsbericht Infanterie-Regiment 42, XXXXXII Armeekorps, December 24, 1941 to January 1, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1669.
2. Ia, Anl. Z. KTB 1, Lagekarten, December 4 – 31, 1941, AOK 11, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 367.
3. la, XII. Beilagenheft z. KTB 4, Befehle und Gefechtsberichte, XXXXXII Armeekorps, December 24, 1941 to January 1, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1669.
4. Aleksandr B. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea] (Moscow: AST, 2005).
5. la, XII. Beilagenheft z. KTB 4, Befehle und Gefechtsberichte., Auszug aus dem Kriegstagebuch J. R. 97 vom 26.12.41 bis 1.1.42, XXXXXII Armeekorps, December 24, 1941 to January 1, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1669.
6. la, IV. Beilagenheft z. KTB U, Tagesmeldungen der Divisionen., XXXXXII Armeekorps, October 30, 1941 to March 31, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1668.
7. Aleksei M. Guscin, Osyenyenniye gvardyeyskim styagom [Shaded Guards Banner] (Moscow: Young Guard Publishing, 1975).
8. la, IV. Beilagenheft z. KTB U, Tagesmeldungen der Divisionen., XXXXXII Armeekorps, October 30, 1941 to March 31, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1668.
9. Paul Carell, Hitler Moves East 1941–1943 (Winnipeg: J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1991), p. 284.
10. Carell, Hitler Moves East 1941–1943, p. 285.
11. Franz Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front! (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1999), p. 44.
12. O.Qu., Anlage D z. KTB 4 u. 5, Zahlenmeldungen, AOK 11, Nov. 2 1941 – April 2, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 417.
13. Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front!, p. 44.
14. Gottlob H. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000), p. 86.
15. Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986), p. 228.
16. David M. Glantz, Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War, Volume II, The Winter Campaign (Self-published by David M. Glantz, 1999), p. 128–129.
17. O.Qu., Anlage D z. KTB 4 u. 5, Zahlenmeldungen, AOK 11, Nov. 2 1941 – April 2, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 417.
18. la, Anlagenteil 3 z. KTB 4., January 1–31 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), T-314, Roll 1344.
19. David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2000), p. 189–190.
20. F. Perechnev and F. Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast] (Moscow: Soviet Ministry of Defense, 1967), pp. 54–57.
21. Christer Bergström and Andrey Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2 (Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 2001), p. 81.
22. Winter 1941/43 Dekaden-Übersicht der Wetterbeobachtungen, W. Geol. St. 16 Nr. 176/42, AOK 11, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 1692, Frame 650.
23. O.Qu., Anlage D z. KTB 4 u. 5, Zahlenmeldungen, AOK 11, Nov. 2 1941 – April 2, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 417.
24. Klaus Häberlen, A Luftwaffe Bomber Pilot Remembers (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2001), p. 87.
25. Aleksandr B. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea] (Moscow: AST, 2005).
26. O.Qu., Anlage D z. KTB 4 u. 5, Zahlenmeldungen, AOK 11, Nov. 2 1941 – April 2, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 417.
27. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea].
28. Bergström and Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2, p. 128.
29. O.Qu., Anlage D z. KTB 4 u. 5, Zahlenmeldungen, AOK 11, Nov. 2 1941 – April 2, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 417.
30. Manstein, Lost Victories, p. 229.
31. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York: Vintage Books, 2003), p. 413.
32. Ia, Anl. Z. KTB 1, Lagekarten, March 1 – 31, 1942, AOK 11, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 367.
33. Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front!, pp. 58, 125.
34. Thomas L. Jentz, Panzertruppen, Volume 1(Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1996), p. 228.
35. Ia, VII, Beilagenheft z KTB Nr. 4, October 30, 1941 – March 31, 1942, Meldungen: Fliegermeldungen, Funkmeldungen, unterstellter einheiten, XXXXII Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-314, Roll 1,669.
36. la, Kriegstagebuch 1 u. 2, Krim, 29 January – 5 July 1942, 28. Jäger-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), series T-315, Roll 834.
37. Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II, p. 206.
Chapter 6
1. Christer Bergström and Andrey Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2 (Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 2001), p. 153.
2. Erfahrung und Auswirkung beim Einsatz der Luftwaffe in kampfe um Festungen, OKL, Chef d. Genst./8 Abt./Teilkommando Wien, June 16, 1942, The Von Rohden Collection, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-971, Roll 18.
3. Franz Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front! (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1999), p. 44.
4. Ia Anlagen, z KTB Nr. 1, April 24 – 11 May 1942, AOK 11, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 1692, frames 69 and 77.
5. Aleksandr B. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea] (Moscow: AST, 2005).
6. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea].
7. Bergström and Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2, p. 158.
8. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea].
9. Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front!, p. 44.
10. David M. Glantz, Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War, Volume II, The Winter Campaign (Self-published by David M. Glantz, 1999), p. 154.
11. Ia Anlagen z KTB Nr. 1, O. Qu. Nr. 51/42, Bericht über die Versorgunslage der 11. Armee nach beendigung der schlacht auf der Halbinsel Kertsch, May 24, 1942, AOK 11, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 1692, Frame 622.
12. la, Verschuss beim Kampf urn Sewastopol, June 2 – July 1, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1351.
13. Erfahrung und Auswirkung beim Einsatz der Luftwaffe in kampfe um Festungen, OKL, Chef d. Genst./8 Abt./Teilkommando Wien, June 16, 1942, The Von Rohden Collection, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-971, Roll 18.
14. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea].
15. Erfahrung und Auswirkung beim Einsatz der Luftwaffe in kampfe um Festungen, OKL, Chef d. Genst./8 Abt./Teilkommando Wien, June 16, 1942, The Von Rohden Collection, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-971, Roll 18.
16. Erfahrung und Auswirkung beim Einsatz der Luftwaffe in kampfe um Festungen, OKL, Chef d. Genst./8 Abt./Teilkommando Wien, June 16, 1942, The Von Rohden Collection, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-971, Roll 18.
17. Ic, Anlage F z. TB, Feindlage, Gefangenenvernehmung, 7 June 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
18. Vasiliy N. Eroshenko, The Leader of the Tashkent (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1966).
19. Eroshenko, The Leader of the Tashkent.
20. Alberto Rosselli, “Activities of the Italian MAS and Pocket Submarines in the Black Sea: 1942–1942,” located at www.regiamarina.net.
21. Kriegstagebuch der 1. Schnellbootsflotille, 1-30.6.1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-1022, Roll 3207, PG/71131.
22. Kriegstagebuch der 1. Schnellbootsflotille, 1-30.6.1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-1022, Roll 3207, PG/71131.
23. Bergström and Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2, p. 204.
24. Ilya I. Azarov, Nyepobyezhdyenniye [Undefeated], (Moscow: DOSAAF, 1973).
25. Bergström and Mikhailov, Black Cross/Red Star, Volume 2, p. 204.
26. Eroshenko, The Leader of the Tashkent).
27. “Oborona 79-I strelkovoi brigady pod Sevastopolem v iune 1942” [the Defense of the 79th Naval Infantry Brigade in Sevastopol in June 1942] in Sbornik voennoistoricheskikh materialov Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine [Collection of military history materials of the Great Patriotic War] (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1954).
28. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
29. Ivan A. Laskin, “Stoyat’ nasmyert’!” [“Fight to the Death”] in Peter Ye. Garmash (ed.), Ognyenniye dni Sevastopolya [Fiery Days of Sevastopol] (Simferopol: Tavriya, 1978), pp. 196–217.
30. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
31. “Oborona 79-I strelkovoi brigady pod Sevastopolem v iune 1942.”
32. Franz Kurowski, Generalmajor Erich Bärenfänger: vom Leutnant zum General (Würzburg: Fleschig Verlag, 2007), pp.104–105.
33. “Oborona 79-I strelkovoi brigady pod Sevastopolem v iune 1942.”
34. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, Gefechtsmeldungen, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 780.
35. Laskin, “Stoyat’ nasmyert’!” [“Fight to the Death], pp. 196–217.
36. Franz Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front! (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1999), p. 45.
37. Laskin, “Stoyat’ nasmyert’!” [“Fight to the Death”], pp. 196–217.
38. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, Gefechtsmeldungen, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 780.
39. “Oborona 79-I strelkovoi brigady pod Sevastopolem v iune 1942.”
40. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
41. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
42. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
43. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
44. Markus Jaugitz, German Remote-Control Tank Units 1940–1943 (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 1996).
45. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
46. la, Kriegstagebuch 8, Teil I u. II., June 1 – July 5, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1348.
47. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, Gefechtsmeldungen, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 780.
48. la, Verschuss beim Kampf urn Sewastopol, June 2 – July 1, 1942, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1351.
49. Aleksandr V. Nemenko, Sostav Primorskoy armii v Sevastopol’ [The Composition of the Maritime Army in Sevastopol] in Samizdat, February 2013.
50. “Oborona 79-I strelkovoi brigady pod Sevastopolem v iune 1942.”
51. Ic, Anlage F z. TB, Feindlage, Gefangenenvernehmung, June 8, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
52. Ic, Anlage F z. TB, Feindlage, Gefangenenvernehmung, June 10, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
53. Ic, Anlage F z. TB, Feindlage, Gefangenenvernehmung, June 10, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
54. F. Perechnev and F. Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast] (Moscow: Soviet Ministry of Defense, 1967), p. 61.
55. la, Anlagenteil 3 z. KTB 8, June 1 – July 5, 1952, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1349.
56. Gottlob H. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000), pp. 135–36.
57. la, Anlagenteil 3 z. KTB 8, June 1 – July 5, 1952, LIV Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1349.
58. Ia, Wegnahme der Verteidigungsanlage “Stalin’ durch I. und III./IR 16, verstärkt durch die 3./Pi. Btl. 744, June 13, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
59. Ic, Tätigkeitsbericht, Die Wegnahme des Forts “Stalin’, April 1 – July 10, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
60. Ic, Anlage F z. TB, Feindlage, Gefangenenvernehmung, June 14, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
61. Ia, Wegnahme der Verteidigungsanlage “Stalin’ durch I. und III./IR 16, verstärkt durch die 3./Pi. Btl. 744, June 13, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
62. Franz Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front! (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1999), p. 45.
63. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front, pp. 132, 136.
64. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, Gefechtsmeldungen, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
65. Ic, Anlage F z. TB, Feindlage, Gefangenenvernehmung, June 14, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
66. Ic, Gefangenenvernehmung Nr. 259, June 19, 1942, 132. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 1390.
67. Perechnev and Vinogradov, Na strazhe morskikh gorizontov [The Guardians of the Coast], p. 64.
68. Ia, Pionier Bataillon 132, Bericht über Vernichtung der Kampfanlagen der Panzerbatterie “Maxim Gorki” durch 1./Pi. 173, June 25, 1942. 132. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 1389.
69. Ia, Pionier Bataillon 132, Bericht über Wegnahme der Batterie Schischkowa am 18. Und 19.6.1942, June 28, 1942, 132. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 1389.
70. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front, p. 137.
71. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, Gefechtsmeldungen, Eine nicht alltägliche Pionieraufgabe: Kampf gegen einen tunnel, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
72. Ic, Gefangenenvernehmung Nr. 11, June 27, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
73. Ia, Anlagen z. KTB, Darstellung der Ereignisse, July 1–15, 1942, XXX Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 828.
74. la, Kriegstagebuch, May 21 – July 15, 1942, XXX Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 828.
75. Ic, Tätigkeitsbericht “Sevastopol,” May 21 – July 15, 1942, XXX Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 827.
76. Ic, Gefangenenvernehmung Nr. 9, June 23, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
77. Ic, Gefangenenvernehmung Nr. 10, June 25, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 781.
78. la, KTB 10, Beurteilung der Division, June 28, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 780.
79. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, Gefechtsmeldungen, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 780.
80. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 780.
81. Ia, Anlagen z. KTB, Darstellung der Ereignisse, July 1–15, 1942, XXX Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 828.
82. la, Anlagen I-IV z. KTB 10, April 1 – July 7, 1942, 22. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 780.
83. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front, p. 141.
84. Ia, Anlagen z. KTB, Darstellung der Ereignisse, July 1-15, 1942, XXX Armeekorps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 828.
85. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea].
86. Soenke Neitzel, Tapping Hitler’s Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942–1945 (St Paul, MN: MBI Publishing, 2007), p. 219.
87. Ia, Anlagen z. KTB 6, January 1 – July 10, 1942, 50. Infanterie-Division, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 947, frame 497.
88. Kurowski, Generalmajor Erich Bärenfänger: vom Leutnant zum General, p.117.
89. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front, p. 143.
90. AOK 11, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 1692.
Chapter 7
1. Norbert Kunz “The Jews are completely destroyed”: The Fate of Jewish Minorities in the Crimea in World War II in The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives (Washington, DC: U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, 2013).
2. Gitel Gubenko, The Book of Sorrows (GS Tanislav Co., Inc., 2003).
3. Andrei Angrick, Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion 1941–1943 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition Verlag, 2003), pp. 335–345.
4. Operational Situation Report USSR No. 150, Einsatzgruppe D, January 2, 1942.
5. Interview with Lidiya I. Chyernih on April 28, 2013 on the “I Remember” website, http://iremember.ru/partizani/chernikh-milko-lidiya-ivanovna.html.
6. Tätigkeitsbericht, Feldkommandantur 810, 19 December 1941, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-501, Roll 233, frames 409–410.
7. Tätigkeitsbericht vom 1-15.7.42, Feldkommandantur 287, 16 July 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-501, Roll 233, frame 424.
8. Memorandum from Generalkommissar für die Krim to OKH, July 16, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-454, Roll 18.
9. Report from Generalkommissar für die Krim, August 18, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-454, Roll 18, frames 170–171.
10. Report from Generalkommissar für die Krim, May 8, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-454, Roll 28.
11. Antonio J. Munoz, Forgotten Legions: Obscure Combat Formations of the Waffen SS (New York: Axis Europa Books, 1991), p. 39.
12. Kommandant des ruckwartigen Armeege Metes 553, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-501, Roll 58.
13. Gottlob H. Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000), p. 119.
14. J. F. Borsarello and W. Palinckx, Wehrmacht & SS Caucasian – Muslim – Asian Troops (Bayeux, France: Editions Heimdal, 2007).
15. O.Qu./Qu. 2, Report by Einsatzgruppe D of the Sicherheitspolizei about Rekrutierung der Krimtataren, April 4 –September 8, 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 421.
16. Munoz, Forgotten Legions: Obscure Combat Formations of the Waffen SS, pp. 173–174.
17. Aleksandr B. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea] (Moscow: AST, 2005).
18. Tätigkeitsbericht vom 1.-15.10.42, Feldkommandantur 287, 16 October 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-501, Roll 233, frames 969.
19. Tätigkeitsbericht vom 16.-31.10.42, Feldkommandantur 287, 1 November 1942, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-501, Roll 233.
20. Shirokorad, Bitva za Krym [Battle of the Crimea].
21. Bandentätigkeit in der Zeit vom 1.-7.12.43, AOK 17, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 740.
22. Stephen McLaughlin, Russian and Soviet Battleships (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), p. 402.
23. Vasiliy I. Achkasov and Nikolai B. Pavlovich, Soviet Naval Operations in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1981), pp. 262–264.
24. Achkasov and Pavlovich, Soviet Naval Operations in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945, pp. 258–259.
Chapter 8
1. Philipp Humberts, “Ich Bitte Ershossen zu werden,” Der Spiegel, 5/1949, January 29, 1949.
2. la, Anlage 1 z. KTB Nr. 8, Kriegsgliederungen der Armee, AOK 17, Oct 12–Dec 11, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 738.
3. la, Anlage 9 z. KTB Nr. 8, Lagenkarten, AOK 17,Oct 10–Dec 31, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 740.
4. la, Anlagenband 2 z. KTB Nr, 8. Unternehmen “Michael” mit Sondervorgang, AOK 17, Oct 19–31, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 738.
5. Paul Carell, Scorched Earth (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 1994), p. 456.
6. la, Anlage 4 z. KTB Nr. 8, AOK 17, Oct 10–Dec 31, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 739.
7. Ia, 336. Infanterie-Division, October-December 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-315, Roll 2,097.
8. lc, Gefangenenvernehmung, AOK 17, November 1, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 741.
9. Anatoly N. Grylev, Dnipro-Karpaty-Krym: Osvobozhdenie pravoberezhnoi ukrainy i kryma v 1944 gody [Dnepr-Carpathians-Crimea: The Liberation of the Right Bank of Ukraine and Crimea, 1944] (Moscow: Nauka, 1970).
10. Ic, Tatigkeitsbericht, Verteidigung der Nordzugange zur Krim, XXXXIX Gebirgs-Korps, October 30 – December 31, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1226.
11. la, Anlage 1 z. KTB Nr. 8, Kriegsgliederungen der Armee, AOK 17, Oct 12–Dec 11, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 738.
12. Franz Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front! (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1999), p. 53.
13. Andrei Kuznetsov, Bolshoi desant Kerchensko Eltigenskaya operatsiya [The Large Landing at Kerch-Eltigen] (Moscow: VECHE, 2011).
14. la, Anlage 4 z. KTB Nr. 8, AOK 17, Oct 10–Dec 31, 1943, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 739.
15. Franz Kurowski, Generalmajor Erich Bärenfänger: vom Leutnant zum General (Würzburg: Fleschig Verlag, 2007), pp. 146–147.
16. Kurowski, Generalmajor Erich Bärenfänger: vom Leutnant zum General, p.148.
17. O.Qu., Anlagenband LXX z. KTB Nr. 8, AOK 17, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, March 1944, Roll 744.
18. Fritz Morzik, German Air Force Airlift Operations (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002), p. 240.
19. la, Anlagen z. KTB 9, Teil II, February 1–29, 1944, XXXXIX Gebirgs-Korps, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-314, Roll 1227.
20. O.Ou./VII, AOK 17, November 1, 1942–February 28, 1944, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 745.
21. O.Qu., Anlagenband LXX z. KTB Nr. 8, AOK 17, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, March 1944, Roll 744.
22. Christer Bergström, Bagration to Berlin: The Final Air Battles in the East, 1944–1945 (Hersham, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2008), p. 46.
23. Peter K. Koshevoi, v gody voennye [During the War] (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1978).
24. Ic, Anlage 4 z. Tätigkeitsbericht, January 1–March 31, 1944, AOK 17, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 748.
25. la, Anlage 5 z. KTB Nr. 9, Besondere Vorgange, January 1–March 31, 1944, AOK 17, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 747.
26. Ia, Sonderband Nr. 4, z. KTB Nr. 9, Unternehmen “Gneisenau,” January 8–March 23, 1944, AOK 17, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, March 1944, Roll 746.
27. Ia, Sonderband Nr. 5, z. KTB Nr. 9, Unternehmen “Litzmann,” November 13–24, 1943, AOK 17, NAM (National Archives Microfilm), Series T-312, Roll 746.
Chapter 9
1. Anatoly N. Grylev, Dnipro-Karpaty-Krym: Osvobozhdenie pravoberezhnoi ukrainy i kryma v 1944 gody [Dnepr-Carpathians-Crimea: The Liberation of the Right Bank of Ukraine and Crimea, 1944] (Moscow: Nauka, 1970).
2. Christer Bergström, Bagration to Berlin: The Final Air Battles in the East, 1944–1945 (Hersham, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2008), p. 46.
3. Peter K. Koshevoi, v gody voennye [During the War] (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1978).
4. Konstantin V. Sychev (ed.), Boyeviye dyeystviya stryelkovoy divizii [The Fighting Infantry Division] (Moscow: Military Publishing, 1958).
5. Grylev, Dnipro-Karpaty-Krym: Osvobozhdenie pravoberezhnoi ukrainy i kryma v 1944 gody [Dnepr-Carpathians-Crimea: The Liberation of the Right Bank of Ukraine and Crimea, 1944].
6. Aleksander A. Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 1998), p. 135.
7. Paul Carell, Scorched Earth: The Russo-German War 1943–1944 (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 1994), pp. 462–463.
8. Franz Kurowski, Sturmgeschütz vor! Assault Guns to the Front! (Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 1999), p. 139.
9. Maslov, Fallen Soviet Generals, p. 136.
10. Carell, Scorched Earth: The Russo-German War 1943–1944, p. 467.
11. Soenke Neitzel, Tapping Hitler’s Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942–1945 (St Paul, MN: MBI Publishing, 2007), p. 259.
12. Koshevoi, v gody voennye [During the War].
13. Carrell, Scorched Earth: The Russo-German War 1943–1944, p. 471.
14. Aleksandr M Vasilevsky, Dyelo vsyey zhizhi [The Point of All Life] (Moscow: Politizdat, 1978), p. 395.
15. Grigory F. Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century (London: Greenhill Books, 1997), p. 143.
16. Greta Lynn Uehling, Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 80–81.
17. RG-06.025.05, N-19096, tom 1, Sevastopol, 1946–1947, Trial of Erwin Gustav Jaenecke, U.S. Holocaust Museum Archives.
Chapter 10
1. Greta Lynn Uehling, Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 208–211.
2. “Ukraine Crisis: March 18 as it happened,” Telegraph, March 18, 2014.
3. “Crimean Tatars will have to vacate their land, says Crimean deputy premier,” RIA Novosti, March 19, 2014.
Appendices
1. Soenke Neitzel, Tapping Hitler’s Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942–1945 (St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing, 2007), p. 192.