Ancient History & Civilisation

CHAPTER TEN

THE TETRARCHY C. A.D. 284ñ313

Diocletian, A.D. 284ñ305

Augustus: A.D. 284ñ285 (in opposition to Numerian) A.D. 285ñ286 (sole reign; Maximian as Caesar) A.D. 286ñ305 (with Maximian)

FATHER OF GALERIA VALERIA

FATHER-IN-LAW OF GALERIUS

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

Augustus:	DIOCLETIAN VS AVG(VSTVS)
	DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG
	IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG
	IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG
	IMP DIOCLETIANVS (P F)AVG
Abdication	D N DIOCLETIANO BAEATIS(S)
	D N DIOCLETIANO B(A)EAT(ISSIMO) SEN AVG
	D N DIOCLETIANO FELIC(ISSIMO) SEN AVG
	D N DIOCLETIANO F S (OR P F S) AVG

Pre-reform: c. A.D. 284ñ293/4

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cui-rassed.

Diocletian (as Augustus)

2649	AV Aureus	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	3000ñ5000
2650	ó obv Virtvs Diocletiani AVG, laur., cuir. half-bust r., hldg. upright spear in r. hand and shield and two spears in 1. rev Iovi Conservat Avgg, Jupiter stg. 1., hldg. thunderbolt and scepter. RIC V/2 140.	2,000ñ3,000	5000ñ7500	10,000ñ15,000

Diocletian (as Augustus)

2651	ó rev IOVI Conservatori AVG, Jupiter stg. 1., hldg. scepter and thunderbolt, eagle at feet; O in field. RIC V/2 316ñ7. Note: Minted at Antioch in 284, the O indicates this issue was struck at 70 to the Roman pound (c. 4.7g.).	800ñ1200	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000
2652	ó rev Sim. to prev, but no AVG, and Σ in field. RIC V/2 315. Note: Minted at Antioch in 290, the Σ indicates it was struck at 60 to the Roman pound (c. 5.4g.), the weight Diocletian adopted for his aurei.	800ñ1200	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000
2653	ó obv Laur., cuir. half-bust r. or 1., hldg. spear and shield rev Various types. RIC V/2 1ff.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2654	ó rev Fatis Victricibvs, the Three Fates, variously hldg. cornucopia and a rudder, stg., hldg. hands. RIC V/2 293ñ4,314.	900ñ1200	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000
2655	AV Quinarius	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	4000ñ6000
2656	Billon Aurelianianus obv Rad. bust r.	5ñ15	15ñ25	30ñ50
2657	ó rev Aeternitas Avgg, elephant with driver r. RIC V/2 205.	30ñ50	150ñ200	300ñ500
2658	ó rev IOVI Fvlgvratori, Jupiter r. or 1., hldg. thunderbolt, eagle at feet. RIC V/2 167ñ8.	15ñ25	20ñ40	70ñ100
2659	ó rev Primis X Mvltis XX, various types. RIC V/2 175ñ9. Note: This marks Diocletianís decennalia.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2660	Billon Denarius	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2661	Billon Quinarius	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2662	ó rev Maximi AN VS AVG, laur., dr. and sometimes cuir. bust r. of Maximian. RIC V/2 336.	150ñ200	400ñ600	1000ñ1500

Diocletian (as Augustus)

chVF

2663	Æ Reduced Double-Sestertius(?) obv Rad. hd. r. rev Maximian VS AVG, rad. hd. r. of Maximian. RIC V/2 338. Note: In addition to having both heads radiate, this piece is larger (27mm) and heavier (7.25g.) than any of the ëlaureateí bronzes listed in RIC, all of which are classified as reduced sestertii in this catalog. It was probably struck early in his reign, when he named Maximian co-emperor.	300ñ400	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000
2664	Æ Reduced Sestertius RIC V/2 199ñ202.	200ñ300	400ñ600	1250ñ1750

Note: All gold coins in this pre-reform listings were struck prior to 293. For coins struck in the name of Diocletian by Carausius, see nos. 2635ñ6, and 2638.

Post-reform: c. A.D. 293/4ñ305

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cui-rassed.

Diocletian (as Augustus)

2665	AV Medallion of Ten Aurei obv Diocletianvs AVG ET Maximian VS C, confr. busts of Diocletian and Galerius, wearing consular robes rev Maximianvs AVG ET Constantivs C, confr. busts of Maximian and Constantius I, wearing consular robes. RIC VI Trev 2. Note: This piece celebrates the foundation of the Tetrarchy.	ó	ó	ó
2666	AV Aureus. Illustrated p. 485.	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000
2667	ó rev Constantivs NOB Caes, laur. hd. r. of Constantius I. RIC VI Tic 2. Note: Struck in 293, this celebrates Constantius being named Caesar.	2000ñ3000	5000ñ7000	10,000ñ15,000
2668	ó rev Hercvli Debellat, Hercules fighting the Lernean Hydra. RIC VI Sis 1,25.	1500ñ2500	3000ñ5000	7500ñ10,000
2669	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules std. facing, lionís skin over leg, bow and quiver at r., IAN in ex. RIC VI ñ. Note: This is from a rare series of aurei of Maximian and Diocletian believed to have been struck in 294 at Iantinum (mod. Meaux, France). A similar piece is listed for Maximian (no. 2729).	2500ñ3500	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000
2670	ó rev Iovi Conservatori, laur. hd. r. of Jupiter. RIC VI Trev 54.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2671	ó rev Iovi Fvlgeratori, Jupiter adv. r., striking down anguipede giant with thunderbolt. RIC VI Trev 20. Note: This issue of aurei, struck at Trier in 294, marks the recovery of Britain, whose ëAugustií had (in Diocletianís view) rebelled unjustly. This remarkable type also appeared on aurei of 287.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2672	ó rev Iovi Victori, Jupiter adv. r., hurling thunderbolt at giant. RIC VI Sis 7.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2673	ó rev Maximianvs P F AVG, laur. hd. r. of Maximian. RIC VI Tic 6. Note: Struck in 293 to celebrate Maximian being named Augustus.	3,000ñ4,000	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000

Diocletian (as Augustus)

2674	ó rev P M TR P VIII COS IIII P P, lion adv. L, thunderbolt in jaws. RIC V/2 4ñ5. Note: Struck at London, c. 293ñ6.	2000ñ3000	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000
2675	ó rev Providentia Avgg or Virtvs Mil-Itvm, campgate, doors open. RIC VI Rom 5a,7a.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2676	ó rev Virtvs Illvrici, Diocletian, brandishing spear, on horse galloping r.; below, galley with armed soldiers. RIC VI Trev 87a.	3000ñ4000	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000
2677	ó rev VOT XX Avgg in three lines in wreath with eagle at base. RIC VI Aqu 7a.	900ñ1200	2000ñ3000	5000ñ8000
2678	ó rev XX DIOCLETIANI AVG and mint mark in five lines in wreath. RIC VI Nic 13,5. Note: The mint-monogram of Nicomedia (NIK in ligature) sometimes occurs at the top of the wreath.	900ñ1200	2000ñ3000	5000ñ8000
2679	AV Quinarius rev Gavdete Romani or Votis Romanorvm, two Victories stg., hldg. tablet inscr. SIC XX SIC XXX. RIC VI Aqu 14a, 15.	900ñ1200	2000ñ3000	5000ñ8000
2680	AR Argenteus	100ñ150	250ñ350	700ñ1000
2681	ó rev Victoriae Sarmaticae, campgate with open doors. RIC VI Nic 22a,5a.	100ñ150	300ñ400	900ñ1200
2682	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Ant 42a.	100ñ150	300ñ400	900ñ1200
2683	ó rev XCVI and mint mark in wreath. RIC VI Tic 20a, Aqu 16a. Note: XCVI (= 96) indicates how many argentei were struck to the Roman pound.	150ñ200	300ñ400	1000ñ1500
2684	AR Half-Argenteus rev VOT XX SIC XXX four lines in wreath. RIC VI Trev 135ñ6.	200ñ300	500ñ800	1500ñ2000
2685	Billon Nummus (c. 26ñ31mm)	15ñ25	20ñ40	50ñ75
2686	ó rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia, K-V in field. RIC VI Ant 54a. Note: These nummi of Antioch have the numerical formula KV (= 20,5), perhaps indicating it was valued at 20 sestertii (accounting units) and 5 denarii communes. Other nummi are marked XXI SIS (RIC Sis 110ñ3), and XXI or XX (RIC Ale 30a,2a). The XXI (meaning 20-to-1) was the standard marking for the aurelianiani abandoned in Diocletianís reform.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2687	ó rev Fortvnae Redvci Avgg N N, Fortuna std. 1. on wheel, hldg. rudder and cornucopia. RIC VI Trev 381a.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2688	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. facing, leaning on club, hldg. three apples and lionís skin. RIC VI Sis 162ñ5ff.	5ñ15	50ñ75	150ñ200

Diocletian (as Augustus)

2689	ó rev IOVI Cons Caes, Jupiter stg. 1., hldg. Victory on globe and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 41ñ2.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2690	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev Mvltis XX or SIC X SIC XX or VOT(IS) X SIC XX or VOT XX Avgg or VOT XX SIC XXX in wreath. RIC VI Trev 563ff. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2691	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) obv Rad. bust r. rev Concordiae Avgg or Concordia Militvm, Diocletian stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Tic 25, Her 13ff. Note: No examples of the rare ëprototypeí issue of this denomination (c. 24ñ25mm) are known for Diocletian, though they are for his three colleagues.	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2692	ó rev VOT XX and officina letter in wreath. RIC VI Tic 36ñ8ff.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2693	Æ Post' Reform Laureate (c. 15ñ18mm) rev Vtilitas Pvblica, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. 1., hands in gown. RIC VI Tic 27a, Rom 48.	50ñ75	100ñ150	200ñ300

Diocletian (Abdication Coinage)

Except where noted, the obverse has a right-facing half-bust, laureate, wearing consular robes and holding olive branch and mappa.

Diocletian (Abdication Coinage)

2694	AV Aureus, struck after the abdication on May 1, 305. rev Provid(Entia) Deorvm Qvies Avgg, Providentia stg. at 1., greeting Quies, stg at r., hldg. branch and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ser 10a, Ant 69. Note: Only two small issues of aurei were struck.	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000	10,GOO-15,000
2695	Billon Nummus (c. 25ñ27mm), ó. rev Providentia Deorvm Qvies Avgg, type as prev. RIC VI Lon 76ff. Note: By far the most common abdication issue, it was struck at 13 mints.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2696	ó. As prev., but rev inscr. Provident Deor Qvies Avgg. RIC VI Rom 116a.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2697	ó. rev Qvies Avgg (or Avgvstorvm), Quies stg. 1., hldg. olive branch and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Trev 712ñ3, etc.	30ñ50	100ñ150	250ñ350
2698	ó, (c. 23ñ25mm), ó. rev Providentia Deorvm Qvies, type as 2695. RIC VI Ant 83,990. Note: For the final coins of this Antiochene series, see nos. 2700ñ01.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200

Diocletian (Abdication Coinage)

2699	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm), ó. obv Laur hd. r. rev Qvies Avgg, Quies stg. 1., hldg. olive branch and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Trev 681a. Note: This may be a quinarius.	100ñ150	400ñ600
2700	Billon Nummus (c. 23ñ25mm), struck after the Conference of Carnuntum, Nov., 308. As 2698. RIC VI Ant 113ff (cf. Ant 96ñ7).	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2701	ó. As 2695, but rev inscr. Providentia Deorvm. RIC VI Ale 80,109ff. Note: A bust of Jupiter or Sol sometimes adorns Diocletianís breast.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2702	Billon Half-Nummus (c. 20mm), ó. As prev., but no busts on Diocletianís breast. RIC VI Ale 86ñ94. Note: This issue may have been struck shortly before Carnuntum. At c. 3.0g., this is half the weight of the related 5.5ñ7.5g. nummi.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200

Note: After Diocletian and Maximian abdicated on May 1, 305, they became Seniores Augusti, felicissimi et beatissimi and a massive coinage was struck for them during the next three years. Issues were also struck after their retirements were again confirmed at the Confer-enee of Carnuntum in November, 308. These final issues were struck until 311. An extremely rare reverse type for Diocletianís abdication nummi is: Vota Pvblica, galley traveling right, Serapis reclining at the stern, Isis standing near prow, holding billowed sail.

Diocletian (Provincial Coinage)

2703

BillonTetradrachm of Alexandria

5ñ15

15ñ25

50ñ75

Maximian, A.D. 286ñ310

Caesar: A.D. 285ñ286 (under Diocletian)

Augustus: 1st Reign: A.D. 286ñ305 (with Diocletian) 2nd Reign: A.D. 307ñ308 (with Maxentius & Constantine I) 3rd Reign: A.D. 310 (independent)

SON-IN-LAW OF DIOCLETIAN

FATHER OF MAXENTIUS AND FAUSTA

STEP-FATHER OF THEODORA

GRANDFATHER OF ROMULUS

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

1st Reign:	IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS P F (OR P) AVG
	IMP C (OR C M A) MAXIMIANVS P F AVG

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

	IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG
	IMP MAXIMIANVS P F (OR P) AVG
	MAXIMIANVS AVG(VSTVS)
	MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
ABIDCATION	DN MAXIMIANO BAEATIS(SIMO) (SEN AVG)
	D N MAXIMIANO FELICIS(SIM)
	D N MAXIMIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG
	D N MAXIMIANO F S (OR SEN) AVG
2nd Reign:	D N MAXIMIANO P F S AVG
	IMP MAXIMIANVS P F S AVG
	MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
Deified:	DIVO MAXIMIANO (under Licinius I)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI MAXENTIVS AVG (under Maxentius)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN AVG (under Maxentius)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN (FORT or FORT IMP) (under Constantine I)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO OPT(IMO) IMP (under Constantine I)
	IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI (under Maxentius)

Note: The inscriptions of Maximian and Galerius are easily confused on both lifetime (Galerius as Augustus) and posthumous issues.

Pre-reform: c. A.D. 286ñ293/4

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cui-rassed.

Maximian (as Augustus, First Reign)

2704	AV Aureus	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	3000ñ5000
2705	ó obv Virtvs MAXIMIANI Avg, laur., cuir. half-bust r., hldg. upright spear in r. hand and shield and two spears in 1. rev Virtvs Avgg, Hercules strangling Nemean lion, club at 1. RIC V/2 500.	3,000ñ4,000	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000
2706	ó obv Laur., cuir. half-bust r. or 1., hldg. spear and shield rev Various types. RIC V/2 Iff.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2707	ó rev Fatis Victricibvs, the Three Fates, variously hldg. cornucopia and a rudder, stg., hldg. hands, Σ in field. RIC V/2 617ñ8. Note: The Σ indicates these aurei were struck at the heavy weight of 60 to the Roman pound (c. 5.4g??)??	900ñ1200	2500ñ3500	6000ñ8000
2708	AV Quinarius	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	4000ñ6000

Maximian (as Augustus, First Reign)

2709	Billon Aurelianianus obv Rad. bust r.	5ñ15	15ñ25	30ñ50
2710	ó obv Rad. bust 1., club over r. shoulder, hd. of lionís skin at 1. shoulder rev Various types.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2711	ó rev Aeternitas Avgg, elephant with driver r. RIC V/2 349.	30ñ50	150ñ200	300ñ500
2712	ó rev Avspic FEL, Liberalitas stg. 1., hldg. tessera and caduceus, altar or child at feet. RIC V/2 469ñ71.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2713	ó rev Primis X Mvltis XX, various types. RIC V/2 511ñ4.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2714	ó rev Virtvs Avgg, Hercules, hldg. apple and club, stg. beneath tree round which snake is entwined. RIC V/2 568ñ9. Note: This rare type shows Hercules in the garden of the Hesperides.	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2715	ó rev Vndiqve Victores, Maximian stg. 1., hldg. scepter and Victory on globe. RIC V/2 431.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2716	Billon Denarius	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2717	Billon Quinarius	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800

Maximian (as Augustus, First Reign)

chVF

2718	Æ Reduced Double-Sestertius(?) see no. 2663.	300ñ400	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000
2719	Æ Reduced Sestertius RIC V/2 532ñ7.	200ñ300	400ñ600	1250ñ1750

Note: All gold coins in this pre-reform listings were struck prior to 293. For coins struck in the name of Maximian by Carausius, see nos. 2635, and 2637ñ8.

Post-reform: c. A.D. 293/4ñ305

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cui-rassed.

Maximian (as Augustus, First Reign)

2720	AV Medallion of Five Aurei, 293. obv Hd. r. of Maximian wearing lionís scalp rev Virtvti Avgg V ET IIII COS, Hercules, nude, stg. facing, hd. r., being crowned from 1. by Roma, hldg. bow and extending 1. hand toward reel, river-god. RIC VI-.	15,000ñ20,000	70,000ñ100,000	200,000 +
2721	AV Aureus	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000
2722	ó obv Hd. r. of Maximian wearing lionís scalp rev Various types.	3,000ñ4,000	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000
2723	ó obv Laur hd. 1. rev Various types.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000

Maximian (as Augustus, First Reign)

2724	ó rev Comes Avgg, distyle temple with domed roof, Mars stg. within. RIC VI Trev 36b,37	3,000ñ4,000	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000
2725	ó rev Hercvli Conservatori, bearded hd. r. of Hercules, wearing lionís scalp. RIC VI Trev 46.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2726	ó rev Hercvli Debellat (or Virtvti Avgg), Hercules fighting the Lernean Hydra. RIC VI Trev 9ff. Note: This type also occurs with the inscription HERCVLI VICTORI (RIC VI Sis 14).	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2727	ó rev Hercvli Inmortali, Hercules, hldg. club and lionís skin, adv. r., leading Cerberus in chains. RIC VI Trev 48.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2728	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules, facing, std. on rocks, hd. r., hldg. club and lionís skin; bow and quiver at r. RIC VI Tre 13ñ4.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2729	ó rev Iovi Fvlgeratori, Jupiter adv. r., striking down anguipede giant with thunderbolt, IAN in ex. RIC VI. Note: See no. 2669 for another aureus attributed to the mint of Iantinum.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2730	ó rev Marti Propvgnatori, helm., cuir. bust r. of Mars. RIC VI Trev 59ñ60.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2731	ó rev Pacatores Gentivm, Maximian in facing quadriga led by soldier. RIC VI Trev 65bñ66.	1000ñ1500	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000
2732	ó rev Providentia Avgg or Virtvs Militvm, campgate, doors open. RIC VI Rom 5b,7b.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2733	ó rev Virtvs (or Virtvti) Avgg, Hercules, sometimes hldg. club, carrying Erymanthian boar on shoulders. RIC VI Trev 24ñ6.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2734	ó rev Virtvs Avgg N N, Maximian on horseback r., hldg. shield and spearing kneeling foe, trampling another. RIC VI Cyz 3.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2735	ó rev Virtvs Illvrici, Maximian, brandishing spear, on horse galloping r.; below, galley with armed soldiers. RIC VI Trev 87b. Note: This type celebrates the defeat of Allectus, which required a massive naval expedition.	3,000ñ4,000	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000
2736	ó rev VOT XX Avgg in three lines in wreath with eagle at base. RIC VI Aqu 7b.	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2737	ó rev XX Maximiani Avg and mint mark in five lines in wreath. RIC VI Nic 14,6. Note: A mint-monogram of Nicomedia (NIK in ligature) sometimes occurs at the top of the wreath.	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2738	AV Quinarius rev Gavdete Romani, two Victories stg., hldg. tablet inscr. SIC XX SIC XXX. RIC VI Aqu 14b. Note: For other quinarii, see RIC Sis 29ñ30.	900ñ1200	2000ñ3000	5000ñ8000

Maximian (as Augustus, First Reign)

2739	AR Argenteus	100ñ150	250ñ350	700ñ1000
2740	ó rev Victoriae Sarmaticae, campgate with open doors. RIC VI Nic 22b,5b.	100ñ150	300ñ400	900ñ1200
2741	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Ant 42b.	100ñ150	300ñ400	900ñ1200
2742	ó rev XCVI and mint mark in wreath. RIC VI Tic 20b, Aqu 16b. Note: XCVI (=96), indicates how many argentei were struck to the Roman pound.	150ñ200	300ñ400	1000ñ1500
2743	Billon Nummus (c. 26ñ31mm). Illustrated above.	15ñ25	20ñ40	50ñ75
2744	ó obv Jugate busts r. of Maximian, cuir., and Hercules, hldg. club rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Trev 276.	200ñ300	500ñ800
2745	ó rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia, K-V in field. RIC VI Ant 54b. Note: See no. 2686 for details about the value-marker K-V.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2746	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. facing, leaning on club, hldg. three apples and lionís skin. RIC VI Sis 163ff.	5ñ15	50ñ75	150ñ200
2747	ó rev Romae Aeter, hexastyle temple, Roma std. within. RIC VI Lon 100.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350
2748	Billon Quarter-Nummus (c. 17ñ20mm) rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 146ñ7. Note: At about 1.52.3g., this is one-fourth of the related nummus of c. 8.0ñ10.0g.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2749	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev Mvltis XX(X) or SIC X SIC XX or VOT XX Avgg or VOT XX SIC XXX in wreath. RIC VI Trev 564ff. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2750	Æ Post-Reform ëHeavyí Radiate (c. 24ñ25mm) obv Rad., dr. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Maximian stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Cyz 13. Note: This extremely rare ëprototypeí issue (c. 5.06.5g.) was abandoned in favor of the smaller, lighter issue (c. 3.0g.) described below.	150ñ200	400ñ600	1500ñ2000
2751	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) As prev., but rev inscr. Concordiae Avgg or Concordia Militvm. RIC VI Tic 25, Her 14ff.	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2752	ó rev VOT XX and officina letter in wreath. RIC VI Tic 36ñ8ff.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120

Maximian (as Augustus, First Reign)

2753	Æ Post-Reform Laureate (c. 15' 18mm) rev VTILL TAS PVBLICA, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. 1., hands in gown. RIC VI Tic 27b, Rom 62.	50ñ75	100ñ150	200ñ300
2754	ó As prev., but rev type Aequitas stg. 1., hldg. scales and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 94.	50ñ75	100ñ150	250ñ350

Maximian (First Abdication Coinage)

Except where noted, the obverse has a right-facing half-bust, laureate, wearing consular robes and holding olive branch and mappa.

Maximian (First Abdication Coinage)

2755	AV Aureus, struck after the abdication on May 1, 305. rev Provid Deorvm Qvies Avgg, Providentia stg. at 1., greeting Quies, stg at r., hldg. branch and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ser 10b. Note: Only one small issue was struck.	3,000ñ4,000	7000ñ10,000	ó
2756	Billon Nummus (c. 25' 27mm), ó. rev Providentia Deorvm Qvies Avgg, type as prev. RIC VI Lon 76ff. Note: The most common abdication issue, it was struck at 13 mints. A rare variant, Rom 116b, abbreviates the reverse inscription.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2757	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13' 15mm), ó. obv Laur hd. r. rev Qvies Avgg, Quies stg. 1., hldg. olive branch and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Trev 681b. Note: This may be a quinarius.	100ñ150	400ñ600

Note: An extremely rare reverse type for Maximianís abdication nummi is: VOTA PVBLICA, galley traveling right, Serapis reclining at the stern, Isis standing near prow, holding billowed sail.

Maximian (as Augustus, Second Reign)

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuií rassed.

Maximian (as Augustus, Second Reign)

2758	AV Aureus	1250ñ1750	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000
2759	ó rev Felix Ingress SEN Avg, Roma std. 1. on shield, hldg. scepter and shield inscr. VOT XXX. RIC VI Rom 136.	1500ñ2000	3000ñ5000	10,000ñ15,000
2760	ó rev Felix Karthago, Carthago stg. facing, hd. 1., hldg. fruits in both hands. RIC VI Car 46.	1500ñ2000	2500ñ3500	8,000ñ12,000
2761	AR Argenteus	200ñ300	400ñ600	1000ñ1500
2762	AR Half-Argenteus rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Trev 761ñ2.	200ñ300	500ñ800	1250ñ1750

Maximian (as Augustus, Second Reign)

2763	Billon Nummus (c. 24ñ27mm)	15ñ25	20ñ40	50ñ75
2764	ó obv Laur. half-bust I., wearing consular robes, hldg. eagle-tipped scepter rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. cornucopia and sacrificing from patera over altar. RIC VI Lug 209.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350
2765	ó rev Con Serv (Atores) VRB Svae, hexastyle temple, Roma std. within. RIC VI Tic 84ff	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2766	ó rev Temporvm Felicitas, Felicitas stg. 1., leaning on long caduceus, hldg. cornucopia. RIC VI Lug 281.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2767	Billon Half-Nummus (c. 22ñ23mm) rev Genio POP ROM, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Trev 738. Note: At about 4.0ñ4.5g., this is half the related nummi of c. 6.5ñ8.5g.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2768	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev Plvr Natal FEL in wreath. RIC VI Trev 747. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	200ñ300	500ñ800
2769	ó. rev Votis XXX or VOT XXX Avg N or VOT XXX Avgg (NN) in wreath. RIC VI Trev 7514,93.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600

Maximian (Second Abdication Coinage)

2770	Billon Nummus (c. 23ñ25mm), struck after the Conference of Carnuntum, Nov., 308. obv Maximi AN VS P F Avg, laur., cuir. bust r. rev Qvies Avg, Quies stg. 1., hldg. olive branch and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Trev 788.	30ñ50	100ñ150	400ñ600
2771	Billon Half-Nummus (c. 20mm), ó. obv Laur. half-bust r., wearing consular robes, hldg. olive branch and mappa rev Providentia Deorvm, Providentia stg. at 1., greeting Quies, stg at r., hldg. branch and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 86ñ94. Note: These may have been struck shortly before Carnuntum. At c. 3.0g., it is half the weight of the associated nummi of 5.5ñ7.5g.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200

Except where noted, Maximianís head is right-facing, veiled and sometimes also laureate.

Maximian (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2772

Billon Nummus (c. 24ñ27mm), under Maxentius, rev Aeterna(e) Memoria(e), domed shrine with four or six columns, doors open, surmounted by eagle. RIC VI Rom 243ñ4,50ñ1, Ost 24ñ6.

15ñ25

30ñ50

150ñ200

Maximian (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2773	ó, under Licinius I. rev Mem Divi Maximiani, domed shrine without columns, doors closed, surmounted by eagle. RIC VI Thes 48. Note: This is the rarest of Maximianís commemoratives.	100ñ150	300ñ400
2774	Billon Nummus (c. 19mm), under Constantine the Great, c. 317ñ8. rev Reqvies Optimor(vm) Merit(orvm), Maximian std. 1. on curule chair, hldg. scepter and raising r. hand. RIC VII Rom 104.	5ñ15	30ñ50	100ñ150
2775	Billon Half- or Quarter-Nummus (c. 14ñ17mm), ó. As prev., but rev inscr. Reqvies Optimorvm Meritorvm. RIC VII Rom 107.	5ñ15	30ñ50	100ñ150
2776	ó. rev Memoriae Aeternae, eagle stg. r. or 1. RIC VII Rom 110,3.	5ñ15	30ñ50	100ñ150
2777	ó. rev As prev, but. lion adv. r. or 1., sometimes club above. RIC VII Rom 120,3,6.	5ñ15	30ñ50	150ñ200

Maximian (Provincial Coinage)

2778

Billon Tetradrachm of Alexandria

5ñ15

15ñ25

50ñ75

Amandus, c. A.D. 285ñ286

Obverse inscriptions:

Augustus:	IMP C C Amandvs P F Avg
	IMP S Amandvs P F Avg

Busts are right-facing and radiate, sometimes also draped and cuirassed.

Amandus (as Augustus)

2779	Billon Double-Denarius rev (sic)Alvs Avg, Pax(?) stg. 1., hldg. branch and scepter. RIC V/2, p. 595, 2.
2780	ó rev Spes P A IV III, helm, male stg. 1., hldg. spear and shield. RIC V/2 1.	ó	ó	ó
2781	ó rev Venvs Avg, Venus stg. 1., hldg. apple and spear. RIC V/2 3.	ó	ó	ó

The values are estimates for conservatively graded, essentially problem-free coins. Defects or merits will alter prices, often significantly. Dashes (ó) indicate values which cannot be accurately determined (at the high end) or which are negligible. Coins with the same value range are not always equally valuable, for they may represent different ends of the same spectrum.

Domitius Domitianus c. A.D. 296ñ297/8

Obverse inscriptions:

Augustus:	DOMITIANVS AVG
	IMP C L (or LVCIVS) DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate.

Domitius Domitianus (as Augustus)

2782	AV Aureus rev Victoi(sic) Avg, Victory adv. L, hldg. wreath and palm branch. RIC VI Ale 5.	15,000ñ20,000	30,000ñ50,000	100,000 +
2783	Billon Nummus (c. 25ñ28mm) rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia; at feet, eagle with wreath in beak. RIC VI Ale 19ñ20. Illustrated above.	400ñ600	1000ñ1500	2200ñ3000
2784	Billon Half-Nummus (c. 20mm) As prev. RIC VI Ale 45.	ó	ó	ó

Domitius Domitianus (Provincial Coinage)

2785	Billon Octodrachm of Alexandria (c. 23mm) obv ΔOmitianoc CEB, rad. hd. r. rev Serapis adv. r., hldg. scepter and raising hand, palm branch and LB in field. Milne 5245. Note: This issue is often cataloged as a hexadrachm.	400ñ600	900ñ1200	1500ñ2000
2786	Billon Tetradrachm (c. 20mm), ó. obv Aomitianoc CEB, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev Bust 1. of Serapis, LB in field. Milne-. Note: The rarest of his three provincial issues.	400ñ600	900ñ1200	1500ñ2000
2787	Billon Didrachm (c. 18mm), ó. obv As prev. rev Nike adv. 1., hldg. wreath and palm branch; LB in field. Milne-.	250ñ350	500ñ800	1250ñ1750

Galerius, A.D. 305ñ311

Caesar: A.D. 293ñ305 (under Diocletian)

Augustus: A.D. 305ñ306 (with Constantius I) A.D. 306ñ311 (various arrangements)

2785

SON-IN-LAW OF DIOCLETIAN

HUSBAND OF GALERIA VALERIA

UNCLE OF MAXIMINUS II DAIA

FATHER-IN-LAW OF MAXENTIUS

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

Caesar:	GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES
	MAXIMIANVS CAES(AR)
	MAXIMIANVS NOB C(AES)
Augustus:	GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
	IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
	IMP (C) MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
	MAXIMIANVS (P F) AVG
Deified:	DIVO GAL VAL MAXIMIANO (AVG) (under Licinius)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO (under Licinius)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO (IVN) AVG (under Maxentius)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO MAXIMINVS AVG FIL (under Maximinus II)
	DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO MAXENTIVS AVG (under Maxentius)
	IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO (under Maxentius)

Note: The inscriptions of Maximian and Galerius are easily confused on both lifetime (Galerius as Augustus) and posthumous issues.

Pre-reform: c. A.D. 293/4ñ294

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Galerius (as Caesar)

2788	Billon Aurelianianus obv Rad. bust r.	15ñ25	50ñ75	100ñ150
2789	ó rev Aeternitas Avgg, elephant with driver r. RIC V/2 676.	50ñ75	200ñ250	400ñ600
2790	ó rev Avspic FEL, Liberalitas stg. 1., hldg. tessera and caduceus, child at feet. RIC V/2 693.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200

Galerius (as Caesar)

2791	ó rev Praesidia Reipvblic, Constantius and Galerius stg., facing each other, hldg. Victory on globe, captive betw. RIC V/2 716.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2792	Billon Denarius	100ñ150	300ñ400	700ñ1000
2793	Billon Quinarius	100ñ150	300ñ400	500ñ800

Note: All of Galeriusí gold coins were struck in 293 or later and are listed in subsequent sections.

Post-reform: c. A.D. 293/4ñ305

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Galerius (as Caesar)

2794	AV Aureus	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000
2795	ó rev Fortvnae Redvci, turreted, veiled hd. of the Tyche of Antioch(?) r. RIC VI Ant 23b.	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000	ó
2796	ó rev Marti Propvgnatori, helm., cuir. bust r. of Mars. RIC VI Trev 62ñ3.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2797	ó rev Providentia Avgg or Virtvs Militvm, campgate, doors open. RIC VI Rom 6b,8b.	700ñ1000	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2798	ó rev SIC X SIC XX COS IIII in three lines in wreath. RIC VI Trev 82.	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2799	ó rev Soli Invicto, rad., dr. bust r. of Sol. RIC VI Trev 83, Nic l7, Ant 26.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2800	ó rev VOT X Caess in three lines in wreath with eagle at base. RIC VI Aqu 5b,6.	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2801	AV Quinarius rev Oriens Avgvstor, Sol stg. 1., hldg. whip and raising r. hand. RIC VI Sis 31b.	900ñ1200	2000ñ3000	5000ñ8000
2802	ó rev Virtvs Avgg, Hercules stg. facing, hldg. bow and lionís skin, leaning on club. RIC VI Rom 9. Note: At about 2.8g., this is half a c. 5.4g. aureus.	900ñ1200	2000ñ3000	5000ñ8000
2803	AV Quarter-Aureus rev Votis X SIC XX in four lines in wreath. RIC VI Trev 99. Note: Probably a donative piece, this irregular denomination was struck for the tenth anniversary of the First Tetrar-chy. The only recorded example weighs 1.25g.
2804	AR Argenteus	100ñ150	250ñ350	700ñ1000
2805	ó rev Victoriae Sarmaticae, campgate. RIC VI Sis 10.	150ñ200	400ñ600	1250ñ1750

Galerius (as Caesar)

2806	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Ant 43b.	100ñ150	300ñ400	900ñ1200
2807	ó rev XCVI and mint mark in wreath. RIC VI Tic 2lb,22, Aqu 17b. Note: XCVI (= 96), indicates how many argentei were struck to the Roman pound.	150ñ200	300ñ400	1000ñ1500
2808	Billon Nummus (c. 26ñ31mm). Illustrated p. 499.	15ñ25	20ñ40	50ñ75
2809	ó rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. L, hldg. patera and cornucopia, K-V in field. RIC VI Ant 55b. Note: See no. 2686 for details about the value-marker K-V.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2810	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. facing, leaning on club, hldg. three apples and lionís skin. RIC VI Sis 166.	5ñ15	50ñ75	150ñ200
2811	ó rev Iovi Cons Caes, Jupiter stg. 1., hldg. Victory on globe and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 43ñ4.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2812	Billon or Æ Quinarius(?) (c. 15ñ18mm) rev Principi Ivventvtis, Galerius, in military garb, stg. r., hldg. spear and globe or stg. 1., hldg. standard, another to r. RIC VI Rom 53ñ61. Note: The reverse inscription is abbreviated different ways.	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2813	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev Mvltis X(X) or SIC X SIC XX or VOT X SIC XX or VOT XX Caess or VOT XX SIC XXX in wreath. RIC VI Trev 562ff. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2814	Æ Post-Reform ëHeavyí Radiate (c. 24ñ25mm) obv Rad., dr. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Galerius stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Cyz 14b. Note: This extremely rare ëprototypeí issue (c. 5.0ñ6.5g.) was abandoned in favor of the smaller, lighter issue (c. 3.0g.) described below.	150ñ200	400ñ600	1500ñ2000
2815	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) As prev., but rev inscr. Concordiae Avgg or Concordia Militvm. RIC VI Tic 26, Her 16ff.	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2816	ó rev VOT X (or XX) and officina letter in wreath. RIC VI Tic 39ñ42, Rom 87ñ9ff.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2817	Æ Post-Reform Laureate (c. 15ñ18mm) rev Vtilitas Pvblica, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. 1., hands in gown. RIC VI Tic 28b, Rom 49b.	50ñ75	100ñ150	200ñ300
2818	ó rev Marti Propvgnatori, Mars adv. r., hldg. spear and shield. RIC VI Sis 93.	70ñ100	150ñ200	300ñ400

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Galerius (as Augustus)

2819	AV Aureus	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000
2820	ó rev X Maximiani Avg and mint mark in five lines in wreath with mint-monogram of Nicomedia (NIK in ligature) at top. RIC VI Nic 38.	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2821	AR Argenteus	200ñ300	500ñ800	1500ñ2000
2822	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Trev 635, Ser lib.	250ñ350	500ñ800	1750ñ2250
2823	AR Half-Argenteus rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Trev 757.	200ñ300	500ñ800	1250ñ1750
2824	Billon Nummus (c. 23ñ27mm)	15ñ25	20ñ40	50ñ75
2825	ó obv Cuir. half-bust 1., wearing laur. and plumed helm., hldg. spear (or scepter) and shield rev Virtvs Avgg ET Caess N N, Galerius on horseback r., hldg. shield and spearing kneeling foe, trampling one or two others. RIC VI Aqu 66ff.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2826	ó rev Iovi Cons Caes, Jupiter stg. 1., hldg. Victory on globe and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 54ñ5.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2827	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate without doors. RIC VI Cyz 39.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2828	ó rev Temporvm Felicitas, Felicitas stg. 1., leaning on long caduceus, hldg. cornucopia. RIC VI Lug 282.	5ñ15	50ñ75	150ñ200
2829	Billon Quarter-Nummus (c. 17ñ20mm) rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 169b. Note: At c. 1.5ñ2.3g., this is one-fourth of the related nummus of c. 8.0ñ10.0g.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2830	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev VOT XX Avgg in wreath. RIC VI Trev 682b. Note: This may be a quinarius.	70ñ100	200ñ300	500ñ800
2831	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) obv Rad. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Galerius stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 59b.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100

Galeriusí head is right-facing, veiled and sometimes also laureate.

Galerius (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2832	Billon Nummus (c. 23ñ26mm), under Maxentius. rev Aeterna(e) Memoria(e), domed shrine with four or six columns, doors open, surmounted by eagle. RIC VI Rom 246ff, Ost 30ñ1.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2833	ó, under Licinius I. rev Forti Fortvnae, Fortuna stg. 1. by wheel, hldg. rudder on globe and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 205ff.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2834	ó. rev Mem Divi Maximiani, domed shrine with closed doors surmounted by eagle. RIC VI Thes 48.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2835	ó, under Maximinus II. rev Aeternae Memoriae Gal(eri) Maximiani, lighted altar, the front decorated with garland and eagle. RIC VI Cyz 75, Ale 133ff.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300

Galerius (Provincial Coinage)

2836

Billon Tetradrachm of Alexandria, as Caesar.

5ñ15

15ñ25

50ñ75

Galeria Valeria

Augusta, A.D. 293(?)ñ311

WIFE OF GALERIUS

DAUGHTER OF DIOCLETIAN

Obverse inscription:

Augusta:

GAL VALERIA AVG

Busts are right-facing, diademed, wearing drapery or embroidered robe and sometimes upon a crescent.

Galeria Valeria (as Augusta)

2837	AV Aureus, under Galerius, rev Veneri Victrici, Venus stg. facing, hd. 1., hldg. apple and raising dr. of gown over shoulder. RIC VI Sis 196, Nic 53, Ant 50.	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000	50,000 +
2838	ó As prev., but Σ (retrograde) in rev field. RIC VI Ser 32ñ4, Thes 29. Note: The Σ indicates these aurei were struck at the heavy weight of 60 to the Roman pound (c. 5.4g.).	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000	50,000+

Galeria Valeria (as Augusta)

2839	ó As 2837, but at end of rev inscr. NIK (in ligature) VL (in ligature) XC. RIC VI Nic 47. Note: The meaning of the numerical formula (VL XC) which follows the monogram of Nicomedia is unknown, but it may relate to how the aureus was valued in comparison to argentei and nummi.	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000	50,000 +
2840	Billon Nummus (c. 26ñ30mm), ó. As 2837. RIC VI Sis 204,10ñ11, Ser 41ñ3. Illustrated p. 503.	20ñ40	50ñ75	150ñ200
2841	ó As prev., but at end of rev inscr. CMH (in ligature). RIC VI Nic 57ñ8. Note: Like the numerical formula on the aureus of Nicomedia listed above, the meaning of CMH is uncertain.	20ñ40	50ñ75	150ñ200
2842	ó (c. 23ñ24mm), ó. As 2840, but smaller. Note: The smallest examples were struck at Alexandria.	20ñ40	50ñ75	150ñ200

Constantius I, ëChlorus,í A.D. 305ñ306

Caesar: A.D. 293ñ305 (under Maximian)

Augustus: A.D. 305ñ306 (with Galerius)

HUSBAND OF HELENA AND THEODORA

FATHER OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (BY HELENA) AND CONSTANTIA (w. OF LICINIUS I; BY THEODORA)

SON-IN-LAW OF MAXIMIAN

GRANDFATHER OF CRISPUS, CONSTANTINE II, CONSTANTIUS II, CONSTANS, CONSTANTIUS GALLUS, JULIAN II, DELMATIUS, HANNIBALLIANUS, LICINIUS II AND NEPOTIAN

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

Caesar:	CONSTANTIVS CAES
	CONSTANTIVS NOB C(AES)
	FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C(AES)
Augustus:	CONSTANTIVS (P F) AVG
	IMP C CONSTANTIVS (P F) AVG
Deified:	DIVO CONSTANTIO (under Constantine I)
	DIVO CONSTANTIO AVG (OR PIO) (under Maxentius or Constantine I)
	DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRINC(IP or IPI) (under Constantine I)
	IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO CONSTANTIO ADFINI (or COGN) (under Maxentius)

Pre-reform: c. A.D. 293/4ñ294

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Constantius I (as Caesar)

2843	Billon Aurelianianus obv Rad. bust r.	15ñ25	50ñ75	100ñ150
2844	ó rev Avspic FEL, Liberalitas stg. 1., hldg. tessera and caduceus, child at feet. RIC V/2 649.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2845	ó rev Praesidia Reipvblic, Constantius and Galerius stg., facing each other, hldg. Victory on globe, captive betw. RIC V/2 671.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2846	ó rev Virtvs Avgg, Hercules, hldg. apple and club, stg. beneath tree round which snake is entwined. RIC V/2 670. Note: This rare type shows Hercules in the garden of the Hesperides.	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2847	ó rev Vndiqve Victores, Constantius stg. 1., hldg. scepter and Victory on globe. RIC V/2 645.	20ñ40	70ñ100	150ñ200
2848	Billon Denarius	100ñ150	300ñ400	700ñ1000
2849	Billon Quinarius	100ñ150	300ñ400	500ñ800

Note: All of Constantiusí gold coins were struck in 293 or later and are listed in subsequent sections.

Pre-reform: c. A.D. 293/4ñ305

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Constantius I (as Caesar)

2850	AV Medallion of Ten Aurei rev Redditor Lvcis Aeternae, Constantius, hldg. spear, riding on horseback toward fig. (below which is inscr. LON) kneeling with open arms before the walls of London; galley with soldiers on the Thames below. RIC VI Trev 34. Note: This famous medallion was struck to celebrate the defeat of Allectus and the recovery of Britain.	ó	ó	ó
2851	AV Aureus	900ñ1200	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2852	ó rev Comites Avgg ET Caess N N N N, the Dioscuri stg. facing., hldg. r., stars above, each hid. scepter. RIC VI Aqu 1.	1000ñ1500	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000
2853	ó rev Fortvnae Redvci, turreted, veiled hd. of the Tyche of Antioch(?) r. RIC VI Ant 23a.	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000	20,000ñ30,000
2854	ó rev Hercvli Debellat or Virtvti Avgg, Hercules fighting the Lernean Hydra. RIC VI Sis 3, Trev 92.	1000ñ1500	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000

Constantius I (as Caesar)

2855	ó rev Marti Propvgnatori, helm., cuir. bust r. of Mars. RIC VI Trev 61.	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000
2856	ó rev Pacatores Gentivm, Constantius in facing quadriga led by soldier. RIC VI Trev 67ñ8.	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000
2857	ó rev Providentia Avgg or Virtvs Militvm, campgate, doors open. RIC VI Rom 6a,8a.	1000ñ1500	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000
2858	ó rev VOT X Caess in three lines in wreath with eagle at base. RIC VI Aqu 5a.	1000ñ1500	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000
2859	AV Quinarius rev Oriens Avgvstor, Sol stg. 1., hldg. whip and raising r. hand. RIC VI Sis 31a.	900ñ1200	2000ñ3000	5000ñ8000
2860	AR Argenteus	100ñ150	250ñ350	700ñ1000
2861	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Ant 34a ff. Illustrated p. 504.	100ñ150	300ñ400	900ñ1200
2862	ó rev XCVI and mint mark in wreath. RIC VI Tic 21a, Aqu 17a. Note: XCVI (= 96), indicates how many argentei were struck to the Roman pound.	150ñ200	300ñ400	1000ñ1500
2863	AR Half-Argenteus rev VOT X SIC XX four lines in wreath. RIC VI Trev 134.	200ñ300	500ñ800	1500ñ2000
2864	Billon Nummus (c. 26ñ31mm)	15ñ25	20ñ40	50ñ75
2865	ó obv Laur., dr. bust 1., club over r. shoulder, hd. of lionís skin at 1. shoulder rev Various types.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2866	ó rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia, K-V in field. RIC VI Ant 55a. Note: See no. 2686 for details about the value-marker K-V.	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2867	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. facing, leaning on club, hldg. three apples and lionís skin. RIC VI Sis 176c,7b.	5ñ15	50ñ75	150ñ200
2868	Billon or Æ Quinarius(?) (c. 15ñ18mm) rev Principi Ivventvtis, Constantius, in military garb, stg. r. or 1., variously hldg. standard, spear and/or globe. RIC VI Rom 50ñ61. Note: The reverse inscription is abbreviated several ways.	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2869	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev Votis X SIC XX or VOT XX Caess or VOT XX SIC XXX in wreath. RIC VI Trev 571ff. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600

Constantius I (as Caesar)

2870	Æ Post-Reform ëHeavyí Radiate (c. 24ñ25mm) obv Rad., dr. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Constantius stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Cyz 14a. Note: This extremely rare ëprototypeí issue (c. 5.0ñ6.5g.) was abandoned in favor of the smaller, lighter issue (c. 3.0g.) described below.	150ñ200	400ñ600	1500ñ2000
2871	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) As prev., but rev inscr. Concordiae Avgg or Concordia Militvm. RIC VI Tic 26, Her 15ff.	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2872	ó rev VOT X (or XX) and officina letter in wreath. RIC VI Tic 39ñ42, Rom 87ñ9ff.	15ñ25	30ñ50	80ñ120
2873	Æ Post-Reform Laureate (c. 15ñ18mm) rev Vtilitas Pvblica, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. 1., hands in gown. RIC VI Tic 28a, Rom 49a.	50ñ75	100ñ150	200ñ300

Constantius I (as Augustus)

2874	AV Aureus	900ñ1200	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2875	ó rev X Constanti Avg and mint mark in five lines in wreath with mint-monogram of Nicomedia (NIK in ligature) at top. RIC VI Nic 37.	1000ñ1500	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000
2876	AR Argenteus	200ñ300	500ñ800	1500ñ2000
2877	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Ser 11a.	250ñ350	500ñ800	1750ñ2250
2878	Billon Nummus (c. 25ñ27mm)	15ñ25	20ñ40	50ñ75
2879	ó obv Cuir. half-bust 1., wearing laur. and plumed helm., hldg. spear (or scepter) and shield rev Virtvs Avgg ET Caess N N, Constantius on horseback r., hldg. shield and spearing kneeling foe, trampling another. RIC VI Aqu 66a.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2880	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. facing, leaning on club, hldg. three apples, lionís skin dr. from elbow. RIC VI Ale 53.	5ñ15	50ñ75	150ñ200
2881	Billon or Æ Quinarius(?) (c. 15ñ18mm) rev Iovi Conservat Avgg, Jupiter stg. 1., hldg. thunderbolt and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Rom 125,7.	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2882	ó rev Virtvs Avgg, Hercules stg. r., leaning on club. RIC VI Rom 128.	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2883	Billon Quarter-Nummus (c. 17ñ20mm) rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 167ñ9a. Note: At about 1.52.3g., this is one-fourth of the related nummus of c. 8.0ñ10.0g.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200

Constantius I (as Augustus)

2884	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev VOT XX Avgg (NN) in wreath. RIC VI Trev 682,4. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2885	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) obv Rad. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Constantius stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 59a.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100

Except where noted, Constantiusí head is right-facing, veiled and sometimes laureate or laureate and cuirassed.

Constantius I (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2886	AV Aureus, under Constantine the Great, obv Divvs Constantivs, bare hd. r. rev Consecratio, four-level pyre surmounted by Constantius, as Sol, in quadriga. RIC VI Trev 809.	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000
2887	Billon Nummus (c. 27ñ30mm), ó. obv Laur. halfbust r., wearing consular robes, hldg. olive branch and mappa rev Consecratio, eagle, wings spread, stg. r., sometimes on altar. RIC VI Lug 202,51.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350
2888	ó, (c. 25ñ28mm), ó. rev Memoria Felix, altar betw. two eagles or with one eagle on top. RIC VI Trev 789, Lug 264' 8. Note: There are several varieties of this reverse type.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2889	ó. rev As prev., but tetrastyle temple with eagle stg. within. RIC VI Lug 269.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2890	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 18mm), ó. As 2888. RIC VI Trev 790. Note: At c. 1.75ñ2.5g., these are associated with nummi weighing 5.0ñ7.0g.	30ñ50	70ñ100	200ñ300
2891	Billon or Æ Nummus (c. 19mm), ó, c. 317ñ8. rev Reqvies Optimor(vm) Merit(orvm), Constantius std. 1. on curule chair, hldg. scepter and raising r. hand. RIC VII Rom 105. Note: This and the following three coins were struck about a decade after the previously listed pieces, by which time the module for the nummus had declined.	5ñ15	30ñ50	100ñ150
2892	Billon or Æ Half- or Quarter-Nummus (c. 14ñ17mm), ó. As prev., but rev inscr. Reqvies Optimorvm Meritorvm. RIC VII Rom 108.	5ñ15	30ñ50	100ñ150
2893	ó. rev Memoriae Aeternae, eagle stg. r. or 1. RIC VII Rom 114,8.	5ñ15	30ñ50	100ñ150
2894	ó. rev As prev, but. lion adv. r. or 1., sometimes club above. RIC VII Rom 121,4,7.	5ñ15	30ñ50	150ñ200

Constantius I (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2895	Billon Nummus (c. 24ñ26mm), under Maxentius. rev Aeterna(e) Memoria(e), domed shrine of four or six columns, doors open, surmounted by eagle. RIC VI Rom 245,52, Ost 27ñ9.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2896	ó. rev Mem(oria) Divi Constanti, domed shrine or square altar-enclosure with arched double doors (closed), eagle with spread wings stg. on top. RIC VI Tic 96ñ7, Aqu 127.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200

Constantius I (Provincial Coinage)

2897

Billon Tetradrachm of Alexandria, as Caesar.

5ñ15

15ñ25

50ñ75

Helena

Nobilissima Femina, A.D. 317(?)ñ324

Augusta, A.D. 324ñ328/30

FIRST WIFE(?) OF CONSTANTIUS I

MOTHER OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT

GRANDMOTHER OF CRISPUS, CONSTANTINE II, CONSTANTIUS II, CONSTANS, CONSTANTINA (w. OF HANNIBALLIANUS & CONSTANTIUS GALLUS) AND HELENA THE YOUNGER (w. OF JULIAN II)

Obverse inscriptions:

Nob. Fem.:	HELENA N F
Augusta:	FL HELENA AVGVSTA
Deified:	FL IVL HELENAE AVG

Helenaís bust is right-facing and draped; it is also diademed on Augusta and consecration issues.

Helena (as Nobilissima Femina)

2898

Billon Æ3 (nummus), under Constantine the Great, 318ñ9. rev Star in wreath. RIC VII Thes 48, 50. Note: Struck only at Thessalonica. Illustrated p. 509.

70ñ100

200ñ300

400ñ600

Helena (as Augusta)

2899	AV Medallion of Two Solidi, ó, 324ñ5, rev Secvritas Reipvblice, Pax, stg. r., hldg. branch. RIC VII Tic 177.	20,000ñ30,000	50,000ñ80,000	ó
2900	AV Solidus, ó. As prev. RIC VII Tic 183.	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000	30,000ñ50,000
2901	Billon Æ3 (nummus), ó. As prev. RIC VII Tri 458, etc.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100
2902	ó. obv No inscr., diad. bust r., wearing embroidered robe rev FL Helena Avgvsta in three lines, star-in-crescent above. RIC VII Ant 61. Note: From a series of ?s struck at Antioch honoring six members of Constantineís family.	50ñ75	150ñ200	400ñ600

Helena (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2903

Billon Æ4 (nummus), under the sons of Constantine the Great, 337ñ340. rev PAX Pvblica, Pax, stg. 1., hldg. branch and scepter. RIC VIII Con 33, etc.

15ñ25

30ñ50

70ñ100

Note: For an anonymous silver piece which likely portrays Helena, see no. 3052 under Constantinian Era Commemoratives in the next chapter.

Theodora

Augusta, posthumously(?)

SECOND WIFE OF CONSTANTIUS I

STEP-DAUGHTER OF MAXIMIAN

GRANDMOTHER OF DELMATIUS, HANNIBALLIANUS, CONSTANTIUS GALLUS, JULIAN II, AND NEPOTIAN

Theodora (Posthumous Commemorative)

2904

Billon Æ4 (nummus), under the sons of Constantine the Great, 337ñ340. obv FL Max Theodorae Avg, diad., dr. bust r. rev Pietas Romana, Pietas stg. r., hldg. child. RIC VIII Tri 65, etc. Illustrated above.

15ñ25

50ñ75

100ñ150

Severus II, A.D. 306ñ307

Caesar: A.D. 305ñ306 (under Galerius)

Augustus: A.D. 306ñ307 (with Galerius)

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

Caesar:	FL VAL SEVERVS NOB C(AES)
	SEVERVS NOB C(AES)
	SEVERVS NOB(ILISSIMVS) CAESAR
Augustus:	IMP C SEVERVS P F AVG
	SEVERVS AVG(VSTVS)

As Caesar, except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed. As Augustus, except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Severus II (as Caesar)

2905	AV Aureus. Illustrated above.	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000	12,000ñ18,000
2906	Billon Nummus (c. 25ñ27mm)	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2907	ó obv Cuir. half-bust 1., wearing laur. and plumed helm., hldg. spear (or scepter) and shield rev Virtvs Avgg ET Caess N N, Severus on horseback r., hldg. shield and spearing kneeling foe, trampling another. RIC VI Aqu 68a.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2908	ó As prev., but rev type Severus, in military garb, stg. facing, hldg. Victory; spear, shield and captive at his sides. RIC VI Aqu 73a.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2909	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. facing, leaning on club, hldg. three apples, lionís skin dr. from elbow. RIC VI Ale 62.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2910	ó rev Perpetvitas Avgg, Roma std. 1. on shield, hldg. scepter and Victory on globe. RIC VI Ale 56.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2911	Billon or Æ Quinarius(?) (c. 15ñ18mm) rev Principi Ivventvtis, Severus, in military garb, stg. r., hldg. spear and globe or stg. 1., hldg. two standards. RIC VI Rom 125,7.	70ñ100	250ñ350	500ñ800
2912	Billon Quarter-Nummus (c. 17ñ20mm) rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 170a,71a. Note: At about 1.5ñ2.3g., this is one-fourth of the related nummus of c. 8.0ñ10.0g.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200

Severus II (as Caesar)

2913	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev VOT XX Avgg or VOT X Caess (NN) in wreath. RIC VI Trev 683,5a,7. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2914	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) obv Rad. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Galerius stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 60a.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100
2915	Æ Post-Reform Laureate (c. 14mm) rev Vtilitas Pvblica, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. 1., hands in gown. RIC VI Rom 129a. Note: Struck c. 305, this post-reform laureate is of a smaller module than those of the First Tetrarchy; no. 2940 is a companion piece.	50ñ75	100ñ150	250ñ350

Severus II (as Augustus)

2916	AV Aureus	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000
2917	ó rev Felicitas Saecvli Avgg N N, two Victories stg., together hldg. wreath with VIC Avgg within. RIC VI Aqu 74.	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000	15,000ñ20,000
2918	ó rev Virtvs Avgg ET Caess. Severus adv. r., hldg. trophy over shoulder, dragging captive, another captive at feet in front. RIC VI Sis 153.	1500ñ2000	5000ñ8000	12,000ñ18,000
2919	AR Argenteus rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Ser 21.	400ñ600	1250ñ1750	3000ñ5000
2920	Billon Nummus (c. 25ñ27mm)	15ñ25	30ñ50	100ñ150
2921	ó As 2907. RIC VI Aqu 81b.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2922	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 19ñ22mm) obv Rad. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Galerius stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 84.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100

Maximinus II ëDaiaí A.D. 310ñ313

Caesar: A.D. 305ñ309 (under Galerius)

Filius Augustorum: A.D. 309ñ310 (under Galerius)

Augustus: A.D. 310ñ313 (various arrangements)

NEPHEW OF GALERIUS

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

Caesar:	GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C(AES)
	MAXIMINVS NOB C(AES)
Filius Aug:	MAXIMINVS FIL AVGG
Augustus:	IMP C GAL(ER) VAL MAXIMINVS P F AVG
	IMP MAXIMINVS (P F) AVG
	MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS

As Caesar, except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed. As Filius Augustorum, busts are right-facing and laureate. As Augustus, except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Maximinus II (as Caesar)

2923	AV Aureus	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2924	ó rev Principi Ivventvt, Maximinus, in military garb, stg. 1. betw. two standards, saluting and leaning on scepter. RIC VI Rom 149.	900ñ1200	2000ñ2500	6,000ñ9,000
2925	AR Argenteus rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Ser 22.	400ñ600	1000ñ1500	2000ñ3000
2926	AR Half-Argenteus rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Trev 763.	300ñ400	500ñ800	1500ñ2000
2927	Billon Nummus (c. 25ñ27mm)	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2928	ó obv Helm., cuir. half-bust 1., hldg. spear and shield decorated with riders and captives rev Maximinvs Nobilissimvs Caesar, Maximinus, in military garb, stg. facing, hd. 1., hldg. globe (sometimes surmounted by Victory) and leaning on scepter; altar at 1. RIC VI Ant 120,35.	30ñ50	80ñ120	400ñ600
2929	ó obv As prev. rev Soli Invicto, Sol stg. in fast facing quadriga, two horses each in opposite directions. RIC VI Ant 140,5.	70ñ100	200ñ300	500ñ800

Maximinus II (as Caesar)

2930	ó obv Cuir. half-bust I., wearing laur. and plumed helm., hldg. spear (or scepter) and shield rev Virtvs Avgg ET Caess N N, Maximinus on horseback r., hldg. shield and spearing kneeling foe, trampling another. RIC VI Aqu 68b. Note: Similarly ornate right-facing busts exist (Aqu 86ñ8).	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2931	ó As prev., but rev Maximinus, in military garb, stg. facing, hldg. Victory; at his sides a spear, shield and captive. RIC VI Aqu 73b.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2932	ó rev Concord Imperii, Concordia, wearing modius, stg. facing, hd. 1., hldg. scepter and end of gown. RIC VI Ale 52.	20ñ40	50ñ75	150ñ200
2933	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. r., leaning on club dr. with lionís skin. RIC VI Ant 152. Note: About 23mm.	20ñ40	50ñ75	150ñ200
2934	ó rev Iovi Propagat Orbis Terrarvm, Maximinus, togate, stg. r., being crowned by Victory which stands on globe he holds. RIC VI Ant 134. Note: The reverse inscription, meaning ëto the Jovian enlarger of the entire world,í is optimistic.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2935	ó rev Temporvm Felicitas, Felicitas stg. 1., leaning on long caduceus, hldg. cornucopia. RIC VI Lug 284.	20ñ40	50ñ75	150ñ200
2936	ó rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate without doors. RIC VI Cyz 40.	100ñ150	400ñ600	900ñ1200
2937	Billon Quarter-Nummus (c. 17ñ20mm) rev Genio Popvli Romani, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 170b,71b. Note: At about 1.5ñ2.3g., this is one-fourth of the related nummus of c. 8.0ñ10.0g.	15ñ25	30ñ50	150ñ200
2938	Billon or Æ Nummus Fraction(?) (c. 13ñ15mm) rev Vot X Caess (NN) in wreath. RIC VI Trev 685a,6,8. Note: These may be quinarii.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2939	Æ Post-Reform Radiate (c. 20ñ22mm) obv Laur. bust r. rev Concordia Militvm, Galerius stg. at 1., ree. Victory on globe from Jupiter, stg. at r., leaning on scepter. RIC VI Ale 60b. Note: Though clearly part of the ëradiateí series, its bust is laureate.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100
2940	Æ Post-Reform Laureate (c. 14mm) rev Vtilitas Pvblica, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. 1., hands in gown. RIC VI Rom 129b. Note: Struck c. 305, this post-reform laureate is of a smaller module than those of the First Tetrarchy; see no. 2915.	50ñ75	100ñ150	250ñ350

Maximinus II (as Filius Augustorum)

2941	Billon Nummus (c. 24ñ26mm) rev Genio Avgvsti, Genius stg. 1., hldg. patera and cornucopia. RIC VI Sis 200a.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2942	ó. As prev., but rev inscr. Genio Caesaris. RIC VI Thes 32a.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2943	ó. rev Virtvti Exercitvs, Virtus adv. r., resting trophy on shoulder, hldg. spear. RIC VI Thes 39a.	30ñ50	100ñ150	300ñ400

Note: Listed above is every issue struck by Maximinus II Daia with the obverse inscription Maximinvs Fil Avgg, which indicates his rank of Filius Augustorum. His and Constantine the Greatís companion issues were struck only at Siscia and Thessalonica.

Maximinus II (as Augustus)

2944	AV Aureus	900ñ1200	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2945	ó obv Laur. half-bust r., wearing consular robes, raising r. hand and hldg. scepter rev Consvl P P Proconsvl, Maximinus stg., hldg. globe and baton. RIC VI Nic 62.	1250ñ1750	3000ñ5000	8,000ñ12,000
2946	ó rev Soli (or Sole) Invicto, Sol stg. 1., raising r. hand and hldg. hd. of Serapis or Victory on globe. RIC VI Ant 159ñ60, Ale 132.	900ñ1200	2000ñ2500	6,000ñ9,000
2947	ó rev Votis X Sic ET XX and mint mark in five lines in wreath. RIC VI Ant 130.	1000ñ1500	2000ñ3000	7000ñ10,000
2948	Billon Argenteus obv Rad., dr. cuir. half-bust 1., raising r. hand, hldg. globe rev Soli Invicto Comiti, Sol in facing quadriga, two horses each facing in opposite directions. RIC VI Trier 826. Note: About 25% pure.	30ñ50	150ñ200	300ñ400
2949	Billon Nummus (c. 23ñ25mm).	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2950	ó, (c. 20ñ22mm) Illustrated p. 513.	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2951	ó rev Hercvli Victori, Hercules stg. facing, hd. 1., leaning on club dr. with lionís skin, sometimes hldg. lionís skin and three apples. RIC VI Her 77, Nic 68,75.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100
2952	ó rev Soli Invicto, Sol stg. 1., raising r. hand and hldg. hd. of Serapis. RIC VI Her 78.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100
2953	ó rev Spqr Optimo Principi, legionary eagle betw. two standards, surmounted by hand and wreath. RIC VI Ost 95ff.	15ñ25	30ñ50	70ñ100

PAGAN COINAGE OF THE GREAT PERSECUTION

Though formerly attributed to the period of Julian II, these pieces were struck c. 305ñ313 as part of The Great Persecution of Christians in the east by Diocletian, Galerius and Maximinus II Daia. Though the persecution of Christians had occured under many previous regimes since the 1st Century, it was pursued assiduously by the Tetrarchs. Indeed, it was only halted (it would seem) when they determined that it was working to the advantage of Constantine the Great, who embraced the religion as a result. Associated with the persecution is a series of ëautonomousí coins struck at the cities of Antioch, Nicomedia and Alexandria. The bulk of these coins were probably struck c. 310ñ312 under Galerius or Maximinus Daia (though the issues of Nicomedia can perhaps be attributed to Galeria Valeria, the second wife of Galerius). The issues of Alexandria occur in two denominations and celebrate Serapis and Nilus. With the voluminous issues of Antioch we find a variety of mint marks, officinae and control marks, which suggest the output was large and complex. Depicted on the issues of Antioch are some of the cityís most famous statues: the Tyche erected by Eutychides (a pupil of Lysippus), the Apollo by Bryaxis of Athens, and possibly the Zeus Nikephoros of the Temple of Apollo at Daphne which Antiochus IV commissioned for his great festival of 167 b.c.

Pagan Coinage of The Great Persecution

2954	Æ Quarter-Nummus (c. 14ñ16mm) of Antioch obv Genio Antiocheni, the Tyche of Antioch std., facing; the river-god Orontes below rev Apolloni Sancto, Apollo stg. 1., hldg. lyre and patera, SMA in ex.; Greek letters sometimes in field.	15ñ25	20ñ40	70ñ100
2955	ó. obv Iovi Conservatori, Jupiter std. 1., hldg. globe and scepter rev Victoria Avgg, Victory adv. 1., hldg. wreath and palm branch, ANT (or SMA) in ex.; Greek letters sometimes in field. Illustrated above.	15ñ25	20ñ40	70ñ100
2956	ó. obv Genio Civitatis, dr., veiled and turreted bust r. of the Tyche of Antioch rev Apolloni Sancto, Apollo stg. L, hldg. lyre and patera, SMA in ex.; Greek letters sometimes in field.	50ñ75	200ñ300	ó
2957	ó. As prev., but no inscr. or mint mark. Note: Possibly a tessera.	70ñ100	250ñ350	ó
2958	ó, of Nicomedia obv Deae Sanc Cereri, diad., dr. and veiled bust 1. of Ceres, hldg. grain ears in r. hand rev Gen Civit Nicom, Genius of Nicomedia, wearing modius, stg. l., hldg. cornucopia and rudder, OPA in ex.	100ñ150	300ñ400	ó

Pagan Coinage of The Great Persecution

2959	ó, of Alexandria obv Deo Sancto Serapidi, hd. r. of Serapis, wearing modius with floral arrangement rev Deo Sancto Nilo, Nilus reel, r., hldg. cornucopia and reed, ALE in ex.; Greek letter sometimes in field.	30ñ50	150ñ200	ó
2960	Æ Eighth-Nummus (c. 11ñ12mm), ó. Sim. to prev., but inscr. abbreviated.	30ñ50	100ñ150	ó

Maxentius, A.D. 307ñ312

Princeps and Caesar: A.D. 306ñ307

Augustus: A.D. 307ñ308 (with Maximian and Constantine I) A.D. 308ñ312 (sole reign)

SON OF MAXIMIAN

BROTHER OF FAUSTA

FATHER OF ROMULUS

SON-IN-LAW OF GALERIUS AND GALERIA VALERIA

BROTHER-IN-LAW OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT

Examples of obverse inscriptions:

Princeps:	D N MAXENTIVS PRINC
	MAXENTIVS PRINC INVICT
Caesar:	M AVR MAXENTIVS NOB CAES
	MAXENTIVS NOB C
Augustus:	IMP (C) MAXENTIVS P F AVG
	IMP MAXENTIVS P F AVG CONS (II)
	MAXENTIVS P F AVG

As Princeps and Caesar, busts are right-facing and laureate. As Augustus, except where noted, busts are right-facing and laureate, often draped and/or cuirassed.

Maxentius (as Princeps and Caesar)

2961	AV Aureus	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000	35,000+
2962	ó rev Hercvli Comiti Avgg Et Caess NN, Hercules stg. r., hldg. bow and lionís skin and leaning on club. RIC VI Rom 137,47.	4000ñ6000	10,000ñ15,000	35,000+

Maxentius (as Princeps and Caesar)

2963	AR Argenteus rev Virtvs Militvm, campgate. RIC VI Rom 153.	1000ñ1500	3000ñ5000	7000ñ10,000
2964	Billon Nummus (c. 26ñ29mm)	30ñ50	100ñ150	200ñ300

Note: Maxentius struck as Princeps and as Caesar only at Rome and Carthage. As Augustus he continued to strike at these two mints, as well as at Ticinum, Aquileia and Ostia. Additionally, Constantine the Great struck one issue of nummi for Maxentius at Trier.

Maxentius (as Augustus)

2965	AV Medallion of Eight Aurei obv Bare hd. r. rev Romae Aeternae Victrici Avg N, Roma std. r. on shield, hldg. scepter, presenting globe to Maxentius, stg. at r., wearing consular robes and hldg. scepter. RIC VI Rom 173.	15,000ñ20,000	70,000ñ100,000	200,000 +
2966	AV Medallion of Four Aurei obv Bare hd. 1. rev Principi Imperii Romani, Mars adv. r., trophy over shoulder, hldg. spear and shield. RIC VI Rom 172.	7000ñ10,000	20,000ñ30,000	60,000ñ80,000
2967	AV Medallion of Two Aurei obv Rad. hd. r. rev Hercvli Comiti Avg N, Hercules, laur., stg. r., leaning on club set on rock, hldg. bow., lionís skin dr. over arm. RIC VI Rom 171.	5000ñ8000	10,000ñ15,000	25,000ñ40,000
2968	AV Aureus	4000ñ6000	8,000ñ12,000	20,000ñ30,000
2969	ó obv Full-facing, dr. bust of Maxentius rev Victoria Aeterna Avg N, Victory adv. r., presenting globe to Maxentius, in military garb, std. at r. on cuirass, shield behind. RIC VI Ost 10. Note: This obverse bust type (sometimes also cuirassed) is used with four other reverse types struck at Ostia, all of which are extremely rare.	7000ñ10,000	40,000ñ60,000	125,000 +
2970	ó rev Felix Karthago, Carthago stg. facing, hd. 1., hldg. fruits in both hands. RIC VI Car 47.	4000ñ6000	8,000ñ12,000	20,000ñ30,000
2971	AR Argenteus	500ñ800	1500ñ2000	4000ñ6000
2972	ó rev Marti Propag Imp Avg N, Mars, hldg. scepter, stg. r. clasping hands with female fig., she-wolf and twins betw. RIC VI Rom 189, Ost 11.	700ñ1000	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2973	ó rev Temporvm Felicitas Avg N, she-wolf and twins. RIC VI Rom 190ñ1, Ost 13.	700ñ1000	1750ñ2250	5000ñ8000
2974	Billon Nummus (c. 23ñ27mm). Illustrated p. 517.	5ñ15	20ñ40	50ñ75
2975	ó obv Laur. half-bust r. or 1., wearing consular robes, hldg. eagle-tipped scepter rev Various types.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350
2976	ó obv Laur., cuir. half-bust 1., hldg. shield, spear over shoulder rev Various types.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350

Maxentius (as Augustus)

2977	ó rev Adlocvtio Avg N, Maxentius stg. 1. on platform with officers and captives, addressing soldiers. RIC VI Rom 206,42.	200ñ300	700ñ1000
2978	ó rev Aeternitas Avg N or Saecvli Felic(Itas) Avg N, she-wolf and twins, sometimes betw. Castor and Pollux with their horses. RIC Ost 14ñ20, 51ñ2.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350
2979	ó rev Conservatori Avg N, Hercules wrestling Nemean lion, club behind. RIC VI Rom 214.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350
2980	ó rev Fel Process Cons III Avg N, Maxentius, saluting, stg. in slow, facing quadriga. RIC VI Rom 216,63.	150ñ200	500ñ800
2981	ó As prev., but Maxentius, crowned from above by Victory, in quadriga of elephants 1. RIC VI Rom 215,7.	150ñ200	500ñ800
2982	ó rev Felicitas Pvblica, Felicitas stg. 1., hldg. long caduceus, leaning on column. RIC VI Aqu 101ñ2.	30ñ50	80ñ120	250ñ350
2983	ó rev Marti Comiti Avg N, Maxentius riding 1., saluting and hldg. spear, his horse led by Mars, who holds trophy. RIC VI Rom 218.	200ñ300	700ñ1000	ó
2984	ó rev Marti Patri Conservatori, Mars, nude, stg. r., leaning on spear and resting shield on ground. RIC VI Trev 772c. Note: This issue of Trier is the only one struck for Maxentius by Constantine the Great, and is the only issue in Maxentiusí name struck at a mint not under his control.	150ñ200	500ñ800	ó
2985	ó rev Virtvs Avg N, Maxentius std. 1. on curule chair, crowned from behind by Victory, ree. globe from soldier; another soldier and two standards in background. RIC VI Rom 225.	200ñ300	700ñ1000	ó
2986	Billon Half-Nummus (c. 20mm) obv Various busts rev Victoria Aeterna Avg N, Victory stg. r., inscr. Vot X (or XX or XX FEL) on shield set on column, captive std. behind. RIC VI Rom 227ñ36, Ost 60ñ4. Note: At c. 2.75ñ3.25g., this is half the weight of its associated nummi of c. 5.5ñ7.0g.	15ñ25	50ñ75	150ñ200
2987	ó rev Vot QQ Mvl X (or X FEL or XX or QQ) in four lines in wreath. RIC VI Rom 237ñ8.	20ñ40	70ñ100	200ñ300
2988	Billon Third- or Quarter-Nummus (c. 17ñ19mm) rev Conserv Vrb Svae, hexastyle temple, Roma std. within. RIC VI Rom 278ñ80. Note: At c. 1.75ñ2.5g., these are associated with nummi of c. 5.5ñ7.0g.	20ñ40	100ñ150	250ñ350

Maxentius (as Augustus)

2989	ó rev VOT QQ MVL X (or XX or X FEL) in four lines in wreath. RIC VI Rom 281añc.	20ñ40	100ñ150	250ñ350
2990	ó obv Hd. r., wearing lionís scalp rev VOT X FEL in three lines in wreath. RIC VI Aqu 128, Rom 241.	50ñ75	150ñ200	300ñ400

Romulus

SON OF MAXENTIUS

GRANDSON OF MAXIMIAN AND GALERIUS

NEPHEW OF FAUSTA

Obverse inscriptions:

Deified:	DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS C(ONS)
	DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO MAXENTIVS AVG
	IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO

Except where noted, busts are right-facing and bare-headed.

Romulus (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2991	Billon Nummus (c. 23ñ26mm), under Maxentius. rev Aeterna(E) Memoria(E), domed Temple of Divus Romulus with two doors (one ajar), surmounted by eagle. RIC VI Rom 249,56, Ost 32ñ3. Note: The temple is shown with four or six columns. This building, in the Forum in Rome, still exists.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2992	ó. rev Aeternae Memoriae, domed Sepulchre of Divus Romulus with two doors (one ajar), surmounted by eagle. RIC VI Rom 207,57, Ost 34. Note: The sepulchre is shown without columns. Once located on the Appian Way, it no longer exists. Illustrated above.	70ñ100	150ñ200	400ñ600
2993	Billon Half-Nummus (c. 20mm) As prev. (Sepulchre of Divus Romulus). RIC VI Ost 58ñ9. Note: At c. 2.75ñ3.25g., this is half the weight of its associated nummi of c. 5.5ñ7.0g.	50ñ75	100ñ150	250ñ350
2994	Billon Quarter-Nummus (c. 16ñ19mm) As prev. (Sepulchre of Divus Romulus). RIC VI Rom 226,39. Note: At 2.0g. or a touch heavier, this may be a one-third nummus, for its associated nummi are c. 5.5ñ7.0g.	30ñ50	100ñ150	200ñ300

Romulus (Posthumous Commemoratives)

2995

ó As prev., but obv Bare-headed half-bust r., wearing consular robes. RIC VI Rom 240.

100ñ150

300ñ400

Alexander of Carthage, A.D. 308ñ310

Obverse inscriptions:

Augustus:	IMP ALEXANDER P F AVG (nummi)
	IMP C ALEXANDER P F AVG (aurei)

Busts are right-facing and laureate.

Alexander of Carthage (as Augustus)

2996	AV Aureus rev Invicta Roma Fel Karthago, Carthago stg. facing., hd. 1., hldg. fruit in both hands. RIC VI Car 62.	15,000ñ20,000	30,000ñ50,000	100,000 +
2997	ó rev Invita(sic) Roma Fel Karthago, Roma std. 1. on shield, leaning on scepter and hldg. Victory on globe. RIC VI Car 63.	15,000ñ20,000	30,000ñ50,000	100,000 +
2998	Billon Nummus (c. 20ñ25mm)	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	3000ñ5000
2999	ó rev Africa Avg N, Africa stg. facing, hd. 1., hldg. standard and tusk; at feet lion with captured bull. RIC VI Car 64.	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	3000ñ5000
3000	ó rev Gloria Exercit(Vs) Kart, Alexander, rad., riding r. on horse, saluting. RIC VI Car 65ñ6. Illustrated above.	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000
3001	ó rev Romae Aeternae, hexastyle temple with Roma std. within. RIC VI Car 70.	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000
3002	ó rev Spqr Optimo Principi, legionary eagle betw. two standards, the one at 1. surmounted by hand, at r. with wreath. RIC VI Car 72.	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	4000ñ6000
3003	ó rev Victoria Alexandri Avg N, Victory adv. r., hldg. wreath and palm branch. RIC VI Car 73. Note: This type is also paired with the inscriptions Victoria Avgvsto Nostro and Romae Aeternae (RIC 74ñ5).	700ñ1000	1250ñ1750	3000ñ5000

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