Principal contestants

Principal battles

Peace treaties

The Italian Wars 1494–1518
Seven French expeditions 1494–8, 1499–1500, 1500–1, 1502–3, 1508–10, 1511–15, 1511–15

Successive French Kings from Charles VIII to Francis I v. Successive coalitions from initial League of Venice to Papal Leagues

Fornovo 1495
Novara 1500
Garigliano 1503
Agnadello 1509
Ravenna 1512
Marignano 1515

GRANADA 1500
LYONS 1504
NOYON 1516
FREIBURG 1516
LONDON 1518

Franco-Imperial Wars 1512–59
Five wars initially in continuation of the preceding Italian Wars: 1521–5, 1526–9, 1536–8, 1542–4, 1555–9

France v. Empire and the Empire’s successive allies

Pavia 1525
Sack of Rome 1527
Aversa 1528
Turin 1537

MADRID 1526
BARCELONA 1529
NICE 1538
CRESPI 1544
ANDRES 1546
CATEAU-CAMBRÉSIS 1559

German Wars of Religion

Emperor v.
Protestant Princes
Schmalkaldic League

Muhlberg 1547

FRIEDWOLD PASSAU 1551

French Wars of Religion 1562–1629
Nine civil wars ending with the Edict of Nantes, plus two later Huguenot revolts: 1562–3, 1567–8, 1568–70, 1572–3, 1574–6, 1577, 1580, 1587–9, 1589–98
1622–3, 1627–9

Protestant Huguenots v. Catholic League

Dreux 1562
St Denis 1567
Jarnac 1568
Coutras Ivry 1590
Siege of Paris 1589–93

AMBOISE 1563
LONGJUMEAU 1568
ST GERMAIN 1570
LAROCHELLE 1573
MONSIEUR 1576
BERGERAC 1577
FLEIX 1580
VERVINS 1598
MONTPELLIER 1622
ALAIS 1629

Spanish Wars 1502–1659
War of Naples 1502–3
North Africa 1562–3
Revolt of the Netherlands 1566–1648
The’Amada’, 1588
Mediterranean Wars
Flanders War 1598–9
Valtellina 1622–6
Mantuan Succession 1627–31
[Spanish involvement in Thirty Years War]
French War 1648–59

Spain v. Portugal
Spain v. France
Spain v. Barbary States
Spain v. United Provinces England
Spain and Empire v. Ottomans
Spain v. France
Spain v. France
Spain v. France
Spain v. France

(Division of New World)
Terranova
Garigliano
Tunis
Haarlem 1572
Antwerp 1576
Lepanto 1571
Amiens
Pavia 1655
Valenciennes 1656

TORDESILLAS 1494
1609–12 WESTPHALIA 1648
MONZóN 1626
PYRENEES 1659

Thirty Years Wars 1618–48
Bohemian War 1618–23
Danish War 1624–9
[Edict of Restitution 1629]
Swedish War 1630–5
French War 1635–48

Empire & Catholic Princes & Spain v. Protestant Princes & their allies (esp. Denmark, Sweden, & France)

White Mountain 1620
Lutter 1626
Breitenfeld 1631
Lützen 1633
Nordlingen 1634
Wittstock 1635
Rocroi 1643

LÜBECK 1629
PRAGUE 1635
WESTPHALIA 1648

England’s Wars
Tudors’Scots Wars 1469–1502, 1511–43
Anglo-French Wars 1512–18, 1522–5, 1544–6, 1557–64, 1627–30
Spanish War 1564–1630
N’lands Campaign 1585–7
Anglo-Irish Wars 1598–1603, 1651–4
‘English Civil War’–6
Three Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652–4, 1664–7, 1672–4

England v. Scotland in alliance with France
England v. France
England v. Spain
Expeditions of Mountjoy, Essex & Cromwell
Scots intervention 1644–6, 1647–51
England v. UP

Flodden 1513
Solway Moss 1542
Spurs 1513
Zutphen 1587
Armada 1588

‘PERPETUAL PEACE’ 1502
GREENWICH 1543
LONDON 1518
ARORES 1544
TROYES 1564
BREDA 1667
WESTMINSTER 1674

Sweden’s Wars
Wars of Independence 1500–23
Five Danish Wars 1563–70, 1611–13, 1657–60, 1675–9
Two Muscovite Wars 1560–92,1614–17
Three Polish Wars 1598–1611, 1617–29, 1655–60
[Swedish involvement in Thirty Years War 1630–48]

Denmark v. Sweden & Norway
Sweden v. Denmark
Sweden v. Moscow
Sweden v. Polish Vasas

Eslorua
Kirkholm 1605

STETTIN 1570
KNÃRED 1613
COPENHAGEN 1660
LUND 1679
STOLBOVA 1617
STUMSDORF 1629
OLIVA 1660

Poland’s Wars
Moldavian War 1497–9
Six Muscovite Wars 1500–13,1561–9,1577–82, 1610–19,1632–4,1654–67
Swedish Wars 1598–1611, 1617–29, 1655–60
Two Ottoman Wars 1620–1, 1671–6

Poland-Lithuania v. Moscow
Polish Vasas v. Swedish Vasas

Smolensk 1511
Livonia Pskov 1582
Cecora 1620
Chocim I 1621
Chocim II 1672

ZAPOLYA 1582
DYLINO 1619
ANDRUSOVO 1667
OLIVA 1660
BUCZACZ 1674
ZURAWNO 1676

N.B. The complex of Livonian Campaigns between 1561 and 1592, which involved, inter al, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, and Muscovy, might reasonably be considered ‘The First Northern War’.

Ottoman Wars
Danube Campaigns 1481–1512
Three Hungarian Wars 1521–47, 1551–62, 1573–81
Mediterranean Wars & Venetian Wars 1569–72, 1648–69

v. Habsburgs
v. Venice & Catholic Powers

Mohacs 1526
Vienna 1529
Rhodes 1522
Siege of Malta 1565
Lepanto 1571
Siege of Crete 1648–69

Termination of the sovereignty or of the separate existence of states present in 1493

Aragon, Kingdom

1516

Astrakhan, Khanate

1556

Bohemia, Kingdom

1526

Burgundy, Duchy

1579

Castile, Kingdom

1516

Crimea, Khanate

1783

England, Kingdom

1707

Florence, Republic

1532

France, Kingdom

1792

Genoa, Republic

1797

Georgia, Kingdom

1801

Golden Horde, Khanate

1502

Holy Roman Empire

1806

Hungary, Kingdom

1526

Ireland

1801

Kazan, Khanate

1552

Lithuania, Grand Duchy

1569

Livonia

1561

Milan, Duchy

1535

Moldavia, Principality

1859

Moscow, Grand Duchy

1721

Naples, Kingdom

1860

Navarre, Kingdom

1516

Ottoman Empire

1920

Papal States

1870

Poland, Kingdom

1569

Portugal, Kingdom

1580

Scotland, Kingdom

1707

Teutonic State

1525

Union of Colmar

1523

Venice, Republic

1797

Wallachia, Principality

1859

Date of formation of the sovereign states present in 1993

Albania, Republic

1913

Andorra, Principality

1278

Armenia, Republic*

1918 (1991)

Austria, Republic

1918 (1945)

Azerbaijan, Republic

1918 (1991)

Belarus’, Republic*

1918 (1991)

Belgium, Kingdom

1830

Bosnia, Republic

1992

Bulgaria, Kingdom

1878

—— Republic*

1946 (1989)

Croatia, Republic

1941 (1992)

Cyprus, Republic

1960

Czech Republic*

1992

Denmark, Kingdom

1523

Estonia, Republic*

1918 (1991)

Finland, Republic

1917

France, Republic

1792 (1871)

Georgia, Republic*

1918 (1991)

Germany, Federal Republic*

1949 (1990)

Greece, Kingdom

1829

—— Republic

1973

Hungary, Regency

1918

—— Republic*

1946 (1989)

Iceland, Republic

1944

Ireland, Free State

1922

—— Republic

1949

Italy, Kingdom

1860

—— Republic

1946

Latvia, Republic*

1918 (1991)

Liechtenstein, Principality

1866

Lithuania, Republic*

1918 (1991)

Luxembourg, Grand Duchy

1890

Macedonia, Republic

1992

Malta, Republic

1964

Moldova, Republic

1991

Monaco, Principality

1297

Netherlands, Kingdom

1648

Norway, Kingdom

1905

Poland, Republic*

1918 (1989)

Portugal, Kingdom

1640

—— Republic

1910

Romania, Kingdom

1877

—— Republic*

1947 (1989)

Russia, Republic*

1917 (1991)

San Marino, Republic

1631

Slovakia, Republic*

1939 (1992)

Slovenia, Republic

1992

Spain, Kingdom

1516 (1976)

Sweden, Kingdom

1523

Switzerland, Confederation

1648

Turkey, Republic

1923

Ukraine, Republic*

1918 (1991)

United Kingdom

1707

Vatican State

1929

Yugoslavia, Federal Republic

1945

a) P. A. Paracelsus

Basle, 1526

theory of disease

M. Kopernik

Frombork, 1543

heliocentrism

W. Harvey

London, 1628

blood circulation

R. Descartes

Amsterdam, 1644

analytical geometry

G. Leibniz

Leipzig, 1666

differential calculus

I. Newton

Cambridge 1666

laws of gravity

A. von Haller

Bern, 1757

neurology

H. Cavendish

London, 1766

hydrogen

K. Scheele

Uppsala, 1771

oxygen

S. Hahnemann

Leipzig, 1796

homeopathy

E.Jenner

London, 1796

vaccination

E.-L. Malus

Strasburg, 1808

polarization of light

B. Courtois

Paris, 1811

iodine

A.-J. Fresnell

France, 1815

frequency of light

J. J. Berzelius

Stockholm, 1818

atomic weight

H.-C. Oersted

Copenhagen, 1819

electromagnetism

G. Ohm

Cologne, 1827

electrical resistance

M. Faraday

London, 1831

electrical induction

J. von Liebig

Giessen, 1831

analysis of elements

R. Brown

London, 1831

cell nucleus

F. Runge

Berlin, 1833

phenol anilin

R. A. Kolliker

Zurich, 1841

spermatozoon

C. J. Doppler

Prague, 1842

acoustics

R. Remak

Berlin, 1852

segmentation of cells

W. Perkin

London, 1856

aniline dye

C. Darwin

London, 1859

theory of evolution

G. R. Kirchhoff

Heidelberg, 1859

spectral analysis

I. Semmelweis

Budapest, 1861

asepsis

G. Mendel

Brno, 1865

genetics

J. Lister

Glasgow, 1867

antisepsis

D. I. Mendeleev

St Petersburg, 1869

periodic table

E. Fischer

Munich, 1875

hydrazine: biochemistry

L. Pasteur

Paris, 1881

bacteriology

R. Koch

Berlin, 1882

tuberculosis bacillus

H. Hertz

Karlsruhe, 1888

electromagnetic waves

E. von Behring

Berlin, 1892

diphtheria serum

H. Lorentz

Leiden, 1895

electron theory

W. Röntgen

Wurzburg, 1895

X-rays

H. Becquerel

Paris, 1896

uranium radiation

J. J. Thompson

Cambridge, 1897

elektron

P. and M. Curie

Paris, 1898

radioactivity

M. Planck

Berlin, 1900

quantum theory

T. Boveri

Wurzburg, 1904

chromosomes

A. Einstein

Zurich, 1905

theory of relativity

H. K. Onnes

Leiden, 1911

superconductivity

E. Rutherford

Manchester, 1911

atomic structure

K.Funk

Cracow, 1911

vitamins

W. Heisenberg

Copenhagen, 1925

quantum mechanics

A. Fleming

London, 1928

penicillin: antibiotics

O. Hahn

Berlin, 1938

nuclear fission

Crick and Watson

London, 1951

structure of DNA

b) J.Lippershey

Middleburg, 1608

telescope

Z. Janssen

Amsterdam, 1609

microscope

E. Torricelli

Rome, 1643

mercury barometer

T. Savery

England, 1698

steam pump

G. Fahrenheit

Amsterdam, 1718

mercury thermometer

Jethro Tull

Hungerford, 1731

agricultural machinery

J. Watt

Birmingham, 1769

steam engine condenser

S. Crompton

Bolton, 1779

spinning mule

J. and J. Montgolfier

Annonay, 1783

hot-air balloon

C. Chappe

Paris, 1791

aerial telegraph

A. Volta

Bologna, 1800

electric battery

J.-M. Jacquard

Lyons, 1804

automated machinery

R. Laennec

Paris, 1816

stethoscope

C. Macintosh

Glasgow, 1823

waterproof fabric

G. Stephenson

Stockton, 1825

passenger railway

T. Telford

Menai Straits, 1825

suspension bridge

N. Niepce

Chalon-sur-Saône, 1826

photography

B. Fourneyron

Paris, 1827

turbine

C. Babbage

Cambridge, 1834

mechanical calculator

S. Bauer

Kiel, 1850

submarine

L. Foucault

Paris, 1852

gyroscope

H. Giffard

Paris, 1852

steam-powered airship

H. Bessemer

St Pancras, 1857

blast furnace: steel

J. Reis

Friedrichsdorf, 1861

telephone

A. Nobel

Stockholm, 1867

dynamite

W. von Siemens

Berlin, 1867

dynamo

N. Otto

Cologne, 1876

internal combustion engine

E. Berliner

Germany, 1877

microphone

C. von Linde

Munich, 1877

refrigerator

W. von Siemens

Berlin, 1879

electric locomotive

H. S. Maxim

London, 1883

machine-gun

G. Daimler

Connstatt, 1884

petrol engine

Daimler and Benz

Mannheim, 1885

motor car

R. Mannesmann

Düsseldorf, 1885

seamless pipes

H. Goodwin

London, 1887

photographic film

C. Ader

France, 1890

aeroplane

W. Maybach

Connstatt, 1892

carburettor

A. L. Lumière

Lyons, 1895

cinematograph

R. K. Diesel

Berlin, 1895

diesel engine

V. Poulsen

Copenhagen, 1898

magnetic sound-recording

F. Zeppelin

Berlin, 1900

dirigible airship

G. Marconi

London, 1901

radio transmitter

K. E. Tsiolkovsky

Moscow, 1903

rocketry

Bréguet-Richet

France, 1907

helicopter

British Army

Cambrai, 1915

military tank

J. Logie Baird

London, 1924

television

H. Geiger

Kiel, 1928

Geiger counter

F. Whittle

Cranwell, 1930

jet engine

Air Ministry

Dover, 1940

radar

Wilkes and Renwick

Manchester, 1946

EDSAC, computer

Power Ministry

Calder Hall, 1956

nuclear power station

1559

Abelard
Boccaccio
Calvin
Dante
Erasmus

opera omnia
II Decamerone
opera omnia
De Monarchia
opera omnia

1624

Luther

German Bible

1633

Descartes

selected works

1645

Sir Thomas Browne
Montaigne

Religio Medici
Essais

1700

Locke

Essay on Human Understanding

1703

La Fontaine

Contes nouvelles

1734

Swift

Tale of a Tub

1738

Swedenborg

Principia

1752

Voltaire

Lettres philosophiques

1755

Richardson

Pamela

1759

Diderot

Encyclopédie

1763

Rousseau

Émile

1766

Rousseau

Du contrat social

1783

Gibbon

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

1789

Pascal

Lettres provinciales

1791

de Sade

Justine; Juliette

1792

Paine

Rights of Man

1806

Rousseau

La Nouvelle Héloïse

1819

Sterne

A Sentimental Journey

1827

Kant

Critique of Pure Reason

1834

Casanova
Hugo

Mémoires
Notre-Dame de Paris
Les Misérables

1836

Heine

De l’Allemagne; Reisebilder

1841

Balzac

opera omnia

1836

Dumas

all romances

1864

Flaubert

Madame Bovary
Salammbô

1894

Zola

opera omnia

1911

d’Annunzio

selected works

1914

Maeterlinck

opera omnia

1922

France

opera omnia

1937

Darwin

On the Origin of Species

1939

Stendhal

opera omnia

1948

Descartes

Méditations

1952

Gide

opera omnia

C. Monteverdi

Orfeo (1607); L’Incoronazione di Poppea (1642).

J.-B. Lulli

Psyche (1671); Alceste (1674); Roland (1685).

A. Scarlatti

Pirro e Demetrio (1694).    H. Purcell Dido and Aeneas (1696).

G. F. Handel

Agrippina (1709); Rinaldo (1709); Giulio Cesare (1724); Rodelinda (1725); Orlando (1733); Alcina (1735); Berenice (1737); Xerxes (1738); Semele (1744).

J.-P. Rameau

Hippolyte et Aricie (1732); Les Indes galantes (1735); Castor et Pollux (1737).

G. B. Pergolesi

La Serva Padrone (1733).

W. C. Gluck

Orfeo et Eurydice (1767); Alceste (1767); Iphigenie en Aulide (1774).

W. A. Mozart

Idomeneo (1781); II Seraglio (1782); Le Nozze de Figaro (1786); Don Giovanni (1787); Cosi fan tutte (1790); Die Zauberflöte (1791); Clemenza di Tito (1791).

L. Cherubini

La Medée (1797).    D. Cimerosa II Matrimonio Segreto (1792).

L. van Beethoven

Fidelio (1814).

G. Rossini

Italiana in Algeri (1813); The Barber of Seville (1816); La Cenerentola (1817); Gazza Ladra (1817); Semiramide (1823); Comte Ory (1828); William Tell (1829).

C.-M. von Weber

Der Freischutz (1821); Oberon (1826).

V. Bellini

La Sonnambula (1831); Norma (1831); I Puritani (1835).

G. Donizetti

L’Elisit d’Amore (1832); Lucia di Lammermoor (1835); Don Pasquale (1843).

H. Meyerbeer

Robert le Diable (1931); Les Huguenots (1836); L’Africaine (1864).

M. Glinka

A Life for the Tsar (Ivan Susanin) (1836); Ruslan and Ludmila (1842).

G. Verdi

Nabucco (1842); I Lombardi (1843); Macbeth (1847); Rigoletto (1851); II Trovatore (1853); La Traviata (1853); Simon Bocanegra (1857); Ballo in Maschera (1859); La Forza del Destino (1862); Don Carlos (1869); Aida (1869); Otello (1887); Falstaff (1893).

R. Wagner

The Flying Dutchman (1843); Tannhäuser (1845); Lohengrin (1850); Tristan und Isolde (1865); Der Ring des Nibelungen—Das Rheingold (1869); Die Walküre (1870); Siegfried (1876); Gotterdämmerung (1876)—Die Meistersinger (1868); Parsifal (1882).

H. Berlioz

Les Troyans (1855); Béatrice et Bénédict (1862).

J. Offenbach

Orphée aux Enfers (1855); La Vie Parisienne (1866); Tales of Hoffmann (1881).

C. Gounod

Faust (1859); Mireille (1864); Roméo et Juliette (1867).

A. Thomas

Mignon (1866).    G. Bizet The Pearl Fishers (1863); Carmen (1875).

N. Rimsky-Korsakov

Ivan the Terrible (1873); Snow Maiden (1881); Golden Cockerel (1907).

M. P. Mussorgsky

Boris Godunov (1874); Khovanshchina (1886).

J. Strauss, Jnr.,

Die Fledermaus (1874); Der Zigeunerbaron (1885).

E. Chabrier

L’Etoile (1877).     C. Saint-Saëns  Samson and Delilah (1877).

P. I. Tchaikovsky

Eugene Onegin (1878); The Queen of Spades (1890); Iolanta (1891).

L. Delibes

Lakmé (1883).    C. Debussy  Pelléas et Mélisande (1902).

J. Massenet

Manon (1884); Werther (1892); Thais (1894).

B. Smetana

The Bartered Bride (1886).    A. Borodin Prince Igor (1890).

P. Mascagni

Cavalleria Rusticana (1890).    R. Leoncavallo I Pagliacci (1892).

G. Puccini

La Bohème (1895); Madame Butterfly (1900); Tosca (1904); Turandot (1926).

F. Cilea

Adriana Lecouvreur (1902).    G. Charpentier Louise (1900).

L. Janáček

Jenufa (1904); The Cunning Little Vixen (1924); Katya Kabanova (1921).

R. Strauss

Salome (1905); Elektra (1909); Der Rosenkavalier (1911); Ariadne auf Naxos (1912); Intermezzo (1924); Arabella (1933); Capriccio (1942).

B. Bartok

Bluebeard’s Castle (1911).    M. de Falla La Vida Breve (1915).

M. Ravel

L’Heure Espagnole (1911); L’Enfant et les sortilèges (1925).

S. Prokofiev

The Love for Three Oranges (1919); War and Peace (1945).

P. Hindemith

Cardillac (1926); Harmonie der Welt (1957).

A. Berg

Wozzeck (1925).

I. Stravinsky

Oedipus Rex (1927); The Rake’s Progress (1951).

A. Schoenberg

Moses and Aaron (1932).

D. Shostakovich

Lady Macbeth of Mtzensk (1936).

F. Poulenc

Les Mamelles de Tirésias (1947); Les Dialogues des Carmelites (1957).

B. Britten

Peter Grimes (1945), Billy Bud (1951); Turn of the Screw (1954); A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1960); Death in Venice (1973).

W. Walton

Troilus and Cressida (1954).

M. Tippett

Midsummer Marriage (1955); King Priam (1961).

K. Penderecki

The Devils of Loudun (1969).

Principal contestants

Principal battles

Peace treaties

First (or Second) Northern War, 1655–60

Sweden, Brandenburg, 1656–7,
Transylvania
v. Poland-Lithuania,
Russia, Denmark, Tatars,
Empire, Brandenburg 1657–60

Warsaw 1655
Siege of
Czestochowa
1655–6
Warka 1656

ROSKILDE 1658
COPENHAGEN 1660
OLIVA 1660
KARDIS 1661

Second Dutch War, 1664–7

England
v. United Provinces, France

Lowestoft 1665
The Downs 1666
North Foreland
1666

BREDA 1667

War of Devolution,
1667–8

France, Portugal
v. Spain

Charleroi 1667

Lille 1667

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE
1668

Third Dutch War,
1672–9

France, England (1672–4),
Sweden (1675–9)
v. The Emperor, United Provinces,
Spain, Brandenburg, Denmark

Seneff 1674
Fehrbellin 1675
Stromboli 1676

NYJMEGEN 1679
FONTAINEBLEAU
1679

War of the League of Augsburg, 1689–97

France, Savoy (1696–7), James II
v. The Emperor, United Provinces,
England, Spain, Savoy (until 1695), Brandenburg, Bavaria
Fleurus 1690
Beachy Head
1690
La Hougue 1692

RYSWIJK 1697

War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–13

France, Spain, Bavaria
v. the Emperor, United Provinces,
England, Savoy, Prussia,
Portugal

Blenheim 1704
Ramillies 1706
Oudenarde 1708
Malplaquet 1709

UTRECHT 1713
RASTADT 1714

Third or ‘Great Northern War’, 1700–21

Sweden, Poland (1705–9),
Turkey (1710–11)
v. Russia, Prussia (1715–20),
Denmark (1700, 1709–20),
Saxony (1700–6, 1709–20),
Hanover (1715–20)

Narva 1700
Kliszów 1702
Poltava 1709
Stralsund 1715

STOCKHOLM 1720
NYSTADT 1721

War of the Polish Succession, 1733–5

Saxony, Austria, Russia
v. France, Spain, Sardinia, Prussia,
Bavaria

TURIN 1733
VIENNA 1735

War of the Austrian Succession, 1740–8

Austria, Britain, Holland,
Hanover, Saxony, Sardinia
v. Bavaria, Prussia, France, Spain,
James III

Dettingen 1743
Fontenoy 1745
Hohenfriedberg
1745

NYPHENBURG 1741
BRESLAU 1741
BERLIN 1742
WORMS 1743
WARSAW 1745
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE 1748

Seven Years War, 1756–63

Saxony, Austria, France, Sweden,
Russia (until 1762)
v. Prussia, Britain, Hanover

Grossjägersdorf 1757
Rossbach 1757
Zorndorf 1758
Minden 1759
Kunersdorf 1759
Leignitz 1760
Torgau 1760

WESTMINSTER
1756
STOCKHOLM 1757
PARIS 1763
HUBERTSBURG
1763

War of American Independence, 1774–83

Britain v. USA, France, Spain, & ‘Armed Neutrality’

Bunker Hill 1775
Saratoga 1777
Flamborough 1779
Cape St. Vincent 1780
Yorktown 1781
Minorca 1782

VERSAILLES 1783

War of the Bavarian Succession, 1778–9

Austria
v. Prussia, France
‘Kartoffelkrieg’ ‘The Potato War’

TESCHEN 1779

Ottoman Wars in Europe, 1671–1812

Podolian War 1671–6
v. Poland-Lithuania
Viennese Campaign 1683
v. Empire, Poland
War of the Holy League 1684–99
v. Empire, Poland, Venice, and
Russia from 1689
Moldavian Campaign 1710–11
v. Russia
Serbian War 1714–18
v. Venice, Austria

Austro-Turkish War 1736–9
v. Austria, Russia
Russo-Turkish War 1768–74
v. Russia
Crimean War 1778–84
v. Russia, Austria from 1781
Russo-Turkish War 1787–92
v. Russia
Austro-Turkish War 1788–91
v. Austria
Russo-Turkish War 1806–12
v. Russia

Siege of Vienna

Buda 1686
Belgrade 1688
Azov 1696
River Pruth 1711

Peterwardein
1716
Belgrade 1717
Azov 1736
Belgrade
Akerman 1769
Chesmé 1770


Ochakov 1788

Belgrade 1789

BUCZACZ 1672
ZURAWNO 1676



CARLOWITZ 1699

PRUTH 1711

PASSAROWITZ 1718

BELGRADE 1739
KUCHUK-
KAINARDJI 1774
CONSTANTINOPLE
1784

JASSY 1792

SISTOVA 1791

BUCHAREST 1812

Wars of the Polish Partitions, 1768–95

War of the Confederation of Bar 1768–72. Polish Confederates
v. Russia, Prussia, Austria War of the Second Partition 1792–3
Poland v. Russia, Prussia, and Confederates of Targowica
War of Poland’s National Rising 1794–5. Polish Insurrectionaries (T. Kościuszko)
v. Russia, Prussia, Austria

Siege of Czestochowa 1771–2
Zieleńce 1792
Dubienka 1792
Racławice 1794
Maciejowice 1794

TREATY OF THE FIRST PARTITION 1772
TREATY OF THE SECOND PARTITION 1793

TREATY OF THE THIRD PARTITION 1795

1789

5 May
20 June
14 July
4/5 August
27 August

The Estates-General meets
Tennis Court Oath: National Assembly
storming of the Bastille
abolition of the feudal order
declaration of the Rights of Man

1790

12 July

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

1791

20 June
3 September

The Flight to Varennes: King’s arrest
Constitution: constitutional monarchy

1792

20 April
10 August
20 September

declaration of war on Austria
storming of the Tuileries
National Convention: republic declared,
monarchy abolished. Girondin supremacy

1793

21 January
2 June

July

execution of Louis XVI
fall of the Girondins;
installation of ‘Revolutionary Government’
Committee of Public Safety; Terror begins;
Jacobins’ Constitution of Year I;
War against the Vendée Rising

1794

27/28 July

September

fall of Robespierre (9 Thermidor);
the ‘Thermidorian Reaction’ abolition of the revolutionary tribunal

1795

5 March
17 August

Peace of Basle
Constitution of Year III; Directory created

1796/7

campaign in Upper Italy

1797

4 September

October

coup d’état of 18 Fructidor;
rise of Bonaparte
Annexation of Belgium: Cisalpine Republic

1798/9

campaign in Egypt

1799

9 November

beginning of 2nd War of the Coalition coup d’état of 18 Brumaire; dissolution of the Directory; Bonaparte’s Constitution of Year VIII; Consulate created; Napoleon elected First Consul

1801

9 February

Concordat with the Papacy
Peace of Lunéville

1802

27 March
2 August

Peace of Amiens
Constitution of Year X; Bonaparte Life Consul;
Annexation of Piedmont

1803

The ‘Armée de I’Angleterre’ camps at Boulogne

1804

21 March
2 December

promulgation of Code Napoléon
Constitution of Year XII; French Empire created

1805

August–Dec.

Napoleon, King of Italy
War of the Third Coalition