APPENDIX

HISTORICAL COMPENDIUM

Part VI

France’s Wars, 1792–1815

1792–1797
War of the First Coalition

Membership

• from 1792: Austria, Prussia (to March 1795)

• from 1793: Britain, the Netherlands (to 1795); Spain (to June 1795); Portugal, Naples, Sardinia, the Papal State (to 1796)

Principal battles

Valmy (20 September 1792);
Neerwinden (18 March 1793);
Lodi (10 May 1796)

Treaties

Basle (5 March 1795);
Campo Formio (17 October 1797)

1799–1802
War of the Second
Coalition

Membership

Britain, Austria (to 9 February 1801);
Russia (to 22 October 1799); Turkey,
Naples, Portugal (to June 1801)

Principal battles

Pyramids (21 July 1798); Aboukir
(Battle of the Nile)(1 August 1798);
Marengo (14 June 1800); Hohenlinden
(3 December 1800)

Treaties

Lunéville (9 February 1801);
Amiens (27 March 1802)

1805
War of the Third Coalition

Membership

Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Naples, Sweden

Principal battles

Ulm (20 October 1805);
Trafalgar (21 October 1805);
Austertitz (2 December 1805)

Treaties

Schönbrunn (12 December 1805);
Pressburg (26 December 1805)

1806	September November 21 November	Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples; Confederation of the Rhine; Holy Roman Empire abolished War of the Coalition proclamation of the Continental System Berlin Decree: Continental System proclaimed
1807	July	Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia; Grand Duchy of Warsaw created Treaty of Tilsit: Franco-Russian Accord; Occupation of Portugal
1808	May 27 September to 14 October	Bayonne Talks: Re-organisation of Spain Congress of Erfurt
1808/9		campaign in Spain
1809	April 14 October	Illyrian Provinces created Annexation of Rome and Papal States beginning of 5th War of the Coalition Peace of Schönbrunn
1810		Annexation of Holland and North Germany Bernadotte, Prince Royal of Sweden
1812	24 June to December	Russian Campaign: Napoleon’s ‘Polish War’; collapse of the Grand Army in Russia
1813		German Campaign: ‘War of Liberation’ begins
1814	31 March 6 April 24 April 30 May 4 June September	capitulation of Paris Napoleon’s first abdication: exile to Elba Restoration of Louis XVIII Treaty of Paris I: frontiers of 1792 re-instated Royal Charter restores constitutional monarchy Congress of Vienna convened
1815	6/7 March May to June 9 June 22 June 20 November	Napoleon lands at Cannes; The ‘100 Days’ begin campaign in Belgium Napoleon’s second Abdication: exile to St. Helena Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Treaty of Paris II: foreign occupation, reparations

1806–1807 War of the Fourth Coalition

Membership

Britain, Prussia, Russia, Saxony

Principal battles

Jena and Auerstedt (14 October 1806);
Prussian Eylau (8 February 1807);
Friedland (14 June 1807)

Treaties

Posen (December 1806);
Tilsit (7–9 July 1807)

1808–15
Peninsular War

1809
War of the Fifth Coalition

Membership

Britain, Austria

Principal battles

Aspern (22 May 1809); Wagram (5 July 1809)

Treaties

Schönbrunn (14 October 1809)

1812
Russian War Principal battles

Smolensk (18 August 1812); Borodino (7 September 1812); crossing of the Berezina (26–28 November 1812)

1813–1815
War of the Sixth Coalition

Membership

Russia, Prussia (from March 1813), Britain (from June 1813), Austria (from August 1813), Sweden, Spain, Portugal

Principal battles

Leipzig (16–19 October 1813);
Tolentino (3 May 1815); Ligny
(15 June 1815); Waterloo (18 June 1815)

Treaties

Paris I (30 May 1814); Vienna (9 June 1815);
Paris II (20 November 1815)

The French Revolutionary Calendar, Years I–VIII (1792–1800)

Sources: H. Morse Stephens, Revolutionary Europe 1789–1815 (London, 1936), pp. 374–5, J. J. Bond, A Handy-book of Rules and Tables, (London, 1869), pp. 102–12.

	Event	Revolutionary Calendar	Gregorian Calendar
a	Proclamation of the Republic	1 Vendémiaire I	22 September 1792
b	Execution of Louis XVI	2 Pluvôse I	21 January 1793
c	Fall of Robespierre	9 Thermidor II	27 July 1794
d	Constitution of Year III	14 Germinal III	3 April 1795
e	Insurrection of Vendémiaire	13 Vendémiaire IV	5 October 1795
f	Revolt of Fructidor	18 Fructidor V	4 September 1797
g	Bonaparte’s Coup d’Etat	30 Prairial VII	18 June 1799

The Crimea, with Russian Colonization of the Black Sea Coastland

The French Empire, 1812

Grillenstein: The Life Course of an Austrian Peasant Household, 1810–42

Modernization: The Component Processes

(The Industrial Revolution)

1. Scientific and mechanized agriculture

2. Mobility of Labour enclosures, emancipation of the serfs

3. New sources of power: coal, steam, gas, oil, electricity

4. Power-driven machinery

5. Heavy industry: mining and metallurgy

6. Factories and factory towns

7. Improved transport: canals, roads, railways, flight

8. Communications: post, telegraph, telephone, radio

9. Capital investment: joint-stock companies, trusts, cartels

10. Expanding domestic markets: new industries, internal trade

11. Foreign trade: import and export, colonies

12. Government policy

13. Demography: rapid population growth and its consequences 

14. The money economy: wages, prices, taxes, paper money

15. Marketing skills: advertising, stores, sales distribution

16. Science and technology: research and development

17. Financial services: credit, savings banks, insurance

18. Standardization of weights, measures, and currencies

19. Urbanization: town planning, public services

20. New social classes: middle classes, domestics, ‘workers’

21. Transformation of family structures: ‘the nuclear family’

22. Women: dependency and subordination

23. Migration: local, regional, international

24. Public health: epidemics, hygiene, medical services

25. Poverty: unemployment, vagrancy, workhouses, slums

26. Exploitation: child labour, female labour, sweatshops

27. Organized crime: police, detectives, criminal underclass

28. Private charities

29. Education: primary, technical, scientific, executive, female

30. Literacy and mass culture

31. Leisure: organized recreation and sport

32. Youth movements

33. Religious trends: fundamentalism, temperance, worker priests

34. Social sciences: economics, anthropology, ethnography, etc.

35. Collectivism: industrial and urban psychology

36. Consumerism

37. Class consciousness

38. National consciousness

39. Political consciousness

40. Extension of the electorate: universal suffrage, suffragettes

41. Political parties with mass constituencies

42. State-run welfare: pensions, social insurance, benefits

43. Elaborate social legislation

44. Expansion of the civil service: state bureaucracy

45. Reorganization of local government

46. Political associations and pressure groups: trade unions

47. Imperialism

48. Total wan conscript armies, mechanized warfare, home front

European Demography, 1800–1914

1 European population by country

2 European population including European Russia

3 Population of major cities

4 Emigration from Europe

Indices of Liberalization, 1791–1948

Selected Indices of Industrialization, 1800–1914

The Caucasus: Ethnography and Russian Expansion

Germany: The Confederation and the Empire, 1815–1918

Queen Victoria (1819–1901) and her Relatives

The Expansion of Greece, 1821–1945

Spring time of Nations: The Revolutions of 1846–9

The Unification of Italy, 1859–70

Slesvig (Schleswig) and Holstein

The Growth the Romania, 1861–1945

The Dual Monarchy: The Nationalities of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918

The Pedigree of Socialism

Macedonia: The Partition of 1913

Greater Albania

The Jewish Pale in the Russian Empire, to 1917

The ‘Great Triangle’: European Power Centres, 1914–91

The Italo-Slav Borders, 1939–92

(a) 1939–92 Italy’s North-Eastern Frontier

(b) Italians Occupation Zones, 1939–44

The Expansion of Soviet Territory in Europe, 1917–45

The Republic of Ukraine, 1918–91

Poland, 1921–45

Czechoslovakia, 1918–82

Hungary 1918–45

The Growth of Serbia (1817–1913) and of Yugoslavia (1918–45)

The Dictatorships of Inter-War Europe, 1917–39

	Duration	Dictator(s)
Soviet Russia and USSR	25.10.10 o.s [7.11.17]–1991	Lenin (to 1924) J.V.Stalin ‘Vozhd’ (to 1953)	Bolshevik coup d’état, totalitarian, Communist/Party State. Terror.
Hungary	21.3.19–9.1991 1991–44	Bela Kun Admiral Horthy	Soviet Communist Republic. Terror. Proto-fascist dictatorship. Terror.
Italy	28.10.22–1943	Benito Mussolini	Fascist takeover: constitutional monarchy replaced by ‘corporate state’. All opposition parties disbanded, 1926.
Bulgaria	8/9.6.23–1944	Aleksandr Tsankov	Military coup d’état: authoritarian regime, dissolution of opposition: from 1934, royal dictatorship of Boris III.
Spain	23.9.23–20.1.30	General Miguel Primo de Rivera	Authoritarian regime in agreement with King Alfonso XIII, military directorate: suspension of the constitution.
Turkey	29.10.23–1938	Gazi Mustaf Kemal Pasha	Personal dictatorship, one-party national state.
Albania	1.25–1940	Ahmed Zogu (became king 1928)	Authoritarian regime, first presidential then royal.
Poland	12.5.26–1939	Marshal Joseph Pilsudski	Military coup d’état: left-wing military regime: ‘Sanacja’ dictatorship, operating behind a parliamentary façade.
Portugal	28.5.26–1975 from 1932	Manuel de Oliveira A. Salazar	Authoritarian regime, dissolution of parliament, constitution suspended.
Yugoslavia	1.29–1941	King Alexander	Coup d’ état: royal dictatorship.
Lithuania	19.9.29–1940	Antónas Smetona	Nationalist one-party state.
Romania	19.6.30–1945	King Corol II	Coup d’état: royal dictatorship.
Germany	30.1.33–1945	Adolph Hitler, ‘Führer’	Nazi electoral success: one party state introduced through ‘emergency powers’. Terror.
Austria	3.33–1937	Engelbert Dollfuss	Dictatorship by the semi-fascist ‘Fatherland Front’, rule by emergency decree.
Estonia	12.3.34–1940	Konstantin Päts	Authoritarian regime, state of emergency, rule by decree, parliament dissolved.
Latvia	15.5.34–1940	Karlis Ulmanis	Authoritarian regime, a government of national unity, parliament dissolved.
Greece	10.1935–1941	General J. Kondilis General I. Metaxas	Authoritarian military-royal regime, dissolution of parliament.
Spain	9.36–1975	General Francisco Franco, ‘Caudillo’	Military Fascism: totalitarian regime. Terror.

The Dual System of Communist ‘Party-States’

Inter-War treaties of Non-Aggression and/or Neutrality, 1925–39

1925	USSR–TURKEY.	Paris, 17 December 1925, renewed 1929, 1931.
1926	USSR–GERMANY. USSR–AFGHANISTAN. USSR–LITHUANIA.	Berlin, 24 April 1926, renewed 1931. Pahgman, 31 August 1926, renewed 1931. Moscow, 28 September 1926.
1927	USSR–LATVIA.  USSR–PERSIA.	Riga, initialled 9 March 1927. Moscow, 1 October 1927.
1928	GREECE–ROMANIA. ITALY–TURKEY. GREECE–ITALY.	Geneva, 21 March 1928. Rome, 30 May 1928. Rome, 23 September 1928.
1929	GREECE–YUGOSLAVIA.	Belgrade, 27 March 1929.
1930	GREECE–TURKEY.	Ankara, 30 October 1930.
1932	USSR–FINLAND. USSR–POLAND. USSR–LATVIA. USSR–ESTONIA. USSR–FRANCE.	Moscow, 21 January 1932. Moscow, initialled 25 January 1932, signed 25 July 1932, renewed 5 May 1934. Riga, 5 February 1932. Moscow, 4 May 1932. Paris, 29 November 1932.
1933	USSR–ITALY. ROMANIA–TURKEY. TURKEY–YUGOSLAVIA.	Rome, 2 September 1933. Ankara, 17 October 1933. Belgrade, 27 November 1933.
1934	GERMANY–POLAND.	Berlin, 26 January 1934.
1939	PORTUGAL–SPAIN. GERMANY–USSR.	Madrid, 18 March 1939. Moscow, 23 August 1939.

General Pacts

1925	THE LOCARNO TREATIES, 16 October 1925. (1) Treaties of Guarantee of the Franco-German and the Belgian-German Frontiers. (2) Arbitration Treaties between Germany and France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. (3) Treaties of Mutual Guarantee by France, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
1928	TREATY FOR THE RENUNCIATION OF WAR AS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY (The Briand-Kellogg Pact), Paris, 27 August 1928: signed by Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, USA. GENERAL ACT FOR THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES: General Assembly of the League of Nations, Geneva, 26 September 1928.
1933	LONDON CONVENTIONS DEFINING AGGRESSION: 3 July, Afghanistan, Estonia, Latvia, Persia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, USSR. 4 July, Lithuania, USSR. 5 July, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia, USSR (joined by Finland, 23 July 1933)
1934	BALKAN PACT OF MUTUAL GUARANTEE, Athens, 9 February 1934: signed by Greece, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia.

The Rise of Nazi Power, 1933–43

The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39