This book could be read as an extended essay on sources. It focuses on how historians use documents, but not necessarily on how or where we find them. Sometimes we stumble by pure luck on a pamphlet or memoir that opens whole new perspectives, but more often our work involves following the thread of clues from one text to find another and another. What follows are some of my sources, which I hope will serve as introductory clues for readers interested in further exploration.
Almost all of the survey histories of Atlantic Revolution focus on the Americas and/or France. Among the entries on this expanding list, see: Manuela Albertone and Antonio De Francesco, eds., Rethinking the Atlantic World: Europe and America in the Age of Democratic Revolutions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Suzanne Desan, Lynn Hunt, and William Max Nelson, eds., The French Revolution in Global Perspective (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2013); Marcel Dorigny, L’atlantique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001); Susan Dunn, Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light (New York: Faber and Faber, 1999); Bernard Fay, L’esprit révolutionnaire en France et aux États-Unis à la fin du XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Champion, 1925); Claude Fohlen, La Révolution américain et l’Europe (Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1979); Jack Fruchtman Jr., Atlantic Cousins: Benjamin Franklin and His Visionary Friends (New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 2005); Patrice Higonnet, Sister Republics: The Origins of the French and American Republicanism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Mark Hulliung, Citizens and Citoyens: Republicans and Liberals in America and France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World (New York: New York University Press, 2009); Lloyd Kramer, Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); and David Parker, ed., Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West, 1560–1991 (New York: Routledge, 2000); Pierre Serna, Antonino De Francesco, and Judith A. Miller, eds., Republics at War, 1776–1840 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); and Pierre Serna, ed.Républiques soeurs: Le Directoire et la Révolution atlantique (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2009). David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyan, eds., Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760–1840 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Thomas Benjamin, The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and Their Shared History, 1400–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009); and David Patrick Geggus, ed., The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), have focused on other regions in their anthologies. On the Iberian Atlantic before 1804 see, among others, Jeremy Adelman, Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006); and Jane Landes, Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010). A few historians of Atlantic Revolution have followed the lead of Jacques Godechot, La pensée révolutionnaire en France et en Europe (Paris: Armand Colin, 1964), and of R. R. Palmer’s two-volume Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959, 1964) in discussing a broader range of revolutions: Harriet B. Applewhite and Darline G. Levy, eds., Women and Politics in the Age of Democratic Revolution (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990); Bernard Bailyn, Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005); Jonathan Israel, Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights, 1750–1790 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); Annie Jourdan, La Révolution, une exception française? (Paris: Flammarion, 2004), and La Révolution Française et l’Europe. XXe exposition du Conseil de l’Europe (Paris: Éditions de la Reunion des musées nationaux, 1989).
Dutch historians published pioneering work on individual revolutionary travelers, for example, Jacques Baartmans, Hollandse wijsgeren in Brabant en Vlanderen: Geschriften van Noord-Nederlandse Patriotten in de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden, 1787–1792(Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt, 2001); M. N. Bisselink and A. Doedens, eds., Jan Bernd Bicker: een Patriot in Ballingschap 1787–1795 (Amsterdam: VU Boekhandel, 1983); Emillie Fijnje-Luzac, Myne beslommerde Boedel. Brieven in Ballingschap 1787–1788, ed. Jacques J. M. Baartmans (Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2003); Willem Frijhoff and Rudolf Dekker, eds., Le Voyage revolutionnaire (Hilversum: Verloren, 1991); Joost Roosendaal, Bataaven. Nederlandse Vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787–1795 (Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2003); Wayne Te Brake, ed., Carel de Vos Van Steenwijk. Een grand tour naar de nieuwe republiek: Journaal van een Reis door Amerika, 1783–84 (Hilversum: Verloren, 1999); and Madeleine van Strien-Chardonneau, Le voyage de Hollande: récits de voyageurs français dans les Provinces Unies 1748–1795 (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1994). Other studies of travelers at the end of the eighteenth century include Linda Colley, The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: A Woman in World History (New York: Anchor, 2007); Brian Dolan,Ladies of the Grand Tour (London: Flamingo, 2002); Maya Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World (New York: Knopf, 2011); and Rebecca J. Scott and Jean M. Hébrard, Freedom Papers: An Atlantic Odyssey in the Age of Emancipation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012).
Pamphlets from the American Revolution can be found at the Library of Congress, and many are also available online. The Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague has digitized many of the more important eighteenth-century Dutch pamphlets. Genevan or Belgian documents can be consulted in the Bibliothèque de Genève, Geneva, the Bibliothèque Royale/Koninklijke Bibliotheek in Brussels, and university library collections in Geneva, Leiden, and Leuven. The classic guide to American pamphlets and their ideas is still Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992). On Belgian pamphlets see Stijn van Rossem, Revolutie op de koper Plaat (Louvain: Peeters, 2012).
Biographies of Thomas Paine and studies of his Common Sense are riddled with conflicting interpretations. I relied above all on Jack Fruchtman Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994); Jill Lepore, “A World of Paine,” in Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation, ed. Alfred F. Young, Gary B. Nash, and Ray Raphael (New York: Knopf, 2011), 87–96; Simon P. Newman and Peter S. Onuf, eds., Paine and Jefferson in the Age of Revolutions (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013); and Sophia Rosenfeld, Common Sense: A Political History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011). On the circulation of ideas in America, see Trish Loughran, The Republic in Print: Print Culture in the Age of U.S. Nation Building, 1770–1870 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), and beyond, David Armitage, The Declaration of Independence: A Global History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007).
The central collections of documents on the Genevan, Dutch Patriot, and Brabant revolutions are the Archives d’État de Genève, the Nationale Archieven in The Hague, and the Archives royales de Belgique/Algemeen Rijsarchief in Brussels. On the Genevan Revolution of 1782, see Eric Golay, Quand le peuple devient roi (Geneva: Slatkine, 2001); Marc Lerner, A Laboratory of Liberty: The Transformation of Political Culture in Republican Switzerland, 1750–1780 (London: Brill, 2011); Révolutions genevoises 1782–1798 (Geneva: Maison Tavel, 1989); and Richard Whatmore, Against War and Empire: Geneva, Britain, and France in the Eighteenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012). A plethora of histories of the Dutch Patriot Revolution appeared around its bicentennial, and others have been published more recently. See especially Pieter Geyl, De Patriotten Beweging, 1780–1787 (Amsterdam: Van Kampen, 1947); Margaret C. Jacob and Wijnand W. Mijnhardt, eds., The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century: Decline, Enlightenment, and Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992); Joost Rosendaal, De Nederlandse Revolutie. Vrijheid, Volk, en Vaderland, 1783–1799 (Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2005); Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators (New York: Knopf, 1977); Jan Willem Schulte Nordholt, The Dutch Republic and American Independence (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982); and Wayne Ph. te Brake, Regents and Rebels: The Revolutionary World of an Eighteenth-Century Dutch City (New York: Blackwell, 1989). For secondary literature on the Brabant Revolution, see Brecht Deseure, Onhoudbaar Verleden. Geschiedenis als Politiek Instrument tijdens de franse Periode in België (Louvain: Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2014); J. Koll, Die belgische Nation: Patriotismus und Nationalbewusstsein in den Südlichen Niederlanden im späten 18. Jahrhundert (Münster: Waxmann, 2003); Janet Polasky, Revolution in Brussels, 1787–1793 (Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique, 1986); and Suzanne Tassier, Les démocrates belges de 1789. Etude sur le Vonckisme et la Révolution Brabançonne (Brussels: Maurice Lamertin, 1930).
Some late-eighteenth-century travel journals have been published, but many more have not. Elkanah Watson’s journals are available in the State Library of New York in Albany. An edited version was published: Elkanah Watson, Men and Times of The Revolution: Memoirs of Elkanah Watson including his Journals of Travels in Europe and America from the Year 1777 to 1842, ed. Winslow C. Watson (New York: Dana, 1856). Several French travelers published their journals, including François Barbé-Marbois,Our Revolutionary Forefathers: the Letters of Francois, Marquis de Barbé-Marbois during his Residence in the United States as Secretary of the French Legation 1779–1785, ed. Eugene P. Chase (New York: Duffield, 1929); Philip Mazzei, Recherches historiques et politiques sur les Etats Unis de l’Amérique Septrionale (Paris: Chez Froulie, 1788). Saint John de Crèvecoeur and Jacques Brissot’s journals, available in English, are now classic texts: J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer (1782; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), and the extensively edited J. P. Brissot, New Travels in the United States, ed. Pierre de Jacques (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964). Most of Saint John de Crèvecoeur’s papers are in the Library of Congress.
Journals written from the perspective of outsiders provide unique insights into the French Revolution. Étienne Dumont’s journals are available in an evolving set of editions: Étienne Dumont, Letters, containing an account of the late revolution in France, and observations on the constitution, laws, manners, and institutions of the English; written during the author’s residence at Paris, Versailles, and London, in the years 1789 and 1790 (London: J. Johnson, 1792); and Étienne Dumont, The Great Frenchman and the little Genevese. Translated from Étienne Dumont’s Souvenir sur Mirabeau, ed. Elizabeth Seymour (London: Duckworth, 1904). Helen Maria Williams, Letters from France, has been reprinted: Helen Maria Williams, Letters Written in France 1790 (1790; Oxford: Woodstock, 1989); and Helen Maria Williams, Letters Written in France in the Summer 1790, to a Friend in England; Containing Various Anecdotes Relative to the French Revolution, ed. Neil Fraistat and Susan S. Lanser (Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2001). One of the best guides to the vibrant community of expatriates is Philip Ziesche, Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010).
On the “autobiographical turn” of freed slaves, see James Sidbury, Becoming African in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). In addition to the well-known journals of Equiano and Cuguoano—Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings, ed. Vincent Carretta (1789; New York: Penguin, 2003); and Ottobah Cugoano, Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, ed. Vincent Carretta (1787; New York: Penguin, 1999)—the collection edited by Vincent Carretta, Unchained Voices: An Anthology of Black Voices in the English Speaking World of the Eighteenth Century (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2003), provides an excellent introduction and guide to additional sources. Several historians have told the story of the migration of the black loyalists, including Christopher X. Byrd, Captives and Voyageurs: Black Migrants across the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008); Cassandra Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty (Boston: Beacon, 2006); and Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2006).
Studies of slaves, the black poor in London, and English abolitionists are many, including Stephen Braidwood, Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London’s Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement, 1786–1791 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994); Christopher Brown, Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Seymour Drescher, Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005); Claire Midgley, Women against Slavery: The British Campaigns, 1780–1870 (London: Routledge, 1992); and Kathryn Kish Sklar and James Brewer Stewart, eds., Women’s Rights and Transatlantic Antislavery in the Era of Emancipation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007). Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the Slave-Trade by the British Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1808); and Prince Hoare, ed., Memoirs of Granville Sharp, Esq. (London: Henry Colburn, 1820), are the classic narratives of eighteenth-century English abolitionism. On the French, see the invaluable multivolume La Révolution française et l’abolition de l’esclavage (Paris: Éditions d’histoire sociale, 1968); and Marcel Dorigny and Bernard Gainot, La Société des Amis des Noirs 1788–1799 (Paris: Éditions Unesco, 1998).
There are two editions of Anna Falconbridge’s journal: Deirdre Coleman, ed., Maiden Voyages and Infant Colonies: Two Women’s Travel Narratives of the 1790s (London: Leicester University Press, 1999); and Anna Maria Falconbridge, Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone during the Years 1791–1792–1793. An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, ed. Christopher Fyfe (1793; Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000). Also on the settlers in Sierra Leone, see Deirdre Coleman,Romantic Colonization and British Anti-Slavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); and Christopher Fyfe, ed., Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991). On Sierra Leone, see Ismail Rashid, “Escape, Revolt, and Marronage in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Sierra Leone Hinterland,” Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 34 (2000): 656–83; and Bruce Mouser, “Rebellion, Marronage and Jihad: Strategies of Resistance to Slavery on the Sierra Leone Coast, c. 1763–1796,” Journal of African History 48 (2007): 27–44.
On the press in the French Revolution, see, among others, Jack Censer, Prelude to Power: The Parisian Radical Press, 1789–1791 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Jacques Godechot, La presse française sous la révolution et l’empire. Histoire générale de la presse française (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1969); and Jeremy Popkin, Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789–1799 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990). On clubs in the French Revolution, see Alphonse Aulard, La société des Jacobins. Recueil de documents pour l’histoire du Club des Jacobins de Paris (Paris: Librairie Jouaust, 1889–97); Jean Boutier, Philippe Boutry, and Serge Bonin, Atlas de la Révolution française, vol. 6, Les sociétés politiques (Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1992); Patrice Higonnet, Goodness beyond Virtue: Jacobins during the French Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Gary Kates, The Cercle Social, the Girondins, and the French Revolution(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985); Michael L. Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The First Years (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); and Albert Mathiez, Le Club des Cordeliers pendant la crise de Varennes et le massacre du Champ de Mars (Paris: Librairie Aneienne H. Champion, 1910).
The papers of the English clubs can be found in the Treasurer Solicitor’s papers at the National Archives in Kew; the Place Additional Manuscripts in the British Library, London; and the multivolume Political Writings of the 1790’s, ed. Gregory Claeys (London: William Pickering, 1995). On the Polish Jacobins, see J. Grossbart, “La presse polonaise et la révolution française,” Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 14 (1937); Bogusław Lésnodorski, Les Jacobins polonais (Paris: Société des études robespierristes, 1965); and Constitution and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Poland, ed. Samuel Fiszman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997).
Archival documentation of Caribbean rumors can be found in Aix-en-Provence, in the Archives d’Outre Mer, and in the Colonial Office Records at the National Archives. Histories of this period in the British West Indies in the eighteenth century include Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982); Julius Scott’s unpublished dissertation, “The Common Wind: Currents of Afro-American Communication in the Era of the Haitian Revolution”; and Andrew Jackson O’Shaughnessy, An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000). On Saint-Domingue see, among others, Yves Bénot, La république française et la fin des colonies: Essai (Paris: Éditions La Découverte, 1989); Marcel Dorigny, ed., Les abolitions de l’esclavage de L. F. Sonthonax à V. Schoelcher, 1793, 1794, 1848 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1995); Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004); Carolyn Fick, The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990); John D. Garrigus, Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue (New York: Palgrave, 2006); A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean, ed. David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997); Malick Ghachem, The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012); Jeremy Popkin, You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); and Ashli White, Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010). On Guadeloupe, see Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Anne Pérotin-Dumon, Être patriote sous les tropiques: la Guadeloupe, la colonisation et la Révolution (Basse-terre, Guadeloupe: Société d’histoire de la Guadeloupe, 1985). On Latin America in this early period, see among others François Xavier Guerra, Modernidad E independencies, Ensayos sobre la revoluciones hispánicas (Madrid: Editorial Mapfre, 1992); Lyman L. Johnson, Workshop of Revolution: Plebian Buenos Aires and the Atlantic World, 1776–1810 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011); Claudia Rosas Lauro, ed., El Miedo en el Perú. Siglos XVI al XX (Lima: Pontificia Universidadad Católica del Perú, 2005); and Gabriel Paquette, Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, c. 1770–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Studies of novelists, and in particular women writers, at the end of the eighteenth century have concentrated on America, England, or France. See, among many, April Alliston, Virtue’s Faults: Correspondences in Eighteenth-Century British and French Women’s Fiction (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996); Sarah Knott, Sensibility and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); Carla Hesse, The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Ruth Perry, Novel Relations: The Transformation of Kinship in English Literature and Culture, 1748–1818 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Joan Hinde Stewart, Gynographs: French Novels by Women of the Late Eighteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993); and Nicola J. Watson, Revolution and the Form of the British Novel, 1790–1825: Intercepted Letters, Interrupted Seductions (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994). Biographies of individual writers are numerous, as are edited editions of the novels.
Few works on eighteenth-century letter writing cross the Atlantic. A noteworthy exception is Sarah M. S. Pearsall, Atlantic Families: Lives and Letters in the Later Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). On sentimentality in America, see Eve Tavor Bannet, Empire of Letters: Letter Manuals and Transatlantic Correspondence, 1680–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Konstantin Dierks, In My Power: Letter Writing and Communication in Early America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009); Sarah Knott, Sensibility and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); and Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007). On France, among others, see Suzanne Desan, The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); Dena Goodman, Becoming a Woman in the Age of Letters(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009; Carla Hesse, The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Lynn Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); and Lindsay A. H. Parker, Writing the Revolution: A French Woman’s History in Letters (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Shippen and Otto’s letters of courtship were excerpted and edited by Ethel Ames, Nancy Shippen, Her Journal Book: The International Romance of a Young Lady of Fashion of Colonial Philadelphia with Letters to Her and about Her (1935; New York: Benjamin Blom, 1968), while a typewritten copy is preserved at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and Shippen family papers are at the Library of Congress. The Barlows’ letters are at the Houghton Library at Harvard University. For William Short and the duchesse de la Rochefoucauld, I have relied on Lettres de la duchesse de La Rochefoucauld à William Short. Texte inédit, ed. Doina Pasca Harsanyi (Paris: Mercure de France, 2001). William Short’s papers are at the Library of Congress. The story of the missing Otto-Crèvecoeur correspondence and its discovery in Acquisitions Extraordinaires 135 and 188, Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Paris, is outlined in the introduction.
Most French revolutionary decrees and much of the correspondence can be consulted in the Archives des Affaires Étrangères in Paris in the Correspondance Politique and Mémoires et Documents. See also, among many histories of the French revolutionary wars, Marc Belissa, Fraternité universelle et intérêt national (1713–1795) (Paris: Éditions Kimé, 1998); David Bell, The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007); Albert Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution française (Paris: E. Plon, 1887); and Michel Vovelle, Les Républiques-soeurs sous le regard de la Grande Nation 1795–1803 (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2000).
The literature on eighteenth-century cosmopolitanism and patriotism is large and contentious. Some representative works are Marc Belissa and Bernard Cottret, Cosmopolitismes, Patriotismes, Europe et Amériques, 1773–1802 (Rennes: Perséides, 2005); Marc Belissa, Fraternité universel et intérêt national (1913–1795) (Paris: Éditions Kimé, 1998); David Avrom Bell, Cult of the Nation in France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Seyla Benhabib, Another Cosmopolitanism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Seth Cotlar, Tom Paine’s America: The Rise and Fall of Transatlantic Radicalism in the Early Republic (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011); Suzanne Desan, “Foreigners, Cosmopolitanism, and French Revolutionary Universalism,” inThe French Revolution in Global Perspective, ed. Suzanne Desan, Lynn Hunt, and William Max Nelson (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2013), 86–100; Margaret C. Jacob, Strangers Nowhere in the World: The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in Early Modern Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); Martha Nussbaum, The Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon, 1996); Jonathan Rée, “Cosmopolitanism and the Experience of Nationality,” in Cosmopolitics. Thinking and Feeling beyond the Nation, ed. Pheng Cheah and Bruce Robbins (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998); Sophia Rosenfield, “Citizens of Nowhere in Particular: Cosmopolitanism, Writing, and Political Engagement in Eighteenth-Century Europe,”National Identities 4, no. 1 (2002): 25–43; and Thomas J. Schlereth, The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought: Its Form and Function in the Ideas of Franklin, Hume, and Voltaire, 1694–1790 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977).