Chapter 1. Awareness of Time
1
Wallis,Le Traps, quatrieme dimension de lesprit( Paris: Flammarion, 1966), 51 ff.
2
Piaget,The Child's Conception of Time, trans. A. J. Pomerans ( London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969).
3
E. Wessmann and B. S. Gorman,The Personal Experience of Time( New York: Plenum Press, 1977), 8.
4
Michaud,Essai sur lorganisation de la connaissance entre 10 et 14 ans( Paris: Vrin, 1949).
5
M. Bell, "'Sense of time'",New Scientist( 15 May 1975), 406.
6
Ralling, "'A vanishing race'",Listener( 16 July 1959), 87.
7
Koehler,The Mentality of Apes, trans. from 2nd rev. edn. Ella Winter ( Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1957), 234.
8
Walker,Animal Thought( London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983), 190.
9
L. Whorf,Language, Thought and Reality, ed. J. B. Carroll ( Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1956), 57-64.
10
Ibid. 58.
11
C. McCluskey, "'The astronomy of the Hopi Indians'",Journal for the History of Astronomy, 8( 1977), 174-95.
12
E. Evans-Pritchard,Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), 347.
13
E. Evans-Pritchard,The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Istitutions ofa Nilotic People( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940), 103.
14
Ibid. 105.
15
Ibid. 108.
Chapter, 2 Describing Time
1
H. Lenneberg,Biological Foundations of Language( New York: Wiley, 1968), 106.
2
M. Bowra, "'Some aspects of speech'", inIn General and Particular( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), 14.
3
E. Passingham, "'Broca's area and the origin of human vocal skill'",Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.( London), B292 ( 1981), 167-75.
4
Steiner,After Babel. Aspects of Language and Translation( Oxford University Press, 1975), 157.
5
Fleischman,The Future in Thought and Language( Cambridge University Press, 1982), 50.
6
Steiner, op. cit. (above, n. 4), 139.
7
Whitrow, Natural Philosophy of Time ( 2nd edn.; preface, n. 1), 174 ff.
8
P. Nilsson,Primitive Time-reckoning(Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1920), 9-10.
Chapter 3 Time at the Dawn of History
1
Radin,Primitive Man as Philosopher, 2nd edn. ( New York: Dover, 1957).
2
Ibid. 244.
3
Marshack, "'Some implications of the Palaeolithic symbolic evidence for the origins of language'",Current Anthropology, 17( 1976), 274.
4
S. Solecki, "'Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal flower burial in northern Iraq'",Science, 190( 1975), 880.
5
C. Heggie,Megalithic Science: Ancient Mathematics and Astronomy in North-west Europe( London: Thames & Hudson, 1981).
6
G. F. Brandon,Time and Mankind( London: Hutchinson, 1951), 33.
7
Frankfortet al.,Before Philosophy( Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1949), 35.
8
Neugebauer,The Exact Sciences in Antiquity( Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1957), 81.
9
E. Winlock, "'The origin of the ancient Egyptian calendar'",Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 83( 1940), 447.
10
H. Breasted, "'The beginnings of time-measurement and the origins of our calendar'", inTime and its Mysteries, Series I ( New York University Press, 1936), 80.
11
G. H. James,An Introduction to Ancient Egypt( London: British Museum Publications, 1979), 125.
12
Neugebauer, loc. cit. (above, n. 8).
13
N. Kramer,The Sumerians( Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 328.
14
G. Gunnell,Political Philosophy and Time( Middleton, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1968), 40.
15
Voegelin,The Ecumenic Age(vol. 4 of Order and History) ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), 84.
16
Contenau,Everyday Life in Babylon and Anyria, trans. K. R. and A. R. MaxweH-Hyslop ( London: Edward Arnold, 1954), 213.
17
K. Sanders,The Epic of Gilgamesh( Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1960), 104.
18
Pingree, "'Astrology'", in P. P. Wiener (ed.),Dictionary of the History of Ideas( New York: Scribner, 1973), i. 118.
19
Sachs, "'Babylonian horoscopes'",Journal of Cutteifortn Studies, 6( 1952), 49.
20
Seneca, Nat. Quaest. 111. 29. 1 ( London: Heinemann, 1971), 286.
21
Neugebauer, "'The history of ancient astronomy: problems and methods'",Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 58( 1946), no. 340, 33.
22
Neugebauer,A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy( Berlin: Springer Vertag, 1975). i. 4.
23
Ibid. ii. 593.
24
C. Zaelmer,Daum and Twilight of Zoroastrianism( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961), 55.
25
C. Zaehner,Zunpan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), 410.
26
G. F. Brandon,Creation Legends of the Ancient Near East( London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1963), 206.
27
Hartner, "'The Young-Avestan and Babylonian calendars and the ante- cedents of precession'",Journal for the History of Astronomy, 10( 1979), 1-22.
28
H. Taqizadah,Old Iranian Calendars( London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1938).
29
Yarshater, "'Time-reckoning'", inCambridge History of Iran( Cambridge University Press, 1982), ii. 790.
Chapter 4. Time in Classical Antiquity
1
Gunnell op. cit. (ch. 3, n. 14), 15.
2
M. Cornford,From Religion to Philosophy( London: Edward Arnold, 1912), 181.
3
K. C. Guthrie, "'The religion and mythology of the Greeks'", inThe Cambridge Ancient History, rev. edn. ( Cambridge University Press, 1961), ii, ch. 40, 39-40.
4
Lloyd Jones,The Justice of Zeus( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), 5-6 and 166-7 n. 23.
5
Jaeger,The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers, trans. E. S. Robinson ( London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 35.
6
Whitrow, Natural Philosophy of Time (ch. 2, n. 7), 190-200.
7
Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa, in E. Bevan, Later Greek Religion ( London: Dent, 1927), 30-1.
8
Edelstein,The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967), xxi.
9
Drews,The Greek Accounts of Eastern History( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973), 35-6.
10
I. Finley, "'Thucydides the moralist'", inAspects of Antiquity( Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977), 53.
11
Momighano, "'The place of Herodotus in the history of historiography'", inStudies in Historiography( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), 130.
12
de Romilly,Time in Greek Tragedy( Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), 5-6.
13
R. Dodds, "'Progress in classical antiquity'", in P. P. Wiener (ed.),Dictionary of the History of Ideas( New York: Scribner, 1973), iii. 633.
14
A . Momigliano, "'Time in ancient historiography'", in History and Theory, 1966, Suppl. 6 ( 'History and the concept of time'), 10.
15
K. C. Guthrie,In the Beginning: Some Greek Views on the Origin of Life and the Early State of Man( London: Methuen, 1957), 65.
16
Momigliano, 'Time in ancient historiography' (above, n. 14), 13.
17
Duhem,Le Système du monde( Paris: Hermann, 1954), ii (new edn.), 299.
18
Alexander of Aphrodisias, On Destiny. Addressed to the Emperors, trans. A. Fitzgerald ( London: Scholaris Press, 1931), 25.
19
Kramer, op. cit. (ch. 3, n. 13), 262.
20
K. C. Guthrie,A History of Greek Philosophy( Cambridge University Press, 1969), iii. 82.
21
Guthrie, In the Beginning (above, n. 15), 79.
22
Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (above, n. 20), iii. 292.
23
V. Noble and D. J. de Solla Price, "'The water-clock in the Tower of Winds'",Amer. J. Archaeol., 72( 1968), 345-55.
24
C. Vriezen,The Religion of Ancient Israel, trans. H. Hoskins ( London: Lutterworth Press, 1969), 243.
25
Cullmann,Christ and Time, trans. F. V. Filson ( London: SCM Press, 1951), 51.
26
Gunnell, op. cit. (ch. 3, n. 14), 75.
27
W. Trompf,The Idea of Historical Recurrence in Western Thought( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 134.
28
O. E. Oesterley,The Evolution of the Messianic Idea( London: Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1908), 206.
29
Gunnell, op. cit. (ch. 3, n. 14), 63-4.
30
Frankfort,Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Near Eastern Religion and the Integration of Society and Nature( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978; Phoenix edn.), 343-4.
31
Voegehn,Israel and Revelation(vol. 1 of Order and History) ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1956).
32
Van Seters,In Searrh of History. Historiography in the Ancient World andthe Origins of Biblical History
the Origins of Biblical History ( New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983), 241.
33
Webster,Rest Days. A Study in Early Law and Morality( New York: Macmillan, 1916), 252.
34
Ibid. 254.
35
Vriezen, op. cit. (above, n. 24), 234.
36
Testuz,Les Idtes religieuses du Livre des Jubilées( Geneva: Droz; Paris: Minard, 1960), 136.
37
Casson,Travel in the Ancient World( London: Allen & Unwin, 1974), 155.
38
Syme,The Roman Revolution( London: Oxford University Press, 1960), 315-16.
39
T. Shotwell,The History of History( New York: Columbia University Press, 1939), 301.
40
R. Curtius,European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. W. R. Trask ( New York: Pantheon Books, 1953), 252.
41
Lucretius, The Nature of the Universe, trans. R. E. Latham ( Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1951), 40-1.
42
Brown,The World of Latte Antiquity. From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad( London: Thames & Hudson, 1971), 62.
43
Ibid.
44
H.-C. Puech, "'Gnosis and time'", in Man and Time. Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks ( London: Roudledge & Kegan Paul, 1958), 61.
45
Cumont,The Mysteries of Mithra, trans. T. J. McCormack ( Chicago: Open Court, 1903), 1.
46
Ibid. 39.
47
J. Vennaseren, "'A magical time god'", in J. R. Hinnells (ed.),Mithraic Studies: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies, 1971( Manchester University Press, 1975), 451.
48
A. Budge Wallis,Orisis and the Egyptian Resurrection( London: Philip Lee Warner, 1911), i. 60.
49
Vermaseren, op. cit. (above, n. 47), 456.
50
Sambursky and S. Pines,The Concept of Time in Late Neoplatonism( Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1971), 11.
51
F. Callahan,Four Views of Time in Ancient Philosophy( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948), 124.
52
N. Cochrane,Christianity and Classical Culture. A Study of Thought and Action from Augustus to Augustine( London: Oxford University Press, 1974), 186.
53
Frank,Philosophical Understanding and Religious Truth( New York: Oxford University Press, 1945), 68.
54
Baillie,The Belief in Progress( Cambridge University Press, 1951), 76.
55
Pedersen, "The ecclesiastical calendar and the life of the Church'", in G. V.,Coyne, M. A. Hoskin, and O. Pedersen (eds.),Gregorian Reform of
the Calendar ( Vatican City: Pontifica Academica Scientiarum, 1983), 22.
56
Frank, op. cit. (above, n. 53), 70.
57
L. Poole, "'The beginning of the year in the middle ages'", inStudies in Chronology and History( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), 1-27.
58
J. Bickerman,Chronology of the Ancient World( London: Thames & Hudson, 1968), 77.
59
K. Ginzel,Handbuch der Chronologie, vol. iii ( Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1914), 115.
60
H. Colson,The Week: An Essay on the Origin and Development of the Seven-day Cycle( Cambridge University Press, 1926).
61
Bickerman, op. cit. (above, n. 58), 61.
62
I. Marrou,A History of Education in Antiquity, trans. G. Lamb ( London: Sheed & Ward, 1956), 148.
63
Cochrane, op. cit. (above, n. 52), 330-1.
64
Teres, "'Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus'",Journal for the History of Astronomy, 15( 1984), 177-88.
Chapter5 Time in the Middle Ages
1
W. Southern,Medieval Humanism and Other Studies( Oxford: Blackwell, 1970), 3.
2
L.W. Laistner, "'The library of the Venerable Bede'", in A. Hamilton Thompson (ed.),Bede, His Life, Times, and Writings: Essays in Commemoration of the Twelfth Centenary of his Death( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), 238.
3
Bryant,A History of Britain and the British People, vol. 1:Set in a Silver Sea ( London: Collins, 1984), 29.
4
Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation ( London: Dent, 1935; Everyman edn.), 152.
5
L. Poole, "'Imperial influences on the forms of Papal documents'", inStudies in Chronology and History( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), 178.
6
A. Burrow,The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 29-30.
7
Southern, op. cit. (above, n. 1), 158.
8
Ibid. 162.
9
H. Haskins,Studies in the History of Medieval Science, 2nd edn. ( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1927), 117; see also Southern, op. cit. (above, n. 1), 166-7; and Bodleian MS. Auct. F.1.9, fo. 90.
10
Hartner, "'The principle and use of the astrolabe'", inOriens-Occidens( Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1968), 287-318; J. D. North, "'The astrolabe'", Scientific American, 230 ( Jan. 1974), 96-106.
11
J. de Solla Price, "'Mechanical water clocks of the 14th century in Fez, Morocco'", inProceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science( Ithaca, 1962) ( Paris: Hermann, 1964), i. 599-602.
12
R. Hill (ed. and trans.),On the Construction of Water-clocks( London: Turner & Devereux, 1976), 9.
13
R. Hill (ed. and trans.),The Book of Ingenious Devices( Dordrecht: Reidel, 1974), 271 ft.
14
B. MacDonald, "'Continuous re-creation and atomic time in Muslim scholastic theology'",Isis, 9( 1927), 326-7.
15
Maimonides,The Guide for the Perplexed, trans. A. Friedlander ( London: Routledge, 1904), 121.
16
MacDonald, op. cit. (above, n. 14), 341.
17
al-Biruni, The Chronology of Ancient Nations, trans, and ed. E. C. Sachau ( London: W. H. Allen, 1879), 34-6.
18
Massignon, "'Time in Islamic thought'", inMan and Time: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks( London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958), 109.
19
Smalley,Historians of the Middle Ages( London: Thames & Hudson, 1974), 30.
20
J. Gurevich,Categories of Medieval Culture, trans. G. L. Campbell ( London: Routiedge & Kegan Paul, 1985), 122.
21
Cohn,The Pursuit of the Millenium( London: Secker & Warburg, 1957), 102.
22
Reeves,Joachim of Fiore and the Prophetic Future( London: SPCK, 1976), 3.
23
Reeves,The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), 296.
24
Garaudy, "'Faith and revolution'",Ecumenical Review, 25( 1973), 66-7.
25
S. Westfall,Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton( Cambridge University Press, 1980), 319 ff.
26
Bloch,Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon ( London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), 73.
27
Ibid. 74.
28
U. Nef,Cultural Foundations of Industrial Civilizations( Cambridge University Press, 1958), 17.
29
Glasser,Time in French Life and Thought, trans. C. G. Pearson ( Manchester University Press, 1972), 17.
30
Ibid. 56.
31
Pernoud,Joan of Arc, trans. E. Hyams (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969), 31.
32
Murray,Reason and Society in the Middle Ages( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 107.
33
L. Poole,Medieval Reckonings of Time( London: SPCK, 1918), 46-7.
34
Gairdner,The Paston Letters 1422-1509 AD. Introduction and Supplement( Westminster: Archibald Constable, 1901), p. ccclxvi.
35
J. Quinones,The Renaissance Discovery of Time( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973), 110.
36
Ibid. 113.
37
White,Medieval Technology and Social Change( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 61.
Chapter 6 Time in the Far East and Mesoamerica
1
Jacobi, "'Atomic theory (Indian)'" inDictionary of Religion and Ethics( Edinburgh: Clark, 1909), ii. 202.
2
N. Balslev,A Study of Time in Indian Philosophy( Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983), 39 ff.
3
Eliade,Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism, trans. P. Mairet ( London: Harvill Press, 1961), 65.
4
Needham and Wang Ling,Science and Civilisation in China( Cambridge University Press, 1959), iii. 315.
5
Needham, Wang Ling, and D. J. de Solla Price,Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China( Cambridge University Press, 1960).
6
A.B. Ward, "'How timekceping became accurate'",Chartered Mechanical Engineer, 8( 1961), 604.
7
A. Bedini, "'The scent of time: a study of the use of fire and incense for time measurement in oriental countries'",Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 53( 1963), Part 5, 6.
8
H. Plumb,The Death of the Past( London: Macmillan, 1969), 111.
9
Needham, "'Time and knowledge in China and the West'", in J. T. Fraser (ed.),The Voices of Time( New York: Braziller, 1966), 96.
10
Needham,Time and Eastern Man(Henry Myers Lecture) ( London: Royal Anthropological Institute, 1965), Occasional Paper no. 21, 8-9.
11
H. Malmstrom, "'Origin of the Mesoamerican 260-day calendar'",Science, 181( 1973), 939-41.
12
J. Wenke,Patterns in Prehistory( New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 383.
13
Hammond,Ancient Maya Civilization( Cambridge University Press, 1982), 199 ff.
14
E. S. Thompson,A Commentary on the Dresden Codex: A Maya Hieroglyphic Book( Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1972), 62-70.
15
Leon-Portilla,Time and Reality in the Thought of the Maya, trans. C. L. Boiles and F. Horcasitas ( Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), 91-2.
16
E. S. Thompson,The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization( London: Gollancz, 1956), 145.
17
G. Morley,The Ancient Maya(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1947), 449.
18
S. Landes,Revolution in Time( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 24.
Chapter 7 The Advent of the Mechanical Clock
1
J. de Solla Price, "'Gears from the Greeks: the Antikythera mechanism--a calendar computer from ca. 80 BC'",Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 64( 1974), Part 7, 1-70.
2
V. Field and M. T. Wright, "'Gears from the Byzantines: a portable sundial with calendrical gearing'",Annals of Science, 42( 1985), 87.
3
White,Medieval Technology and Social Change( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 120.
4
Panofsky,Studies in lconology( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939), 80.
5
Thorndike, "'Invention of the mechanical dock about 1271 AD'",Speculum, 16( 1941), 242-3.
6
F. C. Beeson,English Church Clocks 1280-1850( London and Chichester: Phillimore (Antiquarian Horological Society), 1971), 13.
7
D. North, "'Monasticism and the first mechanical clocks'", in J. T. Fraser and N. Lawrence (eds.),The Study of Time, ii( Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1975), 385.
8
D. North,Richard of Wallingford( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), i. 441-526.
9
J. Dudeley,The Mechanical Clock of Salisbury Cathedral( Salisbury: Friends of Salisbury Cathedral Publishing, 1973).
10
White, op. cit. (above, n. 3), 124-5.
11
A. Bedini and F. R. Maddison, "'Mechanical universe: the Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi'",Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 56( 1966), Part 5, 60.
12
Le Goff,Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages, trans. A. Goldhammer ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 46.
13
Harthan,Books of Hours and Their Owners( London: Thames & Hudson, 1977), 39.
14
Hattinger,The Duc de Berry's Book of Hours( Berne: Hallwag, 1970).
15
Huizinga,The Waning of the Middle Ages, trans. F. Hopman (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), 149-50.
16
Thomas,Religion and the Decline of Magic( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 621.
17
Mumford,Technics and Civilization( London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1934), 14.
18
Origo,The Merchant of Prato( London: Jonathan Cape, 1957), 177.
19
Tait,Clocks and Watches( London: British Museum Publications, 1983), 43.
20
Landes, op. cit. (ch. 6, n. 18), 89.
21
Aubrey,Brief Lives and Other Selected Writings, ed. A. Power ( London: Cresset Press, 1949), 133.
22
M. Powicke and A. B. Emden,The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages( Oxford University Press, 1936), iii. 401.
23
Palmer,Movable Feasts: Changes in English Eating-habits( Oxford University Press, 1984).
24
Rabelais,Gargantua( 1535), i. 23.
Chapter 8 Time and History in the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution
1
Pastor,History of the Popes, ed. R. F. Kerr, Vol. 19 ( London: Kegan Paul, 1930), 293.
2
M. Nobis, "'The reaction of astronomers to the Gregorian calendar'", in G. V. Coyne, M. A. Hoskin, and O. Pedersen (eds.),Gregorian Reform of the Calendar( Vatican City: Pontifica Academia Scientiarum, 1983), 250.
3
M. Dawkins,The Monks of Athos( London: Allen & Unwin, 1936), 198.
4
M. Thompson,Leaders of the French Revolution( Oxford: Blackwell, 1948), 159.
5
Webster,Rest Days( New York: Macmillan, 1916), 283.
6
Cipolla,Clocks and Culture: 1300-1700( London: Collins, 1967), 42.
7
Drummond Robertson,The Evolution of Clockwork( London: Cassell, 1931), 54-61.
8
Grant,Nicole Oresme and the Kinematics of Circular Motion( Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), 295.
9
Boyle,The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, ed. T. Birch ( London: 1772), v. 163.
10
R. Hall, "'Horology and criticism: Robert Hooke'",Studia Copernicana, XVI, Ossolineum, 1978, 261-81.
11
Mumford, op. cit. (ch. 7, n. 17), 15.
12
Barrow,Lectiones Geometricae, trans. E. Stone ( London: 1735), Lecture 1, 35.
13
W. Leibniz,Philosophical Writings, trans. M. M. ( London: Dent, 1934), 200.
14
Boyle,The Excellence of Theology Compared with Natural Philosophy, 1665( London: 1772), 11.
15
Breisach,Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 177.
16
Manuel,Isaac Newton Historian( Cambridge University Press, 1963), 274.
17
Morris,The Tudors( Glasgow: Fontana-Collins, 1966), 12.
18
J. Whitrow,What is Time?( London: Thames & Hudson, 1972), 19-20.
19
Kent Hieatt,Short Time's Endless Monument.' The Symbolism of the Numbers in Edmund Spenser's 'Epithalamion'(Port Washington, NY, and London: Kennikat Press, 1972), 81.
20
W. Hepburn, "'Cosmic fall'", in P. P. Wiener (ed.),Dictionary of the History of Ideas( New York: Scribner, 1968), i. 505-6.
21
Seward,The First Bourbon: Henry IV of France and Navarre( London: Constable, 1971), 133.
22
Tiles, "'Mathesis and the masculine birth of time'",International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1( 1986), 16-35.
23
Saxl, "'Veritas filia temporis'", in R. Klibansky and H. J. Paton (eds.),Philosophy and History: The Ernst Cassirer Festschrifi( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936). Reprinted as Harper Torchbook ( Harper & Row, 1963), 197-222.
24
V. Sampson,Progress in the Age of Reason: The Seventeenth Century to the Present Day( London: Heinemann, 1956), 99.
25
Becket,The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosophers( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968; 1st edn. 1932), 130.
26
Smith Fussner,The Historical Revolution: English Historical Writing and Thought 1580-1640( London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962), 166.
27
L. Eisenstein, "'Clio and Chronos'" inHistory and Theory, 1966, Suppl. 6 ( "'History and the concept of time'"), 47.
Chapter 9 Time and History in the Eighteenth Century
1
W. Symonds,Thomas Tompion: His Life and Work( London: Batsford, 1951), 10.
2
Journals of the House of Commons, 11 June 1714, 677.
3
Gulliver SwiftTravels( London: Dent, 1940; Everyman edn.), 224.
4
Quill,John Harrison: The Man Who Found Longitude( London: John Baker, 1966), 59.
5
T. Gould,The Marine Chronometer:. Its History and Development( London: Potter, 1923), 50 ff.
6
Quill, op. cit. (above, n. 4), 317.
7
T. Gould,John Harrison and his Timekepeers( London: National Maritime Museum, 1958), 12.
8
Gould, Marine Chronometer (above, n. 5), 86.
9
W. Leibniz,The Monadology and other Philosophical Writings, trans. R. Latta ( London: Oxford University Press, 1925), 350-1.
10
O. Lovejoy,The Great Chain of Being( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948), 246.
11
Nisbet,History of the Idea of Progress( London: Heinemann, 1980), 180.
12
Sampson, op. cit. (ch. 8, n. 24), 240.
13
Cassirer,Rousseau, Kant, Goethe( Princeton University Press, 1945), 56.
14
J. Temmer,Time in Rousseau and Kant( Geneva: Droz and Paris: Minard, 1958), 31.
15
Haynes,Philosopher King: The Humanist Pope Benedict XIV( Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970), 178.
16
Berlin,Vico and Herder( London: Hogarth Press, 1976), 142 n.
17
Ibid. 38.
18
G. Collingwood,The Idea of History( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948), 68.
19
Berlin, op. cit. (above, n. 16), 143 ff.
20
J. Whitrow,Kant's Cosmogony, trans. W. Hastie ( New York and London: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1970), xi-xl.
21
Toulmin and J. Goodfield,The Discovery of Time(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967), 167.
22
Berlin, op. cit. (above, n. 16). 150-1.
Chapter 10 Evolution and the Industrial Revolution
1
Herschel,Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.( 1814), 284.
2
Lovejoy, op. cit. (ch. 9, n. 10), 243.
3
Hampson,The Enlightenment(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968), 220.
4
Taton (ed.),The Beginning of Modern Science, trans. A. J. Pomerans ( London: Thames & Hudson, 1964), 572-3.
5
Geikie,The Founders of Geology( London: Macmillan, 1897), 283.
6
D. Burchfield,Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth( London: Macmillan, 1975), 136-40.
7
Perry, "'On the age of the earth'",Nature, 51( 3 Jan. 1895), 224-7. See also his letter on the same topic (18 Apr. in the same vol.), 582-5.
8
H. Darwin,The Tides( London: Murray, 1898), 257.
9
Burke,The Renaissance Sense of the Past( London: Edward Arnold, 1969), 141.
10
Wright,Clockwork Man( London: Elek, 1968), 128.
11
Klemm,A History of Western Technology, trans. D. W. Singer ( Cambridge, Mas.; MIT Press, 1964), 196.
12
Wright, op. cit. (above, n. 10), 128.
13
Simmons,The Railway in England and Wales 1830-1914, vol. 1 ( Leicester University Press, 1978), 23.
14
Wright, op. cit. (above, n. 10), 143.
15
A. Bennett, "'George Biddell Airy and horology'",Annals of Science, 37( 1980), 268-85.
16
Wright, op. cit. (above, n. 10), 147.
17
Mumford, op. cit. (ch. 7, n. 17), 14.
18
Ibid. 17.
19
Gellner,Times Literary Supplement( 23 Dec. 1983), 1, 438.
20
Howse,Greenwich Time and the Discovery of Longitude( Oxford University Press, 1980), 113-14.
21
Kern,The Culture of Time and Space: 1880-1918( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983), 12.
22
Essen,The Measurement of Frequency and the Time Interval( London: HMSO, 1973).
Chapter 11 Rival Concepts of Time
1
Poulet,Studies in Human Time, trans. E. Coleman ( New York: Harper, 1959), 200.
2
Whitrow, Natural Philosophy of Time (Preface n. 1), 103 ff.
3
J. P. Scrope,The Geology and Extinct Volcanoes of Central France( London: John Murray, 1858), 208.
Chapter 12 Civilization as Progress?
1
de Toqueville,Democracy in America, trans. H. Reeve ( London: Oxford University Press, 1946), 311.
2
Stent,Paradoxes of Progress( San Francisco: Freeman, 1978), 27.
3
Lord W. Kelvin Thomson, "'Nineteenth-century clouds over the theory of heat and light'", in Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light ( Cambridge University Press, 1904), Appendix B, 486-527.
4
David Bolter,Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age( London: Duckworth, 1984).
5
Le Goff, op.cit. (ch. 7, n. 12), 290.
6
Meyerhoff,Time in Literature( Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1955), 109.
Appendices
1
Butcher,The Ecclesiastical Calendar: Its Theory and Construction( Dublin: Hodges, Foster & Figgis: London: Macmillan, 1877).
2
Annon., Nature, 13 ( 1876), 487.
3
V. Uspensky and M. A. Heaslet,Elementary Number Theory( New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 1939), 206-21.